The gasconading challenge sent by Francis to Charles, although it must have been fully6 appreciated by reasoning people, acted with electric enthusiasm on the nation; and if a king thought it incumbent7 on his honour to seek satisfaction for having been accused of asserting a falsehood, 110 how much more urgent did it become for subjects to draw their swords upon the slightest contradiction that could give umbrage9 to the phantom10 of chivalric11 honour? Moreover, it had been currently reported, and of course confirmed by the courtiers, that this monarch, having considered himself offended by the Count of Saxony, then on a visit at his court, had taken him aside in a hunting excursion, without any witness being present to compromise his future safety, and proposed a single combat, which the Count very wisely declined.
Francis, although he not only tolerated, but approved of duelling, was jealous of the right of giving it his sanction, and was much displeased12 if a challenge was sent without his knowledge. Thus De Cipsière was obliged to absent himself from the Louvre for a considerable time, for having presumed to send his compliments to D’Audoin by Vicomte Gourdon, and to inform him that he was going to hear mass at the church of St. Paul, where if M. D’Audoin would attend at the same time, they would afterwards take a walk into the country by the Porte St. Antoine. Several duels during this reign may almost be considered as judicial13 combats, since they took place in the presence of the sovereign, who thus constituted himself an arbiter14.
The reign of Francis might have been one of gallantry and of pleasure; and there are not 111 wanting even ladies who, in the present day, look upon its profligacies and their ferocious16 results as noble deeds,12 the effects of chivalric devotion. I must confess that, in looking over its annals, I can find nothing remarkable17, except an outrageous18 breach19 of all morality and decorum, and a wanton waste of human blood.
The miserable20 successor of this prince, Henry II, whose reign was ushered21 in by the disgraceful duel2 between Jarnac and La Chasteneraye, which I have already related, encouraged duelling by his want of energy; the princes of the blood followed the general example: and we find the Prince Charles, brother to the Duke de Bourbon Montpensier, fighting with D’Andelot, brother of the Admiral Coligny, at a hunting party.
It was during this reign that a singular duel 112 took place between a youth of the name of Chateauneuf, and his guardian22 Lachesnaye, an old man of eighty. The champions met at the Isle24 Louviers, the subject of the dispute being a lawsuit25 concerning the minor’s property. Chateauneuf asked the old gentleman, if there was any truth in the reports circulated, that he had made use of disrespectful language concerning him; which the other positively26 denied on the word of a gentleman. This assertion satisfied the youth; but the old man would not let the matter rest. “You may be satisfied,” he replied, “but that is more than I am: and, since you have given me the trouble of coming here, we must fight. What would all those folks say, who have done us the honour of collecting to see us on both sides of the river, if they found that we came here to talk instead of acting27? Our honour is concerned; let us therefore begin.” Both were armed with swords and daggers28; when Lachesnaye exclaimed, “Ah! paillard! tu es cuirassé!” which we might translate into modern phraseology, “You varmint! you have a cuirass on. “Ah! je t’aurai bien autrement!”—“You shall catch it in another manner!” and forthwith made his cut and thrust at the face and throat; an attack which by no means disconcerted the young combatant, who very quietly ran the old gentleman through the body.
The youth of those gallant15 times were not 113 very punctilious30 when they were less successful than Chateauneuf, as appears in the following adventure:—
The King, being out at a stag-hunt in the wood of Vincennes, accompanied by the nephew of Marshal St. André, this youth sought a quarrel with an elderly gentleman of the name of Matas, and they repaired to a lonely part of the wood, where Matas gave him a salutary lesson in fencing, by disarming31 him, whipping his sword out of his hand as soon as he was on guard; adding, “For the future, young man, learn to hold your sword, and do not seek to encounter a man like me! Take up your sword; depart, and I forgive you.” So saying, he was mounting his horse, when his adversary32 having raised his sword from the ground, thought the best use he could make of it was to rid himself of so troublesome a witness of his shame; he therefore stabbed him in the back, and left the corpse33 on the ground. The chronicler adds, “No notice of this transaction took place, for the young man was nephew of Marshal St. André; whereas the other was only a relation of Madame de Valentinois (the famed Diana de Poitiers), who, after the death of Henry II, had lost all her influence at court.” Nay23, poor Matas was even blamed for having rebuked34 a fiery35 and honourable36 youth! “It is wrong,” says the chronicler, “for old boasting 114 fencers to abuse their good fortune, and taunt37 a youth who is only in the bud,—car Dieu s’en attriste!”—It grieves God!
