A human being of a low order or of a simple nature does not feel the energy of that new sentiment called love rise within him until the development of the germinative1 glands2 has marked in him the character of the sex and made of that being a man or a woman. On the other hand, in rich and powerful natures, many years before sex has impressed its deep mark on the organism, a vague, mysterious and chaste3 sympathy attracts the young boy toward the young girl. There, where the sun of the infinite azure4 of the skies is to rise, one notices a rosy5 tint6 lightly projected on the horizon, but sufficient to warn us: "There must the greatest star shine some day, the father of all light." The sun is ever the most beautiful among all the beautiful things of the skies, and I have studied with warm and constant affection, watched with religious attention the first crepuscules of that other sun which we are now studying in this book. They appear without being invited by the precocious7 corruption8 of books and of neighbors, they rise spontaneously in the heart of the most unconscious innocence9; they shine like serene10 and calm rays of a light that later will be ardent11 and fascinating. They appear and disappear, like flashes of lightning, flashes which noiselessly illuminate12 the clouds and then leave them darker than before. A vulgar and coarse malignity13 repeats a blasphemy14 every day when it asserts that no child is ignorant of the secrets of love. The innocence of childhood is truer, more sincere and deeper than is supposed, and lasts limpid15 and adamantine even when it has been splashed with the mud of social corruption.[Pg 42] The rosy lips of a child may repeat, with an expression of lascivious16 malice17, a jest learned by chance from a maid-servant or from a libertine18, but that stain does not penetrate19 into the crystalline nature of the child, and the spray of a fountain will be sufficient to wash the trace away. The malignant20 rabble21 is wont22 to doubt of the innocence of others, just as the wicked is to deny all virtue23.
In the infantile songs, in the noisy and turbulent games which form the delight of the first age, suddenly a young boy beholds24 a little girl among a hundred, among a thousand; and an instantaneous sympathy ties the rosy knot of a nameless affection, of an innocent, unwitting love, which may seem at the same time the caricature and the miniature of a sublime26 picture. I remember having seen an angelic little girl, blonde as an ear of wheat and rosy as the aurora27, throw her arms around the neck of a little boy as haughty28 as a brigand29 and as dark as a pirate. And the impudent30 little thing would cover him with kisses, and he would disdain31 and resent these cajoleries; and she would tell him that she loved him very much, that she wanted to make of him her little bridegroom. A reversed world, a microscopic33 scene of a chaste Joseph who did not know what woman was, and a Lilliputian woman who, in the innocent ardors of a childish embrace, seemed to be the wife of Potiphar and was nothing but an angel. However, this sudden movement of affection between two children of different sex conceals34 sometimes a true and real passion which has haughty jealousies35, tears and sighs, delirious36 joys, a history, a future.
The beautiful young girls whom a kind or a cruel nature has destined37 to arouse at every step of life a desire or a sigh, often ignore the fact that in the multitude of their adorers there are boys so small as to seem babies and who kiss in secret the flowers that have fallen from their bosoms38; who furtively39 and mysteriously, like domestic thieves, steal into the little room that shelters their angel to kiss her bed, to kneel on the carpet which that woman treads—that woman whom they already distinguish above all the creatures in the world, whom they dare already to place on the same level as[Pg 43] their mother. And how often a woman who playfully runs her fingers through the locks of a boy laying his head upon her knees, is unconscious of a little heart that beats loudly, loudly, under those caresses41; unconscious, when the child raises his curly head, of the cause of his flush, which does not come from congestion42, but from burning with a fire of which he himself is ignorant, but which is love.
These rosy phantoms43, which gild44 some of the most beautiful hours of our child-life, seem to last only as long as the morning twilight45; and certainly the battles of youth often cause them to be forgotten. And many, with slippery memories and skeptical46 hearts, when they hear them mentioned have only words of contempt and gestures of pity for what they are pleased to term infantile lullabies to be relegated47 among the horrors of the witches and the caresses of the nurse. And yet how often these fleeting48 phantoms announce the storms of the future, reveal a deeply enamored nature and weave the first threads of a long fabric49 of delirious joys and torments50! Some very, very fortunate mortal, on his death-bed, could press the hand of the only woman he had ever loved, whom he had loved when still a child, before he even knew she was a woman. The trembling lips of the dying man could link the last kiss of life with the first noisy, insolent51, clumsy kiss on the soft cheek of a ten-year-old girl. And without trying to reach this loftiest sphere of an ideal too far removed from our existence, how often, after a long life hardened by the tortures of a hundred passions, after having lost faith and love, in the dusk of the early evening a last rosy flash of sunset awakened52 a dear memory, buried many years since, and the heart of an old man throbbed54 and a tear ran down his wrinkled face! Before the weary eyes a little straw hat had passed, with two blue streamers, but in the depths of the heart what an abyss of dear memories had opened in an instant! In the night of the past, a limpid ray of light had illumined a picture all life and all beauty; an antique cameo had appeared under the pick of the gravedigger, among ruins and dust! And that picture was a childish love, a flower carried away by the turbid55 torrent56 of[Pg 44] a storm, but preserved by the friendly hand of memory, which, after all, is not always ungrateful or cruel.
If you ask a boy why he loves a little girl, he will blush and run away; if you ask the little girl, her face will flush and she will answer with a sublime impertinence. They love—and they know not why! Ask a precocious rosebud57 why it wanted to bloom in March, instead of awaiting the warm and voluptuous58 air of May; ask a July cyclamen why it did not await the cool breezes of September to perfume the mossy bed in which it had made its nest. They love, and they know not why! In passionate59 men the first light of love appears sooner, because Nature, fruitful and impatient, longs to give her flowers, and an entire life will be for them too short a day to satisfy the intense thirst of love which consumes them. They love soon because they love much; as men of genius, at ten years of age, often conceive that which the masses will never conceive at thirty.
And why, my boy, do you prefer that little girl to all the others? And why, my pretty girl, do you allow yourself to be kissed only by the lips of that dark, impertinent little beau? Because that little girl differs from all the others; because that dark lad is unlike any other boy. Love, from its first and most indistinct appearance, is selection, a deep and irresistible60 sympathy of different natures, the recomposition of discomposed forces, the equilibrium61 of opposites, the complement62 of dissociated things; the harmony of harmonies; the most gigantic, the most prepotent of the affinities63 ties of attraction!
Aside from the precursory crepuscules of natures most powerful in love, this sentiment, in ordinary men, rises when a new want springs forth64 under the rod of that magical transformer which is puberty. At that time, on the smooth, pubescent, roundish surface of the infantile nature, a deep crevice65 opens; a void is formed which woman alone can fill; then, that little, round, smooth fruit called little girl also sheds its childish skin, disclosing the juicy and delicate flesh of the fruit which was hidden in it. Then, from every developed muscle of the virile67 organism, from every sound[Pg 45] of its strengthened voice, from every hair that makes its skin hirsute68, there rises a powerful cry which demands in the loudest tone: A woman! And from every flexuous limb of the girl who has become a woman, from every quiver of the hair which makes her proud, from every pore of the young girl who has become a crater69 of burning desires, arises a cry which demands: A man!
The passage of the fatal bridge that separates adolescence70 from youth is one of the epochs most burdened with anxieties, most merry with convulsive joys, and for this I call it the hysterical71 period of life. I shall illustrate72 it, perhaps, some day, in a work which I am preparing on the ages of man. I shall here describe with few, wide strokes of the pen how the necessity of loving makes itself felt to most men. And if I have referred to woman most of the time, it is because she, more chaste, more reserved, and yet a hundred times more in need of love, feels more deeply the shudder74 which announces to her the appearance of the new god; more innocent than we are, she does not know his nature; more timid, she has a greater fear of him. Nature conceded to man common resources almost unknown to woman, and only too often precocious vice66 makes him acquainted sooner with voluptuousness75 than with love. When he is chaste, virtuous76 and impassioned, he also feels the same raging tumult77, which stirs his soul; he too, somber78, melancholy79, frantic80, demands of nature, with the accents of wrath81 and plaintive82 lamentations: A woman!
