The Travels of M. d'Abaddie, Dr. Beke, Isenberg, and others make known to us the immense extent and windings4 of the Bahr-el-Abiad and the Bahr-el-Azrek, or the white and blue Nile, but they have not yet been traced to their[33] rise, and the solution of the question of the true source of the Nile, remains6 still unsettled.
We have received from Mr. Jomard, member of the French Institute, a work entitled "Observations sur le voyage au Darfour" from an account given by the Sheikh Mohammed-el-Tounsy, accompanied by a vocabulary of the language of the people, and remarks on the white Nile by Mr. Jomard. This is a valuable contribution to our knowledge of a portion of the interior of Africa, only known to us by the visit of Mr. Browne in 1794, and forms a link in the chain between Lake Tchad and a region of country quite unexplored, and of which we have no knowledge whatever.
We have some information of interest, relating to Senegal, communicated to the Royal Geographical Society of London,[24] being a narrative8 of Mr. Thomson, linguist9 to the Church Missionary10 Society at Sierra Leone, from that place to Timbo, the capital of Futah Jallo. His place is about four hundred miles northeast of Sierra Leone. "The principal object of the mission, was to open a road for a regular line of traffic through that country, between the colony and the negro states on the Joliba or Niger."
Mr. Thomson's narrative is full of interest and shows the great hardships to be encountered in effecting a communication with the interior. No man could be better prepared for such an enterprize, both by knowledge of the languages of the country, and the manners of the people; zeal, perseverance13, and courage, also were prominent traits in his character; yet his enterprize failed and death cut him off, when on the point of starting for the eastward14.
An expedition more successful in its results, has been undertaken in Dahomey on the Guinea coast, the particulars of which are given in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, (vol. 16.) This journey was performed by Mr. John Duncan, from Cape15 Coast to[34] Whyddah, and from the latter about five hundred miles due north, through the Dahomey country to Adofoodiah. Although the king of Ashantee had refused permission for Mr. Duncan to pass through his territory, and had endeavored to prejudice the king of Dahomey against him, he was received with great kindness by the latter, and every facility given him to travel in his dominions16. A guard of one hundred men was furnished to accompany him—a path was cleared for upwards17 of one hundred miles, and arrangements made so that at every village through which he passed, provisions were always waiting, ready cooked for them. Among the strange things seen by this traveller was a review of six thousand Female troops, well armed and accoutred. Their appearance, for an uncivilized nation, was surprising, and their performance still more so. The slave trade is carried on extensively in Dahomey. In the market of Adofoodiah, articles from the Mediterranean18, and from Bornou in the interior were exposed for sale, showing the immense extent of the trade of the country. He met people from Timbuctoo and gathered some particulars of that remarkable19 city, as well as some information respecting Mungo Park's death. This enterprising traveller has lately been provided with the means to enable him to set out on a new journey with a determination to penetrate20 the country to Timbuctoo, from whence he will endeavour to follow the Niger to its mouth.
The American Missionaries21 at the Gaboon, (Western Africa), with a view of establishing a mission in the Pong-wee country have been preparing a grammar of the Pong-wee language, the peculiarities23 of which are such as to deserve notice. The Missionaries call it "one of the most perfect languages of which they have any knowledge. It is not so remarkable for copiousness24 of words as for its great and almost unlimited26 flexibility27. Its expansions, contractions28, and inflections though exceedingly numerous, and having, apparently29, special reference to euphony30, are all governed[35] by grammatical rules, which seem to be well established in the minds of the people, and which enable them to express their ideas with the utmost precision. How a language so soft, so plaintive31, so pleasant to the ear, and at the same time so copious25 and methodical in its inflections, should have originated, or how the people are enabled to retain its multifarious principles so distinctly in their minds as to express themselves with almost unvarying precision and, uniformity, are points which we do not pretend to settle. It is spoken coastwise nearly two hundred miles, and perhaps with some dialectic differences, it reaches the Congo river. How far it extends into the interior is not satisfactorily known."[25]
An attempt to penetrate this continent from the north has been made by Mr. James Richardson, by advices from whom it appears that on the 23d November, 1845, he had reached Ghadames, in the Great Desert, where he had been residing for three months, and whence he was to start on the following day, with a negro and a Moor32, for Soudan. If successful in reaching that country, he intended to proceed to Timbuctoo and other parts of the interior. Mr. Richardson was well received by the people and Sultan of Ghadames; but his journey to Sackatoo the capital of Soudan, which would take three months to accomplish, through some of the wildest tribes and without any guarantee from the English or Ottoman government, was considered foolhardy and desperate.[26]
Later accounts state that Mr. Richardson had returned after a successful exploration in the very centre of the Great Zahara, and that he has collected important information relating to the slave trade, one of the objects of his undertaking33. We shall look forward with interest to the publication of his travels.[27]
The details of the expedition under M. Raffenel of the[36] French navy and other scientific gentlemen, up the Senegal, have just been published.[28] The party ascended34 the Senegal to the river Falémé, and from the mouth of the Falémé they penetrated35 the country to Sansanzig. They then visited the gold mines of Kenieba, on the Bambouk, the country of Galam, Bondou and Woolli, and returned by the river Gambia. Seven months were spent on this expedition. They found the country beautiful, but its cultivation36 neglected, and of course little was produced. They visited the place where the French were formerly37 established, with the view of making treaties with the natives for its occupation anew. Few traces of the colony were to be found. They were kindly38 received by the various tribes of aborigines, wherever they went; though when at the extreme point of their journey, owing to the wars among the natives, they did not think it safe to proceed farther. The results of the expedition are interesting to science, as well as to the friends of humanity, who wish to improve the condition of this people.