Nothing could exceed the sang froid that these desperate men exhibited on such occasions. Brant?me relates the case of a duel between a Norman gentleman and a little chevalier named De Refuge. They had taken a boat to go over to the Isle du Palais, to fight without witnesses; when, perceiving that several other boats were in pursuit of them, they jumped on shore, one of them exclaiming, “Pray, let us make haste, for they are coming to separate us!” and, so saying, they attacked each other. After four lounges, they were both dead. The same writer mentions a Seigneur de Gensac, who was eager to encounter two champions at once; and, when the absurdity38 of the attempt was alleged39, merely replied, “Why, history is full of such deeds! and, mon Dieu! I am determined40 to have my name recorded.”
The following adventure of an illustrious murderer, called by Brant?me the Paragon41 of France, may give an idea of those glorious times:—
Duprat, Baron42 de Vitaux, was son of the Chancellor43 Duprat, and from early life had displayed symptoms of undaunted “courage.” He commenced his career in arms by killing44 the young Baron de Soupez, with whom he had quarrelled at dinner, when Soupez threw a candlestick 115 at him and broke his head: he waylaid45 him on the road to Toulouse; and, having despatched him, effected his escape in female attire46. His next exploit was murdering a gentleman of the name of Gounelieu, to avenge47 the death of one of his brothers, a lad of fifteen, whom Gounelieu had killed; on this expedition he was accompanied by a young nobleman named Boucicaut; their victim was travelling post near St. Denis, when they met with him: after this achievement, he fled to Italy, Gounelieu being a favourite of the King. Vitaux, however, could not remain long in exile and inactivity, but returned to France for the express purpose of revenging the death of another brother, killed by a near relation of his own, the Baron de Mittaud.
This Baron was a Seigneur from Auvergne, and had been summoned to court by Charles IX. to act as an interpreter to the ambassadors from Poland, who came to offer the crown of that kingdom to the King’s brother, the Duc d’Anjou. Mittaud, little suspecting that Vitaux was in Paris, was not upon his guard; while Vitaux, who had allowed his beard to grow to a considerable length, and was disguised as a lawyer, was watching every opportunity to surprise him,—having taken an obscure lodging49 on the Quai des Augustins, in company with his old companion Boucicaut, and a brother of his, both of them brave and valiant50 men, and called the Lions of 116 the Baron de Vitaux. These worthies51, having met the Baron de Mittaud, immediately despatched him; but it so happened, that, in defending himself, he had wounded one of the Boucicauts, who, not being able to keep pace with the two other assassins in their flight, was obliged to stop at a barber’s shop to get his wound dressed: he had been tracked by the traces of the blood he had lost in his flight, and was taken up by the Archers52 of the Provost twelve leagues from Paris; and, being confined in Fort l’Evêque, expected to have been executed, since both the King and his brother decided53 that he should forfeit54 his life.
It so happened, that the Polish ambassadors lodged55 in the house of the prisoner’s brother, who was Provost of Paris, and who earnestly supplicated56 them to apply to the King and his brother for the culprit’s pardon. The Polish envoys57, backed by President de Thou, made a long harangue58 in Latin; which, whether the monarch understood them or not, succeeded in ultimately attaining59 their demand, and Boucicaut shortly after appeared at court as gay and as unconcerned as ever.