To this cry answers, alas83! only too often, the first comer. It is impossible for certain natures to resist a long time the tortures of robust84 and vigorous chastity: the frail85 human shell would fall to pieces if it persisted in keeping imprisoned86 an accumulation of forces, all gigantic, all fresh, all ready for the battle. The first love is not slow to appear; and if the neophyte87 who appears on the horizon lacks more than two-thirds of the desired virtues88, Love is such a magician that he can create them and transform a worm into a god.
The maiden89 in her dreams, by looking at the pictures in[Pg 46] the church and within the domestic walls, had fancied a winged man with nothing earthly and material but two lips to kiss. The object desired by her was an angel, all love and all ether, who would gather under his large folded wings the soul of the young girl and carry it away, through the space of heaven, to a golden region, all light and warmth. The quivering of the wings and the velvet90 of a kiss were all the voluptuousness which the chaste virgin91 ever thought of dreaming; and beyond it, an obscure and infinite mystery of which she knew neither name, nor confines, nor form. And instead of this angel, she beholds a man in trousers, with mustaches, who smokes much and slanders92 women; perhaps his hair is already turning gray, already he may be a husband and a father—but he is a man.
And the youth, too, had dreamed of his angel. She should have been all eyes, all locks of hair; divinely slender, with feet which would hardly touch the earth, eternal smile wreathed in an aureole of light, a soul ardent as fire and an innocence as pure as the snow that falls upon the summits of the Jungfrau. And, instead, she who wakes us from the dream of the night is the provocative93, stout94 maid-servant who by her contours only, distinct and strong as they are, shows nothing but that she is much of a woman, and instead of wings she has two sinewy95 arms and two hands hardened from the use of pot and broom; and, far from having winged feet, she pounds the floor with pattens that seem to be soled with iron—but she is a woman.
Anything is good and enough for a first love, which is nearly always a million of hunger and a penny of bread. How vulgar is the object of that enamored young girl's thoughts! The heart of a grocer in the body of a porter! But he is pallid96, and the hebetude of his stare seems sentimental97 languor98 to her; he is ill, and to her his illness appears poetic99; he is robust, and for her he is the god of strength; he is arrogant100, but to her he is passionate; he is an egotist, and so much the better, for he will love but her, who alone will know how to make him happy. How much poetry that ardent youth has launched to the skies, when he sang the[Pg 47] exciting form of a strong peasant woman! How many elegies101 has he not wept, thinking of the bluish paleness of a cholerotic working-woman! Woe102, if seduction accompanies all this texture103 of lies with which too often the first love builds its nest! Woe, if to the inexperienced maiden the aged104 libertine says, with the accent acquired from long practice: "I love you!" Woe, if the lascivious old woman, satisfying her old appetite with unripe105 fruit, knows how to warm the innocent youth at the fire of new voluptuousness! Then the fire is kindled107, the flames spread, and the first object loved is placed on the altar with vows109 of eternal fealty110, and perfumed with the incense111 of the maddest, most unrestrained idolatry.
The first love is not always born so evilly, but it too closely resembles, alas! these first loves which I have just described. Let us be sincere from the very first steps in our studies, for hypocrisy113 is the wood-worm that in modern society cuts into and corrodes114 the highest and strongest tree in the garden of life. The original sin of love appears to us with its first cry, and even when we have been forced to use all the artifices115 of the galvanoplastic to gild our idol112, even when the bellows116 of imagination have worked to inflame117 the first love, the very first thing we say is a lie: "I love you above everything in this world; I shall love you forever. You are my first love, and one can love but once." And a second vow108 answers the first, perhaps more sacred and more ardent; and in a kiss, that is often the sum of two lies, the first hypocrisy is sealed, which down to the last generation of the loves of those two beings will seal with an everlasting118 mark all the expressions of affection, all the cravings of the heart.
Be sincere with the first kiss, if you desire love to be the chief joy of life, not a shameful120 trade of voluptuous lies. Yes, yours is the first love, but because it is the first it is neither true nor just nor natural that it should be the greatest, the one, the only love. Do not swear falsely, do not perjure121 yourselves before you know what truth is. To the eternity122 of your vows, the indifference123 of tomorrow will answer with a sardonic124, mocking grin. Before you have[Pg 48] really loved, you will sing in every tune125 that virtue does not exist, that love is a dream, and, children and elders at the same time, you will forswear a god whose temple you have never seen.
You are two: a man and a woman; and you say that you love each other, and perhaps it is first love for both. Well, then, during the first days do not swear, if you still value the word of an honest man, and if perjury126 still has terrors for you. Rarely is the first love true love, as the first book of an author rarely is the true expression of his genius. One is weak from excessive youth as from old age; and the one and first and only love, like many other dogmatic formulas which delight so much that pedantic127 and hypocritical biped called man, has made more victims in modern society than many crimes and many maladies of body and mind ever did. If your love is the first, so much the better; with hands chastely128 clasped and lips modestly conjoined, do not pronounce any other words but these: "Let us love each other!" If you are among the few and happy mortals who will love but once; if you are among the very few who, in the first woman or in the first man, have found the angel seen in their first dreams of youth, thousand and thousand times blessed! The fidelity129 of the future will cement for life the virtues of your souls. As for myself, if the increased progress of true and healthy democracy should eliminate from juridical institutions the formula of the oath, I would wish that the man and the woman who love each other should never swear. An adjuration130 less and a caress40 more, what a delight! An eternity less, and a longer caress, what voluptuousness! Nor should chaste and chosen souls throw my book away, feeling hurt by my cynic advice. If they will read the pages that follow, they will clearly see that no one more than I intends to elevate love to the most serene regions of the ideal, and that, however high sentiment can ascend131, I, also, feel the strength to follow it. The triple and thick skin of hypocrisy that enwraps us from infancy132, the Arcadic varnish133 which makes us look polished and brilliant, nearly always forbid us to see the true nature of things, and in love we are all[Pg 49] unmistakably counterfeiters. The greatest liberty, the greatest sincerity134 alone can cure us of this malady135, which is civil rather than national, because it penetrates136 every race, every social class; it does not spare the highest and strongest natures; it has become an integral part of every fiber137 of our hearts, of the framework of all our institutions.
Which are the true sources of love? Which are the paths that lead to the sacred temple? There should be an only source, an only path, but so many are those who throng138 and crowd to enter there, where all expect the greatest joy, that not all enter by the great highway of nature, but through secret gates and oblique139 ways reach their aim; they are unhappy because the original sin of their loves condemns140 them to a dangerous life sown with despondency and bitterness.
All the natural flows of the true and great love collect in one source. They are drops which slowly trickle142 into the depths of our body, and there they gather and form rivulets143 and streamlets that, in turn, collect in the channel of our veins144 until they effuse as the warm, quivering wave of sympathy.
Sympathy is the only and true source of love. Sympathy, most beautiful among the beautiful words of human speech! To suffer together, a melancholy vaticination of life lived in two; but better still, to feel, laugh and weep together! Two organisms, but one sense; two exterior146 worlds, but which unite around a unique center; two nerves that by various ways carry various sensations, but which interweave and run together in one heart. To see, to gaze at, to desire each other. A spark shoots forth from the contact of two desires: such is the first fact of love. Two solitary148 ships in the desert of the ocean were plowing149 through the waves, unknown to each other; the wind propelled one near to the other; a shiver of sympathy ran through the sails and the shrouds151 and caused them to creak simultaneously152; they felt pressed by a common need, and cast out a hawser153 which should tie them together. From that moment they shall[Pg 50] plow150 the same waters, expose themselves to the same dangers, and long and sigh for the same land.