For the more complete exploration of this portion of the African continent, it has been proposed to send another expedition under M. Raffenel for the purpose. This gentleman has submitted a memoir39 to the Minister of Marine40, by whom it was presented to the Geographical Society of Paris. The result was favorable, and Mr. Raffenel has been provided with instructions for his guidance in his proposed journey.
A journey of exploration and civilization in Soudan, is about to be undertaken by four Jesuits from Rome—Bishop Casolani, and Fathers Ryllo, Knoblica, and Vinco. Casolani and Ryllo will start from Cairo in January, 1847—having previously41 obtained a Firman from Constantinople; and, proceeding42 through Upper Egypt, Nubia, and thence by Kordofau and Darfour, they hope to reach Bornou,—and meet there their brethren, who travel by[37] the way of Tripoli and Mouryok. Should they be fortunate enough to meet, it will then be determined43 which route shall afterwards be followed. They have determined to accomplish what they have undertaken, or perish in the attempt. From the high character of all the parties, great hopes are entertained of the result of this journey. They are all men of extensive learning, and familiar with the languages, manners and customs of the East.[29]
A project is on foot in London and a prospectus44 has been issued for a new Expedition of Discovery to penetrate the interior of Africa from the eastern side. Many advantages are presented by beginning the work of exploration here; among them, the populousness45 and civilization of Eastern Africa, which is in general superior to that of the western coast. The languages of the former bear a close affinity46 to each other, and extend over a very large space, which is not the case with the latter. "The absence of foreign influence, (particularly of the Portuguese47, by whom the slave trade is carried on), and the readiness of the Sultan of Muscat to listen to British counsels," are strong inducements to carry out the scheme proposed.[30]
Lieutenant48 Ruxton of the Royal Navy, who has lately made an interesting journey into Africa from the southwestern coast, near the island of Ichaboe, is about to undertake a second journey with the intention of crossing the continent from this point to the eastern coast, under the sanction of the British Government.
Some valuable contributions have been made to our knowledge of the geography of Southern Africa by Mr. Cooley[31] and Mr. McQueen,[32] which tend to elucidate[38] portions of this continent hitherto enveloped49 in much obscurity. Mr. Cooley's investigations50 relate to the country extending from Loango and Congo, the Portuguese settlements in Western Africa, to the eastern coast between Zanzibar and Sofala, in lat. 20° South.
He commences by examining the statements of the Portuguese geographers51 of the 16th century, Lopez, Joao Dos Santos, Do Couto, and Pigafetta. "The information collected by Lopez, was elaborated by Pigafetta into a system harmonizing with the prevalent opinions of the age, and in this form was published in 1591. Yet in the midst of this editor's theories, we can at times detect the simple truth." Much confusion seems to have arisen by misapplying the names of lakes, rivers and people, as this information was in a great degree derived52 from natives, and not properly understood by the persons who received it from them. Mr. Cooley, by a rigid53 examination of these various statements, together with the accounts derived from later writers and from native traders, has been enabled to rectify54 the errors which had crept in, and clear up much that had been considered fabulous55. The great lake called N'Yassi, and the natives occupying the country around it, are among the most interesting subjects of our author's enquiries. This lake, or sea, as it is called by the natives, is some five or six hundred miles from the eastern coast. Its breadth in some places is about fifteen miles, while in others, the opposite shores cannot be seen. Its length is unknown, neither extremity56 having been traced. It probably exceeds five hundred miles, according to the best authority. Numerous islands filled with a large population, are scattered57 among its waters. It is navigated58 by bark canoes, twenty feet long, capable of holding twenty persons. Its waters are fresh, and it abounds59 in fish. The people seem more advanced in civilization than any African nations south of the Equator, of which we have knowledge. Pereira, who spent six months at Cazembe, in 1796, describes the people as similar, in point of civilization, to the Mexicans[39] and Peruvians, at the time of the conquest. The nation called the Monomoesi, or Mucaranga, north of the lake, as well as the Movisa, on its opposite shores, are a tall and handsome race, with a brown complexion60. "They are distinguished61 for their industry, and retain the commercial habits for which they were noted62 two centuries and a half ago, when their existence was first known through the Portuguese. They descend63 annually64 to Zanzibar in large numbers. The journey to the coast and back again, takes nine or ten months, including the delay of awaiting the proper season for returning. They are clothed in cotton of their own manufacture; but the most obvious mark of their superiority above other nations of Eastern Africa is, that they employ beasts of burden, for their merchandize is conveyed to the coast laden66 on asses67 of a fine breed." Mr. Cooley believes that "the physical advantages and superior civilization of these tribes, who are not negroes," explain the early reports which led the Portuguese to believe that the empire of Prestor John was not far off.
Mr. M'Queen's memoirs68 consist of the details of a journey made by Lief Ben Saeid, a native of Zanzibar, to the great lake N'Yassi, or Maravi, alluded69 to in Mr. Cooley's memoir. This visit was made in the year 1831. The facts collected corroborate70 what has been stated by Mr. Cooley. He found the country level, filled with an active population, civil to strangers, and honest in their dealings. A very extensive trade was carried on in ivory, and a peculiar22 oil, of a reddish color. The Manumuse (Mono-moezi) are pagans, and both sexes go nearly naked. Near the lake there are no horses or camels, but plenty of asses, and a few elephants. The houses on the road and at the lake, are made of wood and thatched with grass. Dogs are numerous, and very troublesome. Some are of a very large kind.[40][33]
The region which forms the subject of the memoirs just alluded to, is doubtless one of the most interesting fields for exploration of any on the African continent. The languages spoken by the several nations between the two oceans, which are here separated by a space of sixteen or seventeen hundred miles, in a direct line, are believed to belong to one great family, or at least to present such traces of affinity, that an expedition, if sufficiently71 strong, aided by interpreters from the Zanzibar coast or the Monomoezi tribes, might traverse the continent without difficulty. Obstacles might be thrown in the way by the Portuguese traders, who would naturally feel jealous at any encroachments by rival nations; but by a proper understanding, these might be overcome, and this interesting and hitherto unknown portion of Central Africa be laid open to commerce and civilization.
