Capt. Keppel's Narrative13 of his expedition to Borneo, and Mr. Brooke's Journal, furnish some interesting ethnological facts. The Dyaks, or aboriginal14 inhabitants of Borneo, are divided into numerous lesser15 tribes, varying in a slight degree in their manners and customs. Their language belongs to the Polynesian stock, on which has been ingrafted, particularly along the coast, a large num[55]ber of Malayan words. It also exhibits evidences of migrations17 from India at remote periods. In speaking of the Sibnowans, Mr. Brooke observes that "they have no idea of a God, and though they have a name for the Deity18, (Battara, evidently of Hindoo origin), with a faint notion of a future state, the belief seems a dead letter among them. They have no priests, say no prayers, make no offerings to propitiate19 the Deity; and of course have no occasion for human sacrifices, in which respect they differ from all other people in the same state of civilization, who bow to their idols20 with the same feelings of reverence21 and devotion, of awe23 and fear, as civilized24 beings do to their invisible God."[43] From their comparatively innocent state, Mr. Brooke believes they are capable of being easily raised in the scale of society. "Their simplicity25 of manners, the purity of their morals and their present ignorance of all forms of worship, and all idea of future responsibility, render them open to conviction of truth and religious impression, when their minds have been raised by education."[44] It is a well known fact, that since the establishment of Europeans in the Eastern Archipelago, the tendency of the Polynesian races has generally been to decay. The case of Mr. Brooke, however, now warrants us in hoping that such a result need not necessarily and inevitably26 ensue.
While success has attended this gentleman at the north, the American missionaries27, among the Dutch possessions farther south, have totally failed in their objects. They attribute the unwillingness28 of the Dyaks to submit to their instruction, to the influence of the Malays, whose interests are necessarily opposed to those of the missionaries, for, it is evident that once under the guidance of the latter, the Dyaks will see their own degraded and oppressed condition, and submit to it no[56] longer. Mr. Youngblood says that "so prejudiced are the Dyaks, that I have been unable to obtain a few boys to instruct, of which I was very desirous."[45]
The Dutch have long had trading establishments in Borneo, but they had made no efforts either to suppress the piracies, or improve the moral and social condition of its inhabitants. Its great value has now become so apparent, that unless they keep pace with, and follow the example set by the English, they will be in danger of having it wrested29 from their hands by the more enlightened policy of the latter.
Borneo produces all the valuable articles of commerce common to other islands of the Eastern Archipelago. Its mineral productions are equally rich, and include gold dust, diamonds, pearls, tin, copper30, antimony, and coal. The interior is quite unknown. It is three times larger than Great Britain, and is supposed to contain about 3,000,000 of people.
I have purposely avoided speaking of the trade and commerce of the islands of the Eastern Archipelago, as they are subjects which do not fall within the sphere of our enquiries, in a review like the present; although the productions, the trade and commerce of nations are properly a branch of ethnological enquiry, in a more enlarged view. An interesting pamphlet, embodying31 much valuable information on the commerce of the East, has been lately published by our townsman, Mr. Aaron H. Palmer. This gentleman is desirous that the United States government should send a special mission to the East Indies, as well as to other countries of Asia, with a view to extend our commercial relations. The plan is one that deserves the attention of our people and government, and I am happy to state that it has met with favor from many of our merchants engaged in the commerce of the East, as well as from some distinguished[57] functionaries32 of the government.[46] England, France, Prussia, Denmark, and Holland, have at the present moment, expeditions in various parts of the East Indies and Oceanica, planned for the pursuit of various scientific enquiries and the extension of their commerce. With the exception of Prussia, these nations seem to be desirous to establish colonies; and they have, within a few years, taken up valuable positions for the purpose.
Is it not then the duty of our government to be represented in this new and wide field? Our dominions34 now extend from ocean to ocean, and we talk of the great advantages we shall possess in carrying on an eastern trade; but how greatly would our advantages be increased by having a depot35 or colony on one of the fertile islands contiguous to China, Java, Borneo, Japan, the Philippines, &c. An extended commerce demands it, and we hope the day is not distant when our government may see its importance.