This event only encouraged our hero, who shortly after returned to Paris, and killed with “incredible audacity,” says the chronicler, Louis de Guart, the King’s favourite, who had presumed to oppose the grant of his pardon. Vitaux, 117 with seven or eight companions, entered Guart’s house, and killed him in his bed; using for the purpose “a sword very short and very keen, which, upon such occasions, is considered preferable to a long one.” “This act,” adds the historian, “was considered one of great resolution and assurance.” One might have expected that such a ruffian would have died on the gallows60; but he sought the protection of the Duc d’Alen?on, being under the patronage61 of Queen Marguerite, of whom he was a special favourite.
At last, the Baron de Mittaud, brother of the one he had assassinated62 eight years previously63, called him out: both parties were duly examined, although it was maintained that Mittaud wore a thin cuirass, painted flesh-colour, under his garments. Howbeit, the point of Vitaux’s sword was bent8 either upon this protection, or one of his ribs64; finding that all his lounges and thrusts were of no avail, he had recourse to hacking65 and hewing66, when in four well-applied cuts his adversary despatched him, without having had the “courtesy of offering him his life.” “Thus,” further says the historian, “died this brave Baron, the Paragon of France, where he was as much esteemed67 as in Spain, Germany, Poland, and England; and every foreigner who came to court was most anxious to behold68 him: he was small in stature69, 118 but lofty in courage: his enemies pretended that he did not kill people ‘properly’ (il ne tuait pas bien ses gens), but had recourse to various stratagems70; wherein,” says Brant?me, “it is the opinion of great captains, even Italians, who were always the best avengers in the world,—that stratagem71 might be encountered by stratagem, without any breach of honour.” Brant?me adds, “I have spoken enough of him; although I should immortalize him were it in my power, as much for his merits, as for the sincere friendship that existed between us!”
The duel that most grieved the heart of Henry III. was that which occurred between his favourite mignons, Caylus and D’Entragues, who had fallen out about some fair ladies of the court. Riberac and Schomberg, a young German, were seconds to D’Entragues; Maugerin and Livaret were the seconds of Caylus. The parties met near the ramparts of the Porte St. Antoine, no one being present but three or four “poor persons, wretched witnesses of the valour of these worthy72 men.”
The moment the principals had commenced, Riberac addressed Maugerin, saying, “Methinks that we had better endeavour to reconcile these gentlemen, rather than allow them to kill each other.” To which unworthy proposal the other replied, “Sir, I did not come here to string beads73; I came here to fight!” “And with 119 whom?” innocently asked Riberac; “since you are not concerned in this quarrel,—with whom?” “With you, to be sure,” was the laconic74 reply of Maugerin. “If that be the case,” added Riberac, “let us pray;” and, so saying, he drew his sword and dagger29, and placing the hilts cross-ways, fell upon his knees to put up proper orisons: but Maugerin thought his doxology too prolix75; and, swearing most irreligiously, told him “that he had prayed long enough.” Upon which they furiously attacked each other, until both fell dead.
Schomberg, the other second, beholding76 this episode, addressed Livaret very politely, saying, “These gentlemen are fighting; what shall we do?” To which the other replied, “We cannot do better than fight, to maintain our honour.” Schomberg, who was a German, forthwith cut open the cheek of his adversary; a compliment which Livaret politely returned by a thrust in the breast, which stretched him a corpse, to keep company with the body of Maugerin. Riberac was borne from the field, and died of his wounds the next day. D’Entragues, though severely77 wounded, effected his escape; while Caylus was carried to his death-bed, where he bitterly complained that his adversary had a dagger in addition to his sword. In consequence of being obliged to parry the thrusts of the former with his hand, he had been stabbed in several places. 120 He further stated, that he had said to D’Entragues, “You have a dagger, and I have none!” To which the other replied, “So much the worse for you; you ought not to have been such a fool as to have left it at home.” Brant?me observes, that he does not exactly know whether, from a sense of gentillesse chivalaresque, he ought not to have laid aside his dagger. Livaret, two years after, was killed in a duel; when his servant, on seeing him fall, picked up his sword, and killed his adversary, the son of the Marquis de Pienne. The King was so afflicted78 at the death of Caylus, that he gave orders to have him buried by the side of another of his mignons, Sainct Megrin, who was assassinated by the Duke de Guise48 at the Louvre gate.