The most rapid and ardent sympathies have their sources in the admiration154 of form, that is to say, in the sentiment of the beautiful which is satisfied by the object which we desire and are about to love. Among the four definitions of love that Tasso was wont to discuss, there are three which express or suggest this idea: "Love is a desire of beauty; Love is the cupidity155 of embrace for the pleasure of those who covet156 a particular beauty; Love is the union through pleasure of beauty." And, in fact, what is love if not the choice of the better forms in order to perpetuate157 them? What is love if not the selection of the best in order that it may triumph over the mediocre158, a selection of youth and strength in order that it may survive the old and weak elements? Woman, the custodian159 of germs, the vestal of life, must be more beautiful than we, and man loves in her the form above all other things; and mediocre forms can, if elevated by a gigantic genius and an impassioned heart, still excite ardent passions. But these are always unstable160 sympathies, and where a real deformity appears, love is dead, or lives only as a prodigy161 of heroism162, or as an esthetic163 malady. Woman also is immediately affected165 by the beauty of virile forms and can love a man merely because he is handsome; but in her the field of sympathy expands and is much higher, and character and genius will seduce167 her more frequently than is the case with men. The ugliest men enjoyed the superhuman voluptuousness of being loved; but in the attitude of their characters, in the power of their genius, in the greatness of their position, they possessed168 a fascination169 which belonged, nevertheless, to the world of beauty. Woman has within herself such a power of transmission of the germinative elements and such an accumulation of beauty as to be capable of doing without the power and the beauty of her companion; but she wants to feel conquered by a superior force, fascinated by something that shines or flashes or thunders.
In love, genius and character exercise very little influence[Pg 51] if they do not assume a beautiful form, and esthetics dominate and govern all amorous170 phenomena171. This is not enough: even those who believe that their judgment172 in making a selection soars to the loftiest spheres of the ideal world, and despise the beautiful as a vulgar fascination of dull and clouded minds, seek, involuntarily, unknowingly, some virtues that bear a deep sexual mark. There may be a philosopher who boasts of having loved a homely173 but intelligent and sensible woman; but let him search the depths of his heart, let him study the sources of his love, and he will find that he admires and loves in his companion those virtues which are essentially175 feminine: the flexuous grace of tenderness and the kind intelligence of the heart, or the insuperable cleverness of affection, or the coquettish forms of a refreshing176 and modest intellect. In other words, the proud despiser of form was seduced177 by the form, all beautiful and all feminine, of a character or of an intelligence. And woman, when she happens to love an ugly man, is conquered either by dominating intellect, by dazzling ambition, by heroic courage, or by the power of some virtues that bear a deeply virile mark. Sex is too great a portion of the economy of life to be eliminated from our calculations by our caprice, and love is a stream too large to be dammed and directed between the paper dikes of our sophisms and our reticences; and if some one should not be convinced yet that beauty is the supreme178 inciter179 of every amorous sympathy, let him remember that love is the passion of youth, and this is always a chosen form of beauty.
It rarely happens that two flashes from the eyes of a man and of a woman who meet for the first time should kindle106 one fire only. This is the ideal of the most ardent sympathies, the most fortunate combination in the great, hazardous180 game of life. To meet suddenly, to see, to admire, to desire each other at once and to embrace with such a look as if it came from above; to feel inundated181 by a gaze, equally warm and penetrating182; to blush together and to feel all at once that two hearts beat louder and mutely make this sweet[Pg 52] confession183: "I love you, and you are mine!"—all this is a joy too rare, too beautiful, one which few mortals have known and few will know.
It happens more frequently that nascent184 sympathies proceed unequally, so that the one has already carried a man to the highest summits of desire and passion, while the other hardly begins to stir; the one already throbs185, the other only faintly vibrates. Even when two loves are called to high and fortunate destinies, even when they will soon spread their robust wings together in the space of bliss186, a task is reserved to woman in the vicissitudes187 of love, so different from ours that she cannot feel with us the same sudden and violent emotions. Man says everything with a look; unhesitatingly and proudly he acknowledges his defeats. Woman, even under the spell of the most ardent sympathy, lowers her eyelids188, refuses the too intense light and protects her heart with all the refrigeratives and sedatives189 at her command. Man has already said to woman a hundred times with the flash of his eyes: "I love you!" The woman, trembling, hardly dares to say: "Perhaps I will love you!" And away run those two happy beings, fleeing from each other, until the sympathy of the one equals that of the other, until the supreme languor of a long battle is smothered190 in two notes which vibrate together with the sweetest harmony, while they say to each other, with a sigh, "I love you!" and to nature repeat with another sigh: "Thanks!"
The energies of amorous desire, which the longer they last the larger they grow, follow the laws of elementary physics governing the forces. The most instantaneous love is not the most durable191, and if an unexpected satisfaction follows a sudden desire, love may sometimes resemble a glorious rape192 rather than a true and real passion. It is true that love is not a battle but a long war, and when the first victory is followed by a hundred, a thousand victories, the fulmineous sympathy also may take deep roots in our hearts, and rallying after nearly every struggle, may pervade193 us all and reach the ideal perfection of coupling intensity194 with extensiveness, of twinkling at the same time with the light[Pg 53] of those stars that never set and that of the lightning flash that plows195 the skies. The most perfect love is a sun that never sets, but does cast forth now and then more scintillant196 flashes. In ordinary cases, however, loves that rise slowly, slowly die away; and those of the nature of lightning last as long as lightning. In all cases, a healthy love, well constituted and destined for a prolific197 existence, whether born suddenly or slowly, should begin with a violent shock that measures the depths from which the warm sympathy sprang forth. All other affectionate sentiments arise in a manner different from love, whose nature it is to be born amidst thunder and lightning, as gods or demons198 should be born. Princes cannot come into the world like the masses; and the Prince of Affections cannot come to light with the assistance of an intelligent and affectionate midwife and the domestic cares of relatives. Where a coruscation199 of the skies and a trembling of the earth do not attend the birth of the new love; where nature does not rend200 the air with a cry of voluptuousness or of pain, no one can deceive me: a friendship, an affection, some sort of a sentiment, may have come into existence; but I shall certainly not christen the new-born with the sacred baptism of love.
And thus, naturally, we have arrived at those frontiers which separate the only legitimate201 way by which we may enter the temple from those ways that lead to it through oblique and unused paths. Friendship can be a source of love, and a very good one, but it is always a pathological, unnatural202 origin, which leads step by step to the worst of the sources of love, such as gratitude203, compassion204, vanity, lust73, revenge.
When one has been able to see a woman during a long time, talk to her and perhaps live with her without calling her by any other name but that of sister or friend, if he feels some day that he loves her, such love resembles those tropical fruits grown in our climate by means of manure205 and hothouse. Whether friendship is possible between man and woman is an old problem which will never be solved, because many give that name to true, real loves, which, approaching[Pg 54] the threshold of desire, held back, perhaps, by the rigid206 hand of duty, oscillate suavely207 and lingeringly in front of the temple without ever entering it. It is by a conventional politeness that to these loves we give the name of friendship, and I will certainly not condemn141 such innocent falsification; but a true and real friendship, with all the specific characteristics that distinguish this serene affection between man and woman, is not possible except on one condition: to obliterate208 every sexual mark in the two beings that have shaken hands. And the elimination209 of the sex in an individual is such a cruel mutilation, both physical and moral, that it destroys more than half of man. If friendship unites two eunuchs of this kind, I shall say that their affection is no longer that which exists between man and woman, but that of two neutral beings. However, as long as a single desire of the other's person is possible in them, as long as the most chaste, the most innocent of desires may arise in them, friendship becomes love. How many are these moral eunuchs? How many men and women can love without desire? Count them and then I shall be able to tell you how many are the cases, well ascertained210, of friendship without love between man and woman.