The latest attempt to explore this region was that of M. Maizan, a young officer in the French navy, who towards the close of the year 1844, set out for the purpose. In April, 1845, he left Zanzibar, furnished with a firman from Sultan Said to the principal chiefs of the tribes of the interior, though in reality they enjoyed the most complete independence. Having been warned that a chief, named Pazzy, manifested hostile intentions towards him, he stopped some time on his way, and after having acquired information relating to the country he wished to survey, he made a grand détour round the territory over which this savage72 chief exercised his authority. After a march of twenty days, he reached the village of Daguélamohor, which is but three days' journey from the coast in a direct line, where he awaited the arrival of his baggage, which he had entrusted73 to an Arab servant. This man, it appears, had communication with Pazzy, and had informed him of the route his master had taken. Pazzy, with some men of his tribe, overtook M. Maizan towards the end of July, at Daguelamohor, and surrounded the house in which he lived. After tying him with cords to a[41] palisade, the savage ordered his men to cut the throat of their unfortunate victim.[34]
Mr. M'Queen gives some particulars obtained from a native African relating to the country between Lake Tchad, or Tshadda and Calabar. This portion of the African continent has never been visited by Europeans, and although little can be gained of its geography from the statements of this man, there is much in them that is interesting on the productions of the country, the natives, their manners, customs, &c.
ALGIERS.
The publication by the French government of the results of the great scientific expedition to Algeria has thrown much light on the districts embraced in Algiers and the regency of Tunis, as well as on the countries far in the interior. Among the subjects which have received the particular attention of the commission, are, 1. An examination of the routes followed by the Arabs in the south of Algiers and Tunis; 2. Researches into the geography and commerce of Southern Algiers, by Capt. Carette; 3. A critical analysis of the routes of the caravans74 between Barbary and Timbuctoo, with remarks on the nature of the western Sahara, and on the tribes which occupy it, by M. Renou; 4. A series of interesting memoirs on the successive periods of the political and geographical history of Algiers from the earliest period to the present time, by M. Pelissier; 5. The History of Africa, translated from the Arabic of Mohammed-ben-Abi-el-Raini-el-Kairouani, by M. Remusat, giving a particular account of the earliest Musselman period.
Gen. Marey in an account of his expedition to Laghouat in Algeria, published in Algiers in 1845, has contributed important information on this country, which deserves a[42] rank with the great work of the scientific expedition.[35] In this work the author has corrected the erroneous opinion which has long been held, of the barrenness of the Sahara. Among the Arabs this word Sahara does not convey the idea which the world has generally given it, of a desert or uninhabitable place, but the contrary. Like every country, it presents some excellent and luxuriant spots, others of a medium quality as to soil, and others entirely75 barren, not susceptible76 of cultivation. By Sahara, the Arabs mean a country of pastures, inhabited by a pastoral people; while, to the provinces between the Atlas77 mountains and the sea, they apply the name of Tell, meaning a country of cereals, and of an agricultural people.
M. Carette, in his exploration of this region, has also discovered the false notion long imbibed78 in relation to it. "The Sahara," says he, "was for a long time deformed79 by the exaggerations of geographers, and by the reveries of poets. Called by some the Great Desert, from its sterility80 and desolation, by others the country of dates, the Sahara had become a fanciful region, of which our ignorance increased its proportions and fashioned its aspect. From the mountains which border the horizon of Tell, to the borders of the country of the blacks, it was believed that nature had departed from her ordinary laws, renouncing81 the variety which forms the essential character of her works, and had here spread an immense and uniform covering, composed of burning plains, over which troops of savage hordes82 carried their devastating83 sway. Such is not the nature, such is not the appearance of the Sahara."
This region, occupying so large a portion of the African continent, "is a vast archipelago of oases84, of which each presents an animated85 group of towns and villages. Around each is a large enclosure of fruit trees. The palm is the king of these plantations86, not only from the elevation87 of its trunk, but from the value of its product, yet it does not[43] exclude other species. The fig88, the apricot, the peach and the vine mingle89 their foliage90 with the palm."
The Algerine Sahara has lately been the object of a special work of Col. Daumas who intends completing the researches begun by Gen. Marey and the members of the scientific commission. He has made an excursion to the borders of the desert, and has collected much that is new and interesting in ethnology, particularly relating to the Tuarycks, a great division of the Berber race whose numerous tribes occupy all the western part of the great desert.[36]
Among the interesting Ethnological facts which the late expeditions in this region have brought to light, is that of the existence of a white race, inhabiting the Aures mountains, (mons Aurarius) in the province of Constantine.[37] Dr. Guyon, of the French army of Africa, took advantage of an expedition sent out by General Bedeau to the Aures, to collect information about this people, to whom other travellers had referred. He describes them as having a white skin, blue eyes and flaxen hair. They are not found by themselves, but predominate more or less among various tribes. They hold a middle rank, and go but rarely with the Kabyles and the Arabs. They are lukewarm in observances of the Koran, on which account the Arabs esteem91 them less than the Kabyles. They are more numerous in the tribe of the Moucha?as, who speak a language in which words of Teutonic origin have been recognized. In Constantine where they are numerous, they exercise the trades of butcher and baker92. Late writers believe that they are the remains of the Vandals driven from the country by Belisarius.