The custom of the seconds fighting with each other appears to have been introduced by the royal mignons, who, no doubt, vied with each other for the monarch’s favour. In these murderous contests, one of the most celebrated79 bravoes was Bussy d’Amboise, one of the principal actors in the massacre80 of St. Barthelemi, during which he assassinated his own near relation, Antoine de Clermont, with whom he was at law. This was undoubtedly81 a more expedient82 motive83 than the one that induced him to call out a gentleman of the name of St. Phal, who having an X embroidered84 on some part of his apparel, Bussy maintained that it was a Y. A combat forthwith 121 took place, of six against six. One could scarcely believe that the brave Crillon should have risked his life with such a pernicious cut-throat. Yet it is recorded that, having met him one day in the Rue85 St. Honoré, Bussy asked him the hour; when Crillon, drawing his sword, replied, “It is the hour of thy death!” Fortunately the combatants were separated. The intrigues86 of Bussy with Marguerite de Valois are well known; and at the same period he boasted of the favour of the Countess de Montsoreau, whose husband was master of the hunt of the Duke d’Alen?on; and having written to that prince, that he had caught a deer of the Count’s in his snares87, the letter was shown to Henry III, who kindly88 put it into the husband’s hand. The master of the hunt did not deem it advisable to risk his life in seeking revenge, but compelled his faithless spouse89 to give a rendez-vous to her paramour; when, instead of his mistress’s embraces, he was received by the daggers of hired bravoes.
The assassination90 of this monarch himself (Henry III.) afforded a singular instance of the manners of the time, and the reckless character of the courtiers. A young man in the royal household, of the name of Isle Marivaux, determined not to survive his royal master; and begged to know if any one would do him the favour of fighting with him, to give him a fair 122 chance of being killed. Fortunately for him, another courtier, of the name of Marolles, took him at his word; and, after a few lounges, gratified his best wishes.
Such were what historians called “the good old times,” when, as a late writer asserts, the lasciviousness91 of Messalina was combined with the ferocity of Nero and the gluttony of Heliogabalus; and when wit and ribaldry were the associates of assassination. Thus, when Catherine de Medicis was informed upon her death-bed of the murder of the Duke and Cardinal92 de Guise, she replied, “’Tis well cut out, my son; but now your work must be stitched!”
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1
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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duel
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| n./v.决斗；(双方的)斗争 | |
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duels
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| n.两男子的决斗( duel的名词复数 )；竞争，斗争 | |
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dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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incumbent
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| adj.成为责任的，有义务的；现任的，在职的 | |
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bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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umbrage
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| n.不快；树荫 | |
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phantom
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| n.幻影，虚位，幽灵；adj.错觉的，幻影的，幽灵的 | |
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chivalric
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| 有武士气概的，有武士风范的 | |
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displeased
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| a.不快的 | |
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judicial
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| adj.司法的，法庭的，审判的，明断的，公正的 | |
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arbiter
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| n.仲裁人，公断人 | |
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gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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ferocious
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| adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极度的，十分强烈的 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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outrageous
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| adj.无理的，令人不能容忍的 | |
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breach
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| n.违反，不履行；破裂；vt.冲破，攻破 | |
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miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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ushered
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| v.引，领，陪同( usher的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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guardian
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| n.监护人；守卫者，保护者 | |
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nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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lawsuit
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| n.诉讼，控诉 | |
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positively
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| adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实 | |
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acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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daggers
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| 匕首，短剑( dagger的名词复数 ) | |
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dagger
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| n.匕首，短剑，剑号 | |
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punctilious
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| adj.谨慎的，谨小慎微的 | |
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disarming
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| adj.消除敌意的，使人消气的v.裁军( disarm的现在分词 )；使息怒 | |
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adversary
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| adj.敌手，对手 | |
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corpse
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| n.尸体，死尸 | |
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rebuked
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| 责难或指责( rebuke的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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honourable
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| adj.可敬的；荣誉的，光荣的 | |
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taunt