I wish, nevertheless, to be more explicit211, so that I may not seem to go on beating about the bushes without attacking and solving the question because I find it difficult. Are there in this sublunary world a man and a woman glad to see each other, who love each other and who have never desired even a kiss from each other? Yes; those two angels, then, are friends and I admit the possibility of the psychological phenomenon of friendship between two persons of different sex.
From any form of mild affection one can pass to love, and therefore much more easily from that friendship between man and woman knowingly admitted by us as possible. Long-lasting119 and healthy loves may arise in this way, but they always have a cold skin and a somewhat lymphatic hue212. They require restoratives, a hydropathic cure, and, sometimes, cod-liver oil as well, because from the lymphatic they[Pg 55] may also pass to the scrofulous stage. A common variety of this kind of loves is that which originates from gratitude.
"Love who to none beloved to love remits213" sang the poet, and he told the truth; but this goes on one condition, that between the two who love each other there shall be no other difference but in the length of the step; that is to say, that one should arrive first and the other join him afterward214; otherwise they would never meet on the main road of sympathy. You, O tutors, who believe in the love of a pupil; you, gentlemen, who believe in the love of the orphan215 girl whom you have helped out of her poverty; you, old bachelors, who believe in the love of the grateful chambermaid, remember that gratitude alone did never generate a legitimate love. If gratitude takes you by the hand and leads you on the road of sympathy, it may be a good guide, but nothing more. There are men and women who very much resemble cold-blooded animals, which have the same temperature as the ambient that surrounds them, but can generate little or no heat. They know not how to love of themselves, and it is necessary that another love descend216 upon them to soak them, to saturate217 them, like cake dipped in wine. Their sympathies are cold and equal for all; they often ask of books and men what is love, and compare the descriptions by others to what they feel in their hearts, like the naturalist218 who turns and turns an insect in his hands, compares it to the pictures before him, and finally exclaims: "It really seems to me that this insect is the Amor verus of the entomologists. I, too, do love, really love." For all these gentlemen, whose number is much greater than supposed, the verse of the poet is most true, and they always love out of gratitude or compassion, which is almost the same.
That mild and sweet affection which is love out of gratitude must not be confused with that commiseration219 which women especially feel for those who love them desperately220, and to whom they often concede not love, but love out of pity. Woman is easily moved; she cannot look on apathetically221 when a man suffers, and frequently yields, not out of lewdness222 but of pity, which is also coupled with the [Pg 56]legitimate pride of being able to transform a wretched being into a happy man. And man often takes advantage of this weakness of Eve and wickedly abuses it, and is ready, later, to calumniate223 her who has made him happy. Man, too, can love out of compassion, but more frequently concedes himself without affection and through pride, as we shall see further on in the course of our studies.
Woman, however, sometimes concedes love, together with voluptuousness, to him who weeps, sighs and suffers for her. Compassion is the benevolent224 chord which vibrates even in natures brutally225 egotistical; while in woman, rich in so many affections, it can vibrate until it tortures her. This sentiment, however, is, of its own nature, tender and mild, and by placing a hand on him who suffers, keeps him always in a state of subjection, so that true equality can never exist between the one who inspires compassion and the one who feels it. This is the essential character of compassion; and even when, by narrow, long and thorny226 paths, it leads us to love, this is always under the influence of its bastardly origin. All loves out of compassion are forms of affectionate commiseration, of benign228 protection, and lack the highest notes of passion. They strongly resemble the verses of him who is not a poet; the god of fire does not pervade, does not inflame them; they do not know the sacred agitation229 of the sibyl; and if they can live long in a mild climate, they can, however, be suddenly overthrown230 by the appearance of the true god, who demands his rights, his tributes of blood and of ardors. The woman who, unfortunately, has not yet experienced any love other than that inspired in her by compassion, may deceive herself, may believe that she loves truly and deeply; but woe to her, if a real and warm sympathy should awake in her heart, that she may make a comparison between the true love and the false one! The weak little plant of an affection long guarded by commiseration will fall and be carried away by the fury of the impetuous stream, and the poor creature, who really loves for the first time, may suffer the most excruciating pain, and be made to fight the bloodiest231 struggles between duty and passion, between [Pg 57]commiseration and love. I know only too well that among the thousand forms of cowardly love there is also the cowardice232 which begs love on bended knees, but I would prefer to be loved by caprice, revenge or lechery233, rather than by compassion. The woman who loves us in that way has always her heel on our heads; and although the sweet pressure of a woman's little foot may be as dear as the caress of her hand, in the face of nature we commit an act of cowardice and invert234 the most elementary laws of the physiology235 of the sexes. The man who waives236 the primacy of conquest is a lion that allows his mane to be shorn, a Samson with clipped hair, always a mild and disguised form of eunuch. May fortune protect you all from love out of compassion!
A still more turbid source of love is vanity; to hear that a woman is very beautiful and chaste, that she has never permitted herself to be loved, is an immediate164 stimulus237 of sudden ambition to the man who knows that he is strong and adores the daughters of Eve. And the daughters of Eve, in turn, very willingly persist in throwing the baited hook to catch the cold, lonely fish who lives in the most dark recesses238 of solitude239 and chastity. Hence many challenges sent and taken which lead oftener to a conquest of bodies than to true love. The great woman-lovers, who have long since renounced240 the virtue of sublime love, are accustomed to conquer all the conquerable solely242 for vanity's sake, solely to tie with amorous chains to their triumphal chariot a new slave and a new victim. They nearly always like to conquer the most difficult and different characters, and you may find them ardently243 wishing to give the first lesson in voluptuousness to the innocent as well as to subjugate244 the most cunning and oldest libertines245. Besides vanity, the goad246 of morbid247 curiosity has its share in this choice of victims, as curiosity is one of the strongest threads in the psychological web of woman. A tart248, wild fruit may stimulate249 the appetite of a palate too dull, as would the mordant250 pungency251 of cheese too old; the frivolous252 woman is passionately253 fond of this alternating of sour and burning tastes, of this succession of men inexperienced in love and men only too well versed32 in[Pg 58] it; and lechery may go so far in these natures as to cause them to love through mere166 curiosity of the unknown, even excluding lust, which is not always necessary in these pathological tastes. At any rate, even when vanity alone has brought a man and a woman together, a posthumous254 sympathy may awaken53 a real love with healthy members and a long life. It is, however, always a love that resembles the rich man who was born a peasant and, true upstart that he is, may, in the midst of luxury and pleasure and in the most courteous255 manner, kick you out of his presence when you least can afford it. To be born well is really the first problem of life in all cases, and democracy itself cannot succeed in overthrowing256 the ancient aristocracy unless it can boast of a legitimate and noble birth.
Man, who daily accuses of vanity his female companion, shows oftener than the latter the most grotesque257 and clownish forms of that sentiment; and we rarely see him renounce241 the puerile258 ostentation259 of those of his loves which had the bastardly origin of vanity. How often has he reached the lowest stage of cowardice by casting up to the woman who blessed him with love, that he sought her love only to adorn260 with another trophy261 his triumphal chariot! Woman, instead, almost always, even when she has desired to be loved out of vanity alone, even when she is about to dismiss the servant who has wearied her, will give him a testimonial which makes him happy, does not humiliate262 him, and will satisfy him that he pleased—for a day, a month, a year—the woman who, perhaps, feigned263 to love him, or loved him very blandly264. No man feels humiliated265 in thinking that he was the sweet victim of a caprice; all feel dejected if made the target of a vainglorious266 speculation267. And many other times, woman, with a very refined and generous tact147, pretends not to understand that she is desired and loved solely out of vanity, and gradually succeeds in making men love her for herself, and for herself alone. The friendly enemy not perceiving it, she succeeds with subtle art in substituting a sincere and warm passion for the narrow ambition that had inspired the attack and the conquest: one of the thousand proofs that[Pg 59] woman is superior to us in sentiment in the same degree as we are superior to her in mental strength; one of the thousand proofs that woman always endeavors to elevate even the basest loves, while we so often want to force under the Caudine Forks of voluptuousness even those loves which, like the eagles, were born on the highest rocks of psychology268.