M. Bory de Saint Vincent in making some observations to the Academy of Sciences, on the paper of Dr. Guyon, exhibited portraits of individuals of this white race, which[44] had been engraved94 for the Scientific Commission, and stated his belief that they were evidently of the northern Gothic and Vandal type.[38]
In Northern Africa, an important discovery has lately been made of the ancient Libyan alphabet, by Mr. F. de Saulcy, member of the French Institute. This curious result has been produced, by a study of the bilingual inscription95 on the monument of Thugga, which is published in the first volume of the Transactions of the Ethnological Society of New York. The reading of the Ph?nician part of this bilingual inscription having been established, the value of the Libyan or Numidian letters of the counter part, has been as clearly proved, as the hieroglyphic96 part of the Rosetta stone has been established, from a comparison with the Greek text of that bilingual inscription.
By this discovery, a vast progress has been made in the ethnography and history of ancient Africa. Two facts of the greatest consequence have been established by it:—That the Libyan language was that of Numidia, at the early period of its history, when the Ph?nicians were settled there; that the Numidians of that early day, used their own peculiar letters for writing their own language. To these facts, may be added another of no less ethnographic value; that the present Numidian or Berber race of the great Sahara, who are called Tuarycks, make use of these identical letters at this day.
For this recent and valuable acquisition to science, we are again indebted to Mr. de Saulcy,[39] who has published a Tuaryck alphabet as communicated to him by Mr. Boisonnet, Captain of Artillery97 at Algiers. It was furnished to him by an educated native of the Oasis98 of Touat, in the great Sahara, and is called by him Kalem-i-Tefinag.[45][40] What the writing of Tefinag means, it would be curious to know. This Touatee, Abd-el-Kader, has promised more extended information, in relation to the writing of the Tuarycks, than which, no more valuable contribution to African ethnography can be imagined. He asserts that, the Tuarycks engrave93 or scratch on the rocks of the Sahara, numerous inscriptions99, either historic or erotic. This subject has been alluded to by Mr. Hodgson, in his "Notes on Africa" in which he mentions the Tuaryck letters copied by Denham and Clapperton.
The impulse first given by our countryman Mr. Wm. B. Hodgson, in his researches into the Berber language, and the ethnographic facts which were the results of his elucidations, has extended to England, France and Germany, and the last two years have been productive of several valuable and important works, including grammars and dictionaries of the Berber language. These have added greatly to our previous knowledge of the ancient and primitive100 people, who at a remote period, coeval101 with that of the ancient Egyptians occupied the northern part of Africa.[46]
Mr. de Saulcy has already unravelled102 the intricacy of the demotic103 writing of Egypt and the popular characters of ancient Libya. He is thus working at both ends of the Libyan chain. He will find the Berber thread at the Oasis of Ammon, and at Mer?e. We shall thus probably find, that the Berber language was the original tongue of that part of Ethiopia. Dr. Lepsius found in that region, numerous inscriptions in the Egyptian demotic, and in Greek characters, but written in an unknown language. He strongly suspects, that the old Ethiopian blood will be found in the Berber veins104; and that the Nubian language has strong affinities105 with the Berber. When these inscriptions in an unknown language are decyphered, it will be known how far the interpretation106 of Egyptian mythology107 and the local names, heretofore proposed by Mr. Hodgson, is to be received as plausible108. He has proposed the Berber etymologies109 of Aman or Ammon as water; Themis as fire or purity; Thot as an eye; Edfou and Tadis as the sun.
Books on Algiers.
Algeria and Tunis in 1845. An account of a journey made through the two Regencies, by Viscount Fielding and Capt. Kennedy. 2 vols, post 8vo. London, 1846.
Le Maroc et ses Caravanes, ou Relations de la France avec cet Empire, par12 R. Thomassy. 8vo. Paris 1845.
Exploration Scientifique de l'Algeria pendant les années 1840, 1841, 1842. Publié par l'ordre du gouvernment et avec le concours d'une commission Académique. 4 vols, folio. (now in the course of publication.)
Recherches sur la constitution de la propriété territoriale dans le pays mussulmans et subsidiairement en Algeria; par M. Worms. 8vo. Paris, 1846.
A visit to the French possessions in Algiers in 1845. By Count St. Marie. Post 8vo. London, 1846.
Afrique (l') fran?aise, l'empire du Maroc et les déserts de Sahara. Histoire nationale des conquêtes, victoires et nouvelles découvertes des Fran?ais depuis la prise d'Alger jusqu'à nos jours; par P. Christian110. 8vo.
Algeria en 1846; par J. Desjobert. 8vo. Paris, 1846.
Guide du voyageur en Algeria. Itinéraire du savant, de l'artiste, de l'homme du monde et du colon11; par Quetin. 18mo. Paris, 1846.
Le Sahara Algerien. Etude geographiques, statistiques et historiques sur la region au sud des établissements Fran?aises en Algérie; par Col. Daumas 8vo. Paris, 1845.
L'Afrique Fran?aise l'Empire de Maroc et les deserts de Sahara, conquêtes et découvértes des Fran?ais. Royal 8vo.
Dictionnaire de Géographie économique, politique et historique de l'Algérie. Avec une carte. 12mo. Paris, 1846.