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| n.辱骂，嘲弄；v.嘲弄 | |
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absurdity
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| n.荒谬，愚蠢；谬论 | |
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alleged
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| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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paragon
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| n.模范，典型 | |
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baron
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| n.男爵；(商业界等)巨头，大王 | |
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chancellor
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| n.(英)大臣；法官；(德、奥)总理；大学校长 | |
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killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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waylaid
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| v.拦截，拦路( waylay的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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attire
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| v.穿衣，装扮[同]array；n.衣着；盛装 | |
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avenge
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| v.为...复仇，为...报仇 | |
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guise
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| n.外表，伪装的姿态 | |
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lodging
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| n.寄宿，住所；(大学生的)校外宿舍 | |
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valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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51
worthies
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| 应得某事物( worthy的名词复数 )； 值得做某事； 可尊敬的； 有（某人或事物）的典型特征 | |
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52
archers
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| n.弓箭手，射箭运动员( archer的名词复数 ) | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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forfeit
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| vt.丧失；n.罚金，罚款，没收物 | |
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55
lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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supplicated
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| v.祈求，哀求，恳求( supplicate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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envoys
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| 使节( envoy的名词复数 )； 公使； 谈判代表； 使节身份 | |
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harangue
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| n.慷慨冗长的训话，言辞激烈的讲话 | |
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attaining
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的现在分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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60
gallows
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| n.绞刑架，绞台 | |
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patronage
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| n.赞助，支援，援助；光顾，捧场 | |
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assassinated
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| v.暗杀( assassinate的过去式和过去分词 )；中伤；诋毁；破坏 | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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ribs
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| n.肋骨( rib的名词复数 )；（船或屋顶等的）肋拱；肋骨状的东西；（织物的）凸条花纹 | |
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hacking
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| n.非法访问计算机系统和数据库的活动 | |
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66
hewing
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| v.（用斧、刀等）砍、劈( hew的现在分词 )；砍成；劈出；开辟 | |
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esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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stature
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| n.（高度）水平，（高度）境界，身高，身材 | |
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70
stratagems
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| n.诡计，计谋( stratagem的名词复数 )；花招 | |
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71
stratagem
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| n.诡计，计谋 | |
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72
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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73
beads
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| n.（空心）小珠子( bead的名词复数 )；水珠；珠子项链 | |
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laconic
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| adj.简洁的；精练的 | |
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75
prolix
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| adj.罗嗦的；冗长的 | |
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76
beholding
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| v.看，注视( behold的现在分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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afflicted
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| 使受痛苦，折磨( afflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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80
massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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82
expedient
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| adj.有用的，有利的；n.紧急的办法，权宜之计 | |
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83
motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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embroidered
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| adj．绣花的 | |
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85
rue
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| n.懊悔，芸香，后悔；v.后悔，悲伤，懊悔 | |
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86
intrigues
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| n.密谋策划( intrigue的名词复数 )；神秘气氛；引人入胜的复杂情节v.搞阴谋诡计( intrigue的第三人称单数 )；激起…的好奇心 | |
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87
snares
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| n.陷阱( snare的名词复数 )；圈套；诱人遭受失败（丢脸、损失等）的东西；诱惑物v.用罗网捕捉，诱陷，陷害( snare的第三人称单数 ) | |
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88
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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spouse
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| n.配偶(指夫或妻) | |
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90
assassination
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| n.暗杀；暗杀事件 | |
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91
lasciviousness
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cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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