Lust is the prolific mother of most vulgar loves; nay269, this sentiment is to many only the necessity of drinking at a spring found to be sweeter than any other. Nude270 love, without the splendid garments of imagination and heart, stripped even of the robust flesh lent to it by the sentiment of the beautiful, is reduced to a skeleton which is lust and which for very many is all they think of love. What a poor, wretched thing! A practice of lasciviousness271! Woman converted into a cup which we prefer to any other because we have long been accustomed to satiate our thirst out of it. To have possessed before having loved, to have been possessed before having given the kiss of love! What ignominy! What baseness! And yet love is such a magician that, at times, it can perform the prodigy of being born of lechery.
Loves born of lust are the most difficult to preserve, and every day of their life is a difficult and rare conquest. Even the most perfidious272 cunning of the arts of pleasing blunts against insurmountable difficulties, and woman, after having brought into play all the witchery of body and heart, may see her victim snatched away from her by the first comer. Love may be warm, ardent, thirsty, but the glass that satisfies it is always made of the most fragile crystal and may at any moment fall and be shattered into a hundred pieces.
Revenge, which is a form of hatred273, may, by incestuous nuptials274, become a mother, or better, a stepmother of love. To be deceived and to know it, to wish to humiliate the guilty by flaunting275 in the latter's face a new love, to seek it, finding it in one day: there is the source of love out of revenge. The unfortunate paranymph who acts as the call-bird of a degraded passion does not always perceive the trap, allows himself to be loved, loves, and often amuses the person who pretends to love him and those who [Pg 60]unconcernedly witness the shameful spectacle. Vanity makes us blind, and it does not permit us to see that, perhaps, in the period of a day we have been seen, desired, conquered; and while, inflated276 with pride, we display our feathers like a peacock, we do not realize that we are actors in a comedy staged to humiliate him or her who is loved always and more than ever. In some very humiliating cases we serve as rubefacient and sink so low as to be placed on a level with a mustard poultice or a leech277; and the cure effected at our expense is so quick and perfect that we are immediately dismissed, like a physician who is impatiently paid and impatiently taken leave of because his services are no longer required.
These, however, are the most unfortunate cases, and belong to the ugliest pathology of the human heart; in other instances love out of revenge becomes, through the virtue of either or both of the lovers, a true and real love which cures the old wound and opens a wide horizon of happiness to the man and to the woman who have become acquainted in such a strange manner, and it may then be said that he who was to be the revengeful executioner, the unconscious minister of the justice of love, becomes, instead, first the physician and afterward the lover of the offended, and a new love arises on the ruins of the old one.
I certainly do not claim to have studied all the pure and impure278 sources of love, but I would feel satisfied if I had touched upon the most important ones, and outlined the genealogy279 of this sentiment. In an analytical280 work, however great may be the care exercised in order not to detach adherent281 things, it is next to impossible to avoid breaking some fiber or destroying anything. It frequently occurs that the source of love is not one, but double, or is formed by the collecting of various streamlets, so that it would be difficult to state whether the new-born is a legitimate son or a bastard227. A slight but sincere sympathy may be associated with great vanity, but the desire for revenge may, fortunately for us, fall in with a warm and violent affection. Thus, lust, vanity, compassion, gratitude, may meet at the same time and [Pg 61]fecundate a love which later may flow limpid and pure in its bed, although its source was an impure, muddy stream.
Sometimes a human being loves another not for the latter's sake, but out of a strange resemblance which the latter bears to a person long loved and, perhaps, already lost; thus it happens that one may love the daughter after having loved the mother; and there have been cases in which one has loved even three successive generations. The excessive disproportion in the age of the lovers, a certain mummy effluvium exhaled282 even by the most carefully embalmed283 bodies, gives to those loves a character that induces me to place them at least on the frontiers that separate physiology from pathology; I would, therefore, term them "physio-pathological."
Loves of mixed origin are the purer and warmer, the larger the part played in them by sympathy, and this element alone would suffice to allot284 a place to them in the hierarchical scale of nobility. The influence which the first origin exercises over love is so lasting and so prepotent that more than once affections suffering from a dangerous illness recovered suddenly at the tender remembrance of these thoughts: "You really loved me one day of your life." "You are mine by love and nothing else." "And yet I loved you!" Often a man born in the highest place and of noblest blood sinks gradually into the mire174, loses his dignity, his fortune, even the most superficial appearance of manners and behavior; yet if you observe him attentively285 you will certainly find in the nobility of some gesture, in the majestic286 tone of his voice, in some refined taste, such traces of his ancient origin as may have survived the shipwreck287. And so it happens with a well-born love. I have seen passions dragged in the mire of abjection288, tattered289 and foul290, like a velvet rag picked up in the gutter291; I have seen loves sold and bought again, and passed through the hands of a hundred hucksters at the public auction292 of vice and infamy293; but in those poor shreds294 I have always found something that had remained intact and revealed its ancient and noble origin; and with my own[Pg 62] eyes I have witnessed fabulous295 resurrections that seemed miracles, and redemptions that caused me to think of the divine intervention296 and of the galley-slaves too arcadically rehabilitated297 through the rose-water bath of our modern philanthropists.
When love begins we may entertain some doubts as to the reality of the passion before our eyes. The heart beats more quickly than usual, and in the serene sky some clouds pass and evanesce in the deep azure; perhaps in the distant mist we behold25, at times, a lightning flash; but will we have a storm or fine weather? If the heart is forced to answer, it may, in these cases, make the same solemn mistakes as the meteorologists in their almanacs or from the university chair. Embryos298 in their first stage are all similar, and even the most powerful microscope cannot distinguish today the egg of the lion from that of the rabbit. Incipient299 sympathies, growing friendships, affinities about to become loves, are all crepuscular300 things faintly delineated on the gray horizon, and the human eye may be easily deceived; but we cannot cast any blame upon it. And love, too, assumes so manifold and varied301 disguises as to render it difficult for us to make a good diagnosis302 in many cases. However, it is always easier to recognize love in our own home than in that of others, notwithstanding the fact that it is much more important for our happiness to know whether we are loved than to realize that we really are in love. To distinguish in others the true love from the mendacious303, you may be helped by this physio-psychological essay, while in order to explore your own heart scant304 attention to the phase of your sentiments will suffice.
One truly loves when to the agonizing305 cry: "A man!—A woman!" a friendly distant voice replies: "Do not weep; I am here!" One loves when, after hearing that voice, the cry subsides306 and the deep void of desire is filled. One loves when the desire of the beloved is placed above everything else. One loves when one suddenly blushes or pales if he hears a name or the familiar swish of a garment that approaches. One loves when one involuntarily has on one's lips one name only a hundred times in a day, or when one[Pg 63] ceases to pronounce a word which one was pronouncing a hundred times before. One loves when one's eyes are always fixed307 on one point of the star-map where the creature dwells who has become half of ourselves. One loves when one hurries to the mirror at every instant to ask of oneself, "Am I beautiful enough?" and when one restlessly explores the abyss of one's own conscience with the query308, "Can I be loved?" One loves when in every fiber of the heart, in every atom of the organism, the sap of life is stirred and rushes through every vein145 and every nerve, so that an intimate, penetrating, deep commotion309 warns us with thrilling voice that something great and unusual is in us, as though God had visited us. This is the true love, that is not appeased310 by lust, nor quieted by ambition, nor cooled by distance, that does not even lose itself in the dreams of the night; the love that, to abandon us, must carry away with itself a large piece of bleeding flesh and tortured nerves.