Géographie populaire de l'Algérie, avec cartes. 12mo. 1846.
Histoire de nos Colonies Fran?aises de l'Algérie et du Maroc; par M. Christian. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1846.
The following list embraces the latest publications on Africa generally.
Voyage dans l'Afrique Occidentale, comprenant l'exploration du Senegal depuis St. Louis jusqu'à la Félemé jusqu'à Sansandig; des mines d'or de Keniéba, dans le Bambouk; des pays de Galam, Boudou et Wooli; et de la Gambia; par A. Raffenel. 8vo. and folio atlas. Paris, 1846.
Viaggi nell' Africa Occidentale, di Toto Omboni, gia medico di consiglié nel regno d'Angola e sue dispendenze, 8vo. Milan, 1845.
A visit to the Portuguese possessions in South Western Africa. By Dr. Tams. 2 vols. 8vo.
Life in the Wilderness111; or, Wanderings in South Africa. By Henry W. Methuen. Post 8vo. London, 1846.
Voyage au Darfour par le Cheykh Mohammed Ebn-Omar El-Tounsy; traduit de l'Arabe par Dr. Perron; publié par les soins de M. Jomard. Royal 8vo. Maps. Paris, 1845.
Observations sur le Voyage au Darfour suivies d'un Vocabulaire de la langue des habitans et de remarques sur le Nil5 Blanc Supérieur; par M. Jomard. 1846.
Essai historique sur les races anciennes et modernes de l'Afrique Septentrionale, leurs origines, leurs mouvements et leurs transformations112 depuis l'antiquité jusqu'à nos jours; par Pascal Duprat. 8vo. Paris, 1845.
[47]
Madagascar.—The island of Madagascar has recently attracted and continues to occupy attention in France. In 1842 M. Guillian, in command of a French corvette, was sent by the governor of the isle113 of Bourbon to this island, to select a harbor safe and convenient of access, and to obtain information relative to the country and its inhabitants. After visiting various parts of the island on its western side, in which fourteen months were spent, M. Guillian returned to Bourbon, and in 1845 the results of his visit were published in Paris. The first part of this work gives a history of the Sakalave people, who occupy the western parts of the island. The second details the particulars of the voyage made in 1842 and 1843, embra[48]cing the geography, commerce and present condition of the country, an abstract of which is given in the Bulletin of the Geographical Society of Paris, Feb. 1846.
So important were the results of the visit of M. Guillian that a new expedition has been sent to Madagascar under his direction, with instructions for a more extended examination, particularly in relation to its animal and vegetable productions. A more extensive work by M. de Froberville, is preparing for publication in Paris, in which more attention will be given to the ethnography of this important island.
Documents sur l'histoire, la géographie et le commerce de la partie occidentale de l'?le de Madagascar; recueillis et redigés par M. Guillian, 8vo. Paris, 1845.
Histoire d'établissement Fran?ais de Madagascar, pendant la restauration, précédée d'une description de cette ?le, et suivie de quelques considérations politiques et commerciales sur l'expédition et la colonisation de Madagascar. Par M. Carayon, 8vo. Paris, 1845.
Histoire et Géographie de Madagascar, depuis la découverte de l'?le en 1506, jusqu'au récit des derniers événements de Tamative; par M. Descartes. 8vo. Paris, 1846.
Madagascar expedition de 1829. Par M. le Capitaine de frégate Jourdain. Revue de l'Orient, tom. ix. April, 1846.
A short memoir on Madagascar is contained in the "Bulletin de la Société de Géographie, July, 1845," by M. Bona Christave.
Etchings of a Whaling Voyage, with notes of a sojourn114 in the Island of Zanzibar, and a history of the whale fishery, by J. R. Browne. 8vo. New York, 1846.
EGYPT.
I have hesitated, in the superficial view I propose to take in noticing the ethnological and arch?ological researches of the day, as to whether I ought to speak of the land of the Pharaohs. The explorations have been on so grand a scale, and the results so astounding115, that one is lost in amazement116 in attempting to keep pace with them.
In England, France, Germany and Italy, Egyptian arch?ology is the most fruitful topic among the learned.[49] In Paris, it forms the theme of lectures by the most distinguished arch?ologists, and the subject absorbs so much interest in Germany, that the King of Prussia has established a professorship at the Royal University for Egyptian antiquities117 and history, which he has assigned to Professor Lepsius, the most accomplished118 scholar in Egyptian learning, and who was at the head of the scientific commission sent by his majesty119 to explore the valley of the Nile.
It will be remembered that in addition to the immense and costly120 work published by Napoleon, there have since been published the great national works of Champollion, by the French government, and of Rossellini by the Tuscan government. These are to be immediately followed by the great work of Lepsius, who has just returned from Egypt, laden with innumerable treasures, the results of three years of most laborious121 and successful explorations. This undertaking is at the expense of the King of Prussia, one of the most enlightened monarchs122 of Europe, and who, at the present moment, is doing more in various parts of the world for the advancement123 of science than any now living.
But the French government, which has always been foremost in promoting such explorations, is determined not to be superseded124 by the learned Prussian's researches in Egyptian lore7. An expedition has been organized under M. Prisse, for a new survey and exploration of Egypt. Mr. Prisse is an accomplished scholar, versed125 in hieroglyphical126 learning, and author of a work on Egyptian Ethnology. He will be accompanied by competent artists, will go over the same ground as Lepsius, and make additional explorations.