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1
germinative
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| adj.发芽的，有发育力的 | |
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glands
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| n.腺( gland的名词复数 ) | |
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chaste
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| adj.贞洁的；有道德的；善良的；简朴的 | |
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azure
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| adj.天蓝色的，蔚蓝色的 | |
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rosy
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| adj.美好的，乐观的，玫瑰色的 | |
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tint
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| n.淡色，浅色；染发剂；vt.着以淡淡的颜色 | |
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precocious
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| adj.早熟的；较早显出的 | |
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corruption
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| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
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innocence
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| n.无罪；天真；无害 | |
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serene
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| adj. 安详的，宁静的，平静的 | |
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ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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illuminate
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| vt.照亮，照明；用灯光装饰；说明，阐释 | |
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malignity
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| n.极度的恶意，恶毒；（病的）恶性 | |
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blasphemy
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| n.亵渎，渎神 | |
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limpid
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| adj.清澈的，透明的 | |
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lascivious
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| adj.淫荡的，好色的 | |
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malice
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| n.恶意，怨恨，蓄意；[律]预谋 | |
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libertine
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| n.淫荡者；adj.放荡的，自由思想的 | |
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penetrate
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| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
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malignant
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| adj.恶性的，致命的；恶意的，恶毒的 | |
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rabble
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| n.乌合之众，暴民；下等人 | |
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wont
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| adj.习惯于；v.习惯；n.习惯 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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beholds
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| v.看，注视( behold的第三人称单数 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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sublime
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| adj.崇高的，伟大的；极度的，不顾后果的 | |
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aurora
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| n.极光 | |
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haughty
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| adj.傲慢的，高傲的 | |
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brigand
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| n.土匪，强盗 | |
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impudent
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| adj.鲁莽的，卑鄙的，厚颜无耻的 | |
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disdain
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| n.鄙视，轻视；v.轻视，鄙视，不屑 | |
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versed
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| adj. 精通，熟练 | |
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microscopic
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| adj.微小的，细微的，极小的，显微的 | |
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conceals
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，遮住( conceal的第三人称单数 ) | |
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jealousies
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| n.妒忌( jealousy的名词复数 )；妒羡 | |
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delirious
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| adj.不省人事的，神智昏迷的 | |
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destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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bosoms
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| 胸部( bosom的名词复数 )； 胸怀； 女衣胸部（或胸襟）； 和爱护自己的人在一起的情形 | |
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furtively
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| adv. 偷偷地, 暗中地 | |
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caress
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| vt./n.爱抚，抚摸 | |
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caresses
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| 爱抚，抚摸( caress的名词复数 ) | |
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congestion
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| n.阻塞，消化不良 | |
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phantoms
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| n.鬼怪，幽灵( phantom的名词复数 ) | |
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gild
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| vt.给…镀金，把…漆成金色，使呈金色 | |
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twilight
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| n.暮光，黄昏；暮年，晚期，衰落时期 | |
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skeptical
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| adj.怀疑的，多疑的 | |
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relegated
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| v.使降级( relegate的过去式和过去分词 )；使降职；转移；把…归类 | |
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fleeting
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| adj.短暂的，飞逝的 | |
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fabric
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| n.织物，织品，布；构造，结构，组织 | |
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torments
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| （肉体或精神上的）折磨，痛苦( torment的名词复数 )； 造成痛苦的事物[人] | |
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insolent
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| adj.傲慢的，无理的 | |
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52
awakened
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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awaken
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| vi.醒，觉醒；vt.唤醒，使觉醒，唤起，激起 | |
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throbbed
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| 抽痛( throb的过去式和过去分词 )； （心脏、脉搏等）跳动 | |
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turbid
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| adj.混浊的，泥水的，浓的 | |
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torrent
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| n.激流，洪流；爆发，(话语等的)连发 | |
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rosebud
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| n.蔷薇花蕾，妙龄少女 | |
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58
voluptuous
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| adj.肉欲的，骄奢淫逸的 | |
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passionate
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，激昂的，易动情的，易怒的，性情暴躁的 | |
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irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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equilibrium
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| n.平衡，均衡，相称，均势，平静 | |
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complement
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| n.补足物，船上的定员；补语；vt.补充，补足 | |
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affinities
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| n.密切关系( affinity的名词复数 )；亲近；（生性）喜爱；类同 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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crevice
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| n.(岩石、墙等)裂缝；缺口 | |
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vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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virile
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| adj.男性的；有男性生殖力的；有男子气概的；强有力的 | |
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hirsute
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| adj.多毛的 | |
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crater
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| n.火山口，弹坑 | |
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70
adolescence
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| n.青春期，青少年 | |
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71
hysterical
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| adj.情绪异常激动的，歇斯底里般的 | |
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72
illustrate
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| v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图 | |
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73
lust
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| n.性(淫)欲；渴(欲)望；vi.对…有强烈的欲望 | |
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74
shudder
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| v.战粟，震动，剧烈地摇晃；n.战粟，抖动 | |
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75
voluptuousness
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|
| n.风骚，体态丰满 | |
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76
virtuous
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| adj.有品德的，善良的，贞洁的，有效力的 | |
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77
tumult
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| n.喧哗；激动，混乱；吵闹 | |
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78
somber
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|
| adj.昏暗的，阴天的，阴森的，忧郁的 | |
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79
melancholy
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|
| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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80
frantic
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| adj.狂乱的，错乱的，激昂的 | |
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81
wrath
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|
| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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82
plaintive
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|
| adj.可怜的，伤心的 | |
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83
alas
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|
| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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84
robust
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|
| adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的 | |
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85
frail
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|
| adj.身体虚弱的；易损坏的 | |
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86
imprisoned
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| 下狱，监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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87
neophyte
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|
| n.新信徒；开始者 | |
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88
virtues
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|
| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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89
maiden
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|
| n.少女，处女；adj.未婚的，纯洁的，无经验的 | |
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90
velvet
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| n.丝绒，天鹅绒；adj.丝绒制的，柔软的 | |
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91
virgin
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|
| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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92
slanders
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| 诽谤，诋毁( slander的名词复数 ) | |
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93
provocative
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|
| adj.挑衅的，煽动的，刺激的，挑逗的 | |
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95
sinewy
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|
| adj.多腱的，强壮有力的 | |
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96
pallid
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|
| adj.苍白的，呆板的 | |
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97
sentimental
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|
| adj.多愁善感的，感伤的 | |
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98
languor
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|
| n.无精力，倦怠 | |
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99
poetic
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|
| adj.富有诗意的，有诗人气质的，善于抒情的 | |
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100
arrogant
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|
| adj.傲慢的，自大的 | |
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101
elegies
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|
| n.哀歌，挽歌( elegy的名词复数 ) | |
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102
woe
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|
| n.悲哀，苦痛，不幸，困难；int.用来表达悲伤或惊慌 | |
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103
texture
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| n.(织物)质地；(材料)构造；结构；肌理 | |
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104
aged
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|
| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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105
unripe
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|
| adj.未成熟的；n.未成熟 | |
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106
kindle
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| v.点燃，着火 | |
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107
kindled
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| （使某物）燃烧，着火( kindle的过去式和过去分词 )； 激起（感情等）； 发亮，放光 | |
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108
vow
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|
| n.誓(言)，誓约；v.起誓，立誓 | |
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109
vows
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| 誓言( vow的名词复数 )； 郑重宣布，许愿 | |
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110
fealty
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|
| n.忠贞，忠节 | |
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111
incense
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|
| v.激怒；n.香，焚香时的烟，香气 | |
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112
idol
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| n.偶像，红人，宠儿 | |
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113
hypocrisy
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|
| n.伪善，虚伪 | |
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114
corrodes
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|
| v.使腐蚀，侵蚀( corrode的第三人称单数 ) | |
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115
artifices
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|
| n.灵巧( artifice的名词复数 )；诡计；巧妙办法；虚伪行为 | |
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116
bellows
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| n.风箱；发出吼叫声，咆哮（尤指因痛苦）( bellow的名词复数 )；（愤怒地）说出（某事），大叫v.发出吼叫声，咆哮（尤指因痛苦）( bellow的第三人称单数 )；（愤怒地）说出（某事），大叫 | |
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117
inflame
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| v.使燃烧；使极度激动；使发炎 | |
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118
everlasting
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|
| adj.永恒的，持久的，无止境的 | |
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119
lasting
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|
| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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120
shameful
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|
| adj.可耻的，不道德的 | |
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121
perjure
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|
| v.作伪证；使发假誓 | |
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122
eternity
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| n.不朽，来世；永恒，无穷 | |
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123
indifference
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|
| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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124
sardonic
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|
| adj.嘲笑的，冷笑的，讥讽的 | |
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125
tune
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|
| n.调子；和谐，协调；v.调音，调节，调整 | |
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126
perjury
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| n.伪证；伪证罪 | |
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127
pedantic
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|
| adj.卖弄学问的；迂腐的 | |
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128
chastely
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|
| adv.贞洁地，清高地，纯正地 | |
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129
fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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130
adjuration
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| n.祈求，命令 | |
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131
ascend
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|
| vi.渐渐上升，升高；vt.攀登，登上 | |
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132
infancy
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| n.婴儿期；幼年期；初期 | |
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133
varnish
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|
| n.清漆；v.上清漆；粉饰 | |
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134
sincerity
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|
| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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135
malady
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|
| n.病，疾病(通常做比喻) | |
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136
penetrates
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|
| v.穿过( penetrate的第三人称单数 )；刺入；了解；渗透 | |
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137
fiber
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| n.纤维，纤维质 | |
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138
throng
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|
| n.人群，群众；v.拥挤，群集 | |
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139
oblique
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|
| adj.斜的，倾斜的，无诚意的，不坦率的 | |
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140
condemns
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|
| v.（通常因道义上的原因而）谴责( condemn的第三人称单数 )；宣判；宣布…不能使用；迫使…陷于不幸的境地 | |
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141
condemn
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| vt.谴责，指责；宣判(罪犯)，判刑 | |
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142
trickle
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|
| vi.淌，滴，流出，慢慢移动，逐渐消散 | |
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143
rivulets
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|
| n.小河，小溪( rivulet的名词复数 ) | |
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144
veins
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|
| n.纹理；矿脉( vein的名词复数 )；静脉；叶脉；纹理 | |
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145
vein
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|
| n.血管，静脉；叶脉，纹理；情绪；vt.使成脉络 | |
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146
exterior
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|
| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
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147
tact
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| n.机敏，圆滑，得体 | |
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148
solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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149
plowing
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| v.耕( plow的现在分词 )；犁耕；费力穿过 | |
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150
plow
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| n.犁，耕地，犁过的地；v.犁，费力地前进[英]plough | |
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151
shrouds
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|
| n.裹尸布( shroud的名词复数 )；寿衣；遮蔽物；覆盖物v.隐瞒( shroud的第三人称单数 )；保密 | |
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152
simultaneously
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|
| adv.同时发生地，同时进行地 | |
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153
hawser
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| n.大缆；大索 | |
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154
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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155
cupidity
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| n.贪心，贪财 | |
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156
covet
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| vt.垂涎；贪图(尤指属于他人的东西) | |
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157
perpetuate
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| v.使永存，使永记不忘 | |
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158
mediocre
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|
| adj.平常的，普通的 | |
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159
custodian
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|
| n.保管人，监护人；公共建筑看守 | |
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160
unstable
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| adj.不稳定的，易变的 | |
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161
prodigy
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|
| n.惊人的事物，奇迹，神童，天才，预兆 | |
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162
heroism
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| n.大无畏精神，英勇 | |
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163
esthetic
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|
| adj.美学的，审美的；悦目的，雅致的 | |
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164
immediate
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|
| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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165
affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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166
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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167
seduce
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| vt.勾引，诱奸，诱惑，引诱 | |
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168
possessed
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|
| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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169
fascination
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| n.令人着迷的事物，魅力，迷恋 | |
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170
amorous
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| adj.多情的；有关爱情的 | |
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171
phenomena
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| n.现象 | |
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172
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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173
homely
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|
| adj.家常的，简朴的；不漂亮的 | |
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174
mire
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|
| n.泥沼，泥泞；v.使...陷于泥泞，使...陷入困境 | |
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175
essentially
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|
| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
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176
refreshing
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| adj.使精神振作的，使人清爽的，使人喜欢的 | |
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177
seduced
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|
| 诱奸( seduce的过去式和过去分词 )； 勾引； 诱使堕落； 使入迷 | |
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178
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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179
inciter
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180
hazardous
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|
| adj.(有)危险的，冒险的；碰运气的 | |
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181
inundated
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|
| v.淹没( inundate的过去式和过去分词 )；（洪水般地）涌来；充满；给予或交予（太多事物）使难以应付 | |
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182
penetrating
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|
| adj.（声音）响亮的，尖锐的adj.（气味）刺激的adj.（思想）敏锐的，有洞察力的 | |
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183
confession
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|
| n.自白，供认，承认 | |
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184
nascent
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| adj.初生的，发生中的 | |
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185
throbs
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| 体内的跳动( throb的名词复数 ) | |
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186
bliss
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|
| n.狂喜，福佑，天赐的福 | |
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187
vicissitudes
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|
| n.变迁，世事变化；变迁兴衰( vicissitude的名词复数 )；盛衰兴废 | |
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188
eyelids
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|
| n.眼睑( eyelid的名词复数 )；眼睛也不眨一下；不露声色；面不改色 | |
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189
sedatives
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| n.镇静药，镇静剂( sedative的名词复数 ) | |
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190
smothered
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|
| （使）窒息， （使）透不过气( smother的过去式和过去分词 )； 覆盖； 忍住； 抑制 | |
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191
durable
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|
| adj.持久的，耐久的 | |
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192
rape
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| n.抢夺，掠夺，强奸；vt.掠夺，抢夺，强奸 | |
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193
pervade
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|
| v.弥漫，遍及，充满，渗透，漫延 | |
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194
intensity
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| n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度 | |
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195
plows
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|
| n.犁( plow的名词复数 )；犁型铲雪机v.耕( plow的第三人称单数 )；犁耕；费力穿过 | |
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196
scintillant
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|
| adj.产生火花的，闪烁（耀）的 | |
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197
prolific
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| adj.丰富的，大量的；多产的，富有创造力的 | |
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198
demons
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|
| n.恶人( demon的名词复数 )；恶魔；精力过人的人；邪念 | |
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199
coruscation
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| n.闪光，焕发 | |
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200
rend
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| vt.把…撕开，割裂；把…揪下来，强行夺取 | |
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201
legitimate
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| adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法 | |
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202
unnatural
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| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
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203
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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204
compassion
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| n.同情，怜悯 | |
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205
manure
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| n.粪，肥，肥粒；vt.施肥 | |
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206
rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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207
suavely
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208
obliterate
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| v.擦去，涂抹，去掉...痕迹，消失，除去 | |