As regards the eminent127 men who have won brilliant distinction in the career of Egyptian studies, it is out of the question here to analyze128 their books: it must suffice to state, that all have marched boldly along the road opened by Champollion, and that the science which owed[50] its first illustration to Young, to the Champollions, to the Humboldts, to Salvolini, to Rosellini, to Nestor L'Hote, and to whose soundness the great De Sacy has furnished his testimony129, counts at this day as adepts130 and ardent131 cultivators, such scholars as Letronne, Biot, Prisse, Bunsen, Lepsius, Burnouf, Pauthiér, Lanci, Birch, Wilkinson, Sharpe, Bonomi, and many more.[41]
A few important results of the late explorations in Egypt, and researches into her hieroglyphics132 and history, it may be well to mention.
Prof. Schwartze, of Berlin, is publishing a work on Egyptian philology133, entitled Das Alte ?gypten. Some idea may be formed of the erudition of German philologists134, and the extent to which their investigations are carried, when we state that this savant has completed the first part of the first volume of this work, which embraces 2200 quarto pages! and this is but a beginning.
De Saulcy has made great advances in decyphering the Demotic writing of Egypt, in which, from Champollion's death to 1843, little had been done. He has now translated the whole of the Demotic text on the Rosetta stone, so that we may consider this portion of Egyptian literature as placed on a firm basis.
Farther elucidations of the Coptic language have been made. This, it will be remembered, is the language into which the ancient Egyptian merged135, and is the main instrument by which a knowledge of the latter must be obtained. Recently a discovery has been made by Arthur de Rivière, at Cairo, in an ancient Coptic MS. containing part of the Old Testament136. The manuscript was very large and thick, and on separating the leaves was found to contain a pagan manuscript in the same language, the only one yet discovered.[42] On a farther examination of[51] this manuscript, it proved to be a work on the religion of the ancient Egyptians. The translation of this curious document is looked for with much interest.
M. Prisse is publishing at the expense of the French Government, the continuation of Champollion's great work on Egypt and Nubia—50 plates are in press.
Mr. Birch, of London, has nearly ready for the press a work on the titles of the officers of the Pharaonic court. He has discovered in hieroglyphical writing those of the chief butler, chief baker, and others, coeval with the pyramids and anterior137 to Joseph. He has also discovered upon a tablet at the Louvre (age of Thotmes III. B.C. 1600) his conquest of Nineveh, Shinar, and Babylon, and with the tribute exacted from those conquered nations. The intense interest which Egyptian arch?ology is exciting in Europe will be seen from the list of new books on the subject.
The most remarkable discoveries, and in which the greatest advances has been made, are in monumental chronology. Through the indefatigable138 labors139 of the Prussian savant, Lepsius, primeval history has far transcended140 the bounds to which Champollion and Rosellini had carried it. They fixed141 the era of Menes, the first Pharaoh of Egypt, at about 2750, B.C. B?ckh, of Berlin, from astronomical142 calculations, places it at 5702 B.C.
Henry of Paris, in his "L'égypte Pharaonique," from historical deductions143, places the era at 5303 B.C.
Barucchi, of Turin, from critical investigations, at 4890 B.C., and Bunsen, in his late work entitled "Egypt's Place in the World's History," from the most laborious hierological and critical deductions, places the era of Menes at 3643 B.C.
I should do wrong to speak of the labors of foreign[52] savans, without alluding144 to what has been done in this country. Dr. Morton, it is known, has published a work on Egyptian Ethnography, from crania in his possession furnished by Mr. Gliddon, which reflects great credit on his scholarship, and has been highly commended in Europe. The late Mr. Pickering, of Boston, was one of the few who cultivated hieroglyphical literature in America. But perhaps the American people, as a mass, owe a deeper debt of gratitude145 to Mr. Geo. R. Gliddon, for his interesting lectures on Egypt and her literature, and to his work entitled Chapters on Egyptian Antiquities and Hieroglyphics, than to any other man. Mr. Gliddon, by a long residence in Egypt, and by a close study subsequently of her monuments, has been enabled to popularize the subject, and by the aid of a truly magnificent and costly series of illustrations of the monuments, the sculptures, the paintings and hieroglyphics of Egypt, to make this most interesting and absorbing subject, comprehensive to all.
The results of these Egyptian investigations will doubtless be startling to many; for if the facts announced are true, and we see no reason to believe otherwise, it places the creation of man far, very far, beyond the period usually assigned to him in the chronology of the Hebrew Bible. But again, it must be observed that the common chronology gives the shortest period for that event. If other scriptural chronologies are adopted, we gain two or three thousand years for the creation of man, which gives us quite time enough to account for the high state of civilization and the arts in Egypt, four thousand years B.C.[53]
But we do not fear these investigations—truth will prevail, and its attainment146 can never be detrimental147 to the highest interests of man.
I must also acknowledge the obligation I am under for the use of many splendid and valuable books relating to Egypt, from Mr. Richard K. Haight. This gentleman, with an ample fortune at his command, and with a taste for arch?ological studies, acquired by a personal tour among the monuments of Egypt, has collected a large and valuable library of books on Egypt, including all the great works published by the European governments on that country. This costly and unique collection, which few but princes or governments possess, he liberally places at the command of scholars, who, for purposes of study, may require them.
Mr. Haight's interest in arch?ological researches has been noticed in Paris, in an article by De Saulcy, member of the Institute of France, in a memoir entitled, "L'Etude des Hieroglyphics." Speaking of Mr. Gliddon's success in the United States in popularizing hieroglyphical discoveries, De Saulcy justly remarks—"Il a été puissamment secondé, dans cette louable entreprise, par une de ces nobles intelligences dont un pays s'honore; M. Haight, l'ami, le soutien, dévoué de tous les hommes de science, n'a pas peu contribué, par sa généreuse assistance, a répandre aux Etats-Unis les belles148 découvertes qui concernent les temps pharaoniques." Revue des Deux Mondes. Paris, June 15, 1846.