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209
elimination
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| n.排除，消除，消灭 | |
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210
ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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211
explicit
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| adj.详述的，明确的；坦率的；显然的 | |
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212
hue
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| n.色度；色调；样子 | |
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213
remits
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| n.职权范围，控制范围，影响范围( remit的名词复数 )v.免除（债务），宽恕( remit的第三人称单数 )；使某事缓和；寄回，传送 | |
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214
afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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215
orphan
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| n.孤儿；adj.无父母的 | |
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216
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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217
saturate
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| vt.使湿透，浸透；使充满，使饱和 | |
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218
naturalist
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| n.博物学家(尤指直接观察动植物者) | |
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219
commiseration
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| n.怜悯，同情 | |
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220
desperately
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| adv.极度渴望地，绝望地，孤注一掷地 | |
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221
apathetically
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| adv.不露感情地；无动于衷地；不感兴趣地；冷淡地 | |
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222
lewdness
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| n. 淫荡, 邪恶 | |
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223
calumniate
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| v.诬蔑，中伤 | |
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224
benevolent
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| adj.仁慈的，乐善好施的 | |
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225
brutally
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| adv.残忍地，野蛮地，冷酷无情地 | |
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226
thorny
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| adj.多刺的，棘手的 | |
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227
bastard
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| n.坏蛋，混蛋；私生子 | |
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228
benign
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| adj.善良的，慈祥的；良性的，无危险的 | |
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229
agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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230
overthrown
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| adj. 打翻的，推倒的，倾覆的 动词overthrow的过去分词 | |
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231
bloodiest
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| adj.血污的( bloody的最高级 )；流血的；屠杀的；残忍的 | |
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232
cowardice
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| n.胆小，怯懦 | |
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233
lechery
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| n.好色；淫荡 | |
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234
invert
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| vt.使反转，使颠倒，使转化 | |
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235
physiology
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| n.生理学，生理机能 | |
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236
waives
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| v.宣布放弃( waive的第三人称单数 )；搁置；推迟；放弃（权利、要求等） | |
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237
stimulus
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| n.刺激，刺激物，促进因素，引起兴奋的事物 | |
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238
recesses
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| n.壁凹( recess的名词复数 )；（工作或业务活动的）中止或暂停期间；学校的课间休息；某物内部的凹形空间v.把某物放在墙壁的凹处( recess的第三人称单数 )；将（墙）做成凹形，在（墙）上做壁龛；休息，休会，休庭 | |
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239
solitude
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| n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方 | |
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240
renounced
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| v.声明放弃( renounce的过去式和过去分词 )；宣布放弃；宣布与…决裂；宣布摒弃 | |
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241
renounce
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| v.放弃；拒绝承认，宣布与…断绝关系 | |
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242
solely
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| adv.仅仅，唯一地 | |
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243
ardently
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| adv.热心地，热烈地 | |
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244
subjugate
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| v.征服；抑制 | |
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245
libertines
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| n.放荡不羁的人，淫荡的人( libertine的名词复数 ) | |
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246
goad
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| n.刺棒，刺痛物；激励；vt.激励，刺激 | |
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247
morbid
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| adj.病的；致病的；病态的；可怕的 | |
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248
tart
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| adj.酸的；尖酸的，刻薄的；n.果馅饼；淫妇 | |
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249
stimulate
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| vt.刺激，使兴奋；激励，使…振奋 | |
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250
mordant
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| adj.讽刺的；尖酸的 | |
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251
pungency
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| n.（气味等的）刺激性；辣；（言语等的）辛辣；尖刻 | |
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252
frivolous
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| adj.轻薄的；轻率的 | |
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253
passionately
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| ad.热烈地，激烈地 | |
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254
posthumous
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| adj.遗腹的；父亡后出生的；死后的，身后的 | |
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255
courteous
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| adj.彬彬有礼的，客气的 | |
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256
overthrowing
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| v.打倒，推翻( overthrow的现在分词 )；使终止 | |
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257
grotesque
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| adj.怪诞的，丑陋的；n.怪诞的图案，怪人（物） | |
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258
puerile
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| adj.幼稚的，儿童的 | |
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259
ostentation
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| n.夸耀，卖弄 | |
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260
adorn
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| vt.使美化，装饰 | |
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261
trophy
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| n.优胜旗，奖品，奖杯，战胜品，纪念品 | |
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262
humiliate
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| v.使羞辱，使丢脸[同]disgrace | |
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263
feigned
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| a.假装的，不真诚的 | |
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264
blandly
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| adv.温和地，殷勤地 | |
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265
humiliated
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| 感到羞愧的 | |
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266
vainglorious
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| adj.自负的；夸大的 | |
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267
speculation
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| n.思索，沉思；猜测；投机 | |
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268
psychology
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| n.心理，心理学，心理状态 | |
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269
nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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270
nude
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| adj.裸体的；n.裸体者，裸体艺术品 | |
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271
lasciviousness
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272
perfidious
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| adj.不忠的，背信弃义的 | |
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273
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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274
nuptials
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| n.婚礼；婚礼( nuptial的名词复数 ) | |
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275
flaunting
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| adj.招摇的，扬扬得意的，夸耀的v.炫耀，夸耀( flaunt的现在分词 )；有什么能耐就施展出来 | |
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276
inflated
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| adj.（价格）飞涨的；（通货）膨胀的；言过其实的；充了气的v.使充气（于轮胎、气球等）( inflate的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）膨胀；（使）通货膨胀；物价上涨 | |
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277
leech
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| n.水蛭，吸血鬼，榨取他人利益的人；vt.以水蛭吸血；vi.依附于别人 | |
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278
impure
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| adj.不纯净的，不洁的；不道德的，下流的 | |
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279
genealogy
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| n.家系，宗谱 | |
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280
analytical
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| adj.分析的；用分析法的 | |
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281
adherent
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| n.信徒，追随者，拥护者 | |
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282
exhaled
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| v.呼出，发散出( exhale的过去式和过去分词 )；吐出（肺中的空气、烟等），呼气 | |
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283
embalmed
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| adj.用防腐药物保存（尸体）的v.保存（尸体）不腐( embalm的过去式和过去分词 )；使不被遗忘；使充满香气 | |
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284
allot
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| v.分配；拨给；n.部分；小块菜地 | |
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285
attentively
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| adv.聚精会神地；周到地；谛；凝神 | |
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286
majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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287
shipwreck
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| n.船舶失事，海难 | |
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288
abjection
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| n. 卑鄙, 落魄 | |
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289
tattered
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| adj.破旧的，衣衫破的 | |
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290
foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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291
gutter
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| n.沟，街沟，水槽，檐槽，贫民窟 | |
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292
auction
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| n.拍卖；拍卖会；vt.拍卖 | |
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293
infamy
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| n.声名狼藉，出丑，恶行 | |
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294
shreds
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| v.撕碎，切碎( shred的第三人称单数 )；用撕毁机撕毁（文件） | |
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295
fabulous
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| adj.极好的；极为巨大的；寓言中的，传说中的 | |
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296
intervention
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| n.介入，干涉，干预 | |
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297
rehabilitated
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| 改造（罪犯等）( rehabilitate的过去式和过去分词 )； 使恢复正常生活； 使恢复原状； 修复 | |
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298
embryos
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| n.晶胚；胚，胚胎( embryo的名词复数 ) | |
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299
incipient
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| adj.起初的，发端的，初期的 | |
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300
crepuscular
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| adj.晨曦的；黄昏的；昏暗的 | |
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301
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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302
diagnosis
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| n.诊断，诊断结果，调查分析，判断 | |
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303
mendacious
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| adj.不真的，撒谎的 | |
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304
scant
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| adj.不充分的，不足的；v.减缩，限制，忽略 | |
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305
agonizing
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| adj.痛苦难忍的；使人苦恼的v.使极度痛苦；折磨(agonize的ing形式) | |
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306
subsides
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| v.（土地）下陷（因在地下采矿）( subside的第三人称单数 )；减弱；下降至较低或正常水平；一下子坐在椅子等上 | |
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307
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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308
query
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| n.疑问，问号，质问；vt.询问，表示怀疑 | |
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309
commotion
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| n.骚动，动乱 | |
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310
appeased
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| 安抚，抚慰( appease的过去式和过去分词 )； 绥靖（满足另一国的要求以避免战争） | |
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