The following list embraces the late works relating to Egypt:
The Oriental Album; or Historical, Pictorial149, and Ethnographical Sketches150, illustrating151 the human families in the Valley of the Nile: by E. Prisse. folio. London, 1846.
The History of Egypt, from the earliest times till the conquest by the Arabs, A.D. 640. By Samuel Sharpe. 8vo. London, 1846.
A Pilgrimage to the Temples and Tombs of Egypt, Nubia, and Palestine, in 1845-'46, by Mrs. Romer. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1846.
L'égypte au XIX siècle, histoire militaire et politique, anecdotique et pittoresque de Mehemet Ali, etc.; par E. Gouin. Illustrée de gravures.
Panorama152 d'égypte et de Nubie avec un texte orné, de vignettes; par Hector Horeau. folio.
Recherches sur les arts et métiers de la vie civile et domestique des anciens peuples de l'égypte, de la Nubie et de l'éthiopie, suivi de détails sur les m?urs et co?tumes des peuples modernes des mêmes contrées; par M. Frederic Cailliand. folio. Paris, 1831-'47. 100 plates.
Das T?dtenbuch der ?gypten nach dem Hieroglyphischen Papyrus153 in Turin, von Dr. R. Leipsius. Leipsig.
Schwartze. Das alte ?gypten, oder Sprache, Geschichte, Religion und Verfassung d. alt. ?gypt. 2 vols. 4to. Leipsig.
?gyptens Stelle in der Weltgeschichte: Von Carl J. Bunsen. 3 vols. 8vo.
Manetho und die Hundssternperiode, ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Pharaonen: Von August B?ckh. 8vo. Berlin, 1845.
Macrizi's Geschichte der Copten. Aus den65 Handschriften zu Gotha und Wién, mit übersetzungen and Anmerkungen. Von Wüstenfeld. 4to. G?ttingen, 1845.
Monuments de l'égypte et de la Nubie. Notices descriptives conformes aux manuscrits autographes rédigés sur les lieux par Champollion le jeune. folio. Paris, 1845-'46.
L'égypte Pharaonique, ou Histoire des institutions qui régirent les égyptiens sous leur Rois nationaux. par D.M.J. Henri. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1846.
Discorso Critici sopra la Cronologia Egizia; del Prof. Barucchi. 4to. Turin.
Voyage en égypte, en Nubie, dans les déserts de Beyonda, des Bycharís, et sur les c?tes de la Mer Rouge154: par E. Combes. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1847.
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1
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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awakened
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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geographical
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| adj.地理的；地区(性)的 | |
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windings
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| （道路、河流等）蜿蜒的，弯曲的( winding的名词复数 )； 缠绕( wind的现在分词 )； 卷绕； 转动（把手） | |
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nil
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| n.无，全无，零 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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lore
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| n.传说；学问，经验，知识 | |
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narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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linguist
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| n.语言学家；精通数种外国语言者 | |
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missionary
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| adj.教会的，传教(士)的；n.传教士 | |
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colon
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| n.冒号，结肠，直肠 | |
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par
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| n.标准，票面价值，平均数量；adj.票面的，平常的，标准的 | |
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perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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Mediterranean
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| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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penetrate
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| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
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missionaries
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| n.传教士( missionary的名词复数 ) | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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peculiarities
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| n. 特质, 特性, 怪癖, 古怪 | |
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copiousness
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copious
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| adj.丰富的，大量的 | |
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unlimited
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| adj.无限的，不受控制的，无条件的 | |
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flexibility
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| n.柔韧性，弹性，（光的）折射性，灵活性 | |
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contractions
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| n.收缩( contraction的名词复数 )；缩减；缩略词；（分娩时）子宫收缩 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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euphony
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| n.悦耳的语音 | |
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plaintive
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| adj.可怜的，伤心的 | |
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moor
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| n.荒野，沼泽；vt.(使)停泊；vi.停泊 | |
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undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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34
ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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memoir
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| n.[pl.]回忆录，自传；记事录 | |
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marine
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| adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵 | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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43
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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prospectus
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| n.计划书；说明书；慕股书 | |
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populousness
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| 人口稠密 | |
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affinity
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| n.亲和力，密切关系 | |
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Portuguese
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| n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语 | |
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lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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49
enveloped
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| v.包围，笼罩，包住( envelop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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50
investigations
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| （正式的）调查( investigation的名词复数 )； 侦查； 科学研究； 学术研究 | |
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51
geographers
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| 地理学家( geographer的名词复数 ) | |
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52
derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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53
rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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54
rectify
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| v.订正，矫正，改正 | |
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55
fabulous
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| adj.极好的；极为巨大的；寓言中的，传说中的 | |
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56
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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57
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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58
navigated
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| v.给（船舶、飞机等）引航，导航( navigate的过去式和过去分词 )；（从海上、空中等）横越；横渡；飞跃 | |
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59
abounds
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| v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的第三人称单数 ) | |
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60
complexion
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| n.肤色；情况，局面；气质，性格 | |
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61
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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62
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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63
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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64
annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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65
den
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| n.兽穴；秘密地方；安静的小房间，私室 | |
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66
laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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67
asses
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| n. 驴，愚蠢的人，臀部 adv. (常用作后置)用于贬损或骂人 | |
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68
memoirs
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| n.回忆录；回忆录传( mem,自oir的名词复数) | |
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69
alluded
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| 提及，暗指( allude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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70
corroborate
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| v.支持，证实，确定 | |
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71
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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72
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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73
entrusted
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| v.委托，托付( entrust的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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74
caravans
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| （可供居住的）拖车（通常由机动车拖行）( caravan的名词复数 )； 篷车； （穿过沙漠地带的）旅行队（如商队） | |
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75
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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76
susceptible
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| adj.过敏的，敏感的；易动感情的，易受感动的 | |
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77
atlas
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| n.地图册，图表集 | |
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78
imbibed
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| v.吸收( imbibe的过去式和过去分词 )；喝；吸取；吸气 | |
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79
deformed
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| adj.畸形的；变形的；丑的，破相了的 | |
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80
sterility
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| n.不生育，不结果，贫瘠，消毒，无菌 | |
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81
renouncing
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| v.声明放弃( renounce的现在分词 )；宣布放弃；宣布与…决裂；宣布摒弃 | |
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82
hordes
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| n.移动着的一大群( horde的名词复数 )；部落 | |
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83
devastating
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| adj.毁灭性的，令人震惊的，强有力的 | |
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84
oases
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| n.（沙漠中的）绿洲( oasis的名词复数 )；（困苦中）令人快慰的地方（或时刻）；乐土；乐事 | |
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85
animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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86
plantations
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| n.种植园，大农场( plantation的名词复数 ) | |
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87
elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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88
fig
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| n.无花果(树) | |
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89
mingle
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| vt.使混合，使相混；vi.混合起来；相交往 | |
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90
foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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91
esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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92
baker
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| n.面包师 | |
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93
engrave
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| vt.（在...上）雕刻，使铭记，使牢记 | |
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engraved
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| v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的过去式和过去分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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inscription
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| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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hieroglyphic
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| n.象形文字 | |
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97
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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98
oasis
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| n.（沙漠中的）绿洲，宜人的地方 | |
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99
inscriptions
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| （作者）题词( inscription的名词复数 )； 献词； 碑文； 证劵持有人的登记 | |
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100
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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coeval
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| adj.同时代的；n.同时代的人或事物 | |
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102
unravelled
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| 解开，拆散，散开( unravel的过去式和过去分词 )； 阐明； 澄清； 弄清楚 | |
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103
demotic
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| adj. 民众的，通俗的；n.（古埃及）通俗文字 | |
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104
veins
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| n.纹理；矿脉( vein的名词复数 )；静脉；叶脉；纹理 | |
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105
affinities
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| n.密切关系( affinity的名词复数 )；亲近；（生性）喜爱；类同 | |
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106
interpretation
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| n.解释，说明，描述；艺术处理 | |
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107
mythology
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| n.神话，神话学，神话集 | |
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108
plausible
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| adj.似真实的，似乎有理的，似乎可信的 | |
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109
etymologies
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| n.词源学，词源说明( etymology的名词复数 ) | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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111
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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112
transformations
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| n.变化( transformation的名词复数 )；转换；转换；变换 | |
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113
isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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114
sojourn
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| v./n.旅居，寄居；逗留 | |
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115
astounding
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| adj.使人震惊的vt.使震惊，使大吃一惊astound的现在分词) | |
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amazement
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| n.惊奇，惊讶 | |
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117
antiquities
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| n.古老( antiquity的名词复数 )；古迹；古人们；古代的风俗习惯 | |
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118
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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119
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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costly
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| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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121
laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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122
monarchs
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| 君主，帝王( monarch的名词复数 ) | |
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123
advancement
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| n.前进，促进，提升 | |
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124
superseded
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| [医]被代替的，废弃的 | |
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125
versed
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| adj. 精通，熟练 | |
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126
hieroglyphical
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| n.象形文字，象形文字的文章 | |
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127
eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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128
analyze
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| vt.分析，解析 (=analyse) | |
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129
testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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adepts
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| n.专家，能手( adept的名词复数 ) | |
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ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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132
hieroglyphics
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| n.pl.象形文字 | |
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133
philology
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| n.语言学；语文学 | |
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134
philologists
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| n.语文学( philology的名词复数 ) | |
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135
merged
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| （使）混合( merge的过去式和过去分词 )； 相融； 融入； 渐渐消失在某物中 | |
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testament
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| n.遗嘱；证明 | |
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137
anterior
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| adj.较早的；在前的 | |
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138
indefatigable
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| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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139
labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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140
transcended
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| 超出或超越（经验、信念、描写能力等）的范围( transcend的过去式和过去分词 )； 优于或胜过… | |
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141
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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142
astronomical
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| adj.天文学的，（数字）极大的 | |
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143
deductions
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| 扣除( deduction的名词复数 )； 结论； 扣除的量； 推演 | |
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144
alluding
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| 提及，暗指( allude的现在分词 ) | |
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145
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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146
attainment
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| n.达到，到达；［常pl.］成就，造诣 | |
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147
detrimental
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| adj.损害的，造成伤害的 | |
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148
belles
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| n.美女( belle的名词复数 )；最美的美女 | |
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149
pictorial
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| adj.绘画的；图片的；n．画报 | |
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150
sketches
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| n.草图( sketch的名词复数 )；素描；速写；梗概 | |
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151
illustrating
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| 给…加插图( illustrate的现在分词 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明 | |
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152
panorama
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| n.全景，全景画，全景摄影，全景照片[装置] | |
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153
papyrus
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| n.古以纸草制成之纸 | |
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154
rouge
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| n.胭脂，口红唇膏；v.(在…上)擦口红 | |
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