England, France, Spain, Portugal and Holland have possessions in the East. The former, always awake to her commercial interests, now has three prominent stations in the China Sea,—Singapore, Borneo, and Hongkong. But even these important points do not satisfy her, and she looks with a longing36 eye towards Chusan, a point of great importance, commanding the trade of the northern provinces of China, and contiguous to Corea and Japan. The "Friend of India," a leading paper, "is possessed with a most vehement37 desire," says the editor of the "China Mail," "that the British, without infringing38 their 'political morality,' could contrive39 some means[58] of obtaining the cession40 of Chusan, which, in their hands, he believes, could be converted into a second Singapore, and become one of the largest mercantile marts of the East."[47]
It is evident from what has been stated, and from the opinions expressed in foreign journals, that the attention of the civilized world has been suddenly attracted to the Eastern Archipelago, and it is only surprising, considering the knowledge possessed by the European nations, of the rich productions of these islands, and the miserable42 state in which a large portion of their inhabitants live, that efforts have not before been made to colonize43 them, and bring them under European rule.
The Spaniards contented44 themselves with the Philippines, but the Dutch, more enterprising, as well as more ambitious, extended their conquests to Sumatra, Java, the Moluccas, and recently to Bali, Sumbawa, Timor and Celebes. But these are not all, for wherever our ships push their way through these innumerable islands, they find scattered45, far and wide, their unobtrusive commercial stations, generally protected by a fort and a cruiser.
It is said that the natives feel no attachment46 for their Dutch rulers, which, as they possess so wide spread a dominion33 in the Archipelago, is much to be regretted; for this feeling of animosity against them, may effect the relations that may be hereafter formed between the aboriginal races and other Christian47 people. Attempts will doubtless be made to prejudice the natives against the English, but the popularity of Mr. Brooke at Sarawak, in Borneo, his kindness to the natives, and the destruction of the pirates by the British, will no doubt gain for them throughout the Archipelago, a name and an influence which the jealousies48 of other nations cannot counteract49. The natives of these islands except those of the interior, are strictly50 a trading and commercial people. Addicted51 to a seafaring life, and[59] tempted12 by a love of gain, they traverse these seas in search of the various articles of commerce which are eagerly sought after by traders for the European, India, and Chinese markets. Piracy52, which abounds53 in this region, grows out of this love of trade—this desire for the accumulation of wealth—and we believe that nothing would tend to suppress crime so effectually as the establishment of commercial ports throughout the Archipelago.
It is said that the population embraced in the twelve thousand islands of which Polynesia consists, amounts to about forty millions. No part of the world equals it in the great variety and value of its products. There is scarcely an island but is accessible in every direction, abounding54 in spacious55 bays and harbors, and the larger ones in navigable rivers. The people are generally intelligent, and susceptible56 of a higher degree of cultivation57 than the natives of Africa, or of many parts of the adjacent continent.
To obtain a station or an island in this vast Archipelago, we should require neither the outlay58 of a large sum of money, nor the loss of human life; no governments would be subjected, or kings overthrown59. Civilization and its attendant blessings60 would take the place of barbarism, idolatry would be supplanted61 by christianity, and the poor natives, now bowed down by cruelty and oppression, would, under the care of an enlightened government, become elevated in the scale of social existence.
The cultivation of spices in the Archipelago, and the acts by which the monopoly is secured by the Dutch in the Moluccas, reflect little credit on human nature. "No where in the world have the aboriginal tribes been treated with greater cruelty; and in some cases literal extermination62 has overtaken them. Their tribe has been extinguished, they have been cut off to a man, and that merely lest, in order to obtain a humble64 subsistence, they should presume to trade on their own account in those costly65 spices, the sale of which, without right or reason, Holland has[60] hitherto thought proper to appropriate to herself. No form of servitude, moreover, equals the slavery of those who are engaged in the culture of the nutmeg-tree. They toil66 without hope. No change ever diversifies67 their drudgery68; no holiday gladdens them; no reward, however trifling69, repays extra exertion70, or acts as a stimulus71 for the future. The wretched slave's life is one monotonous72 round, a mere63 alternation of toil and sleep, to be terminated only by death."[48] The northern portions of New Guinea, as well as other islands, are in the same latitude73 as Banda and Amboyna, and produce the nutmeg and other spices. They might be extensively cultivated by the natives, if encouragement was given them; and a sufficient supply obtained for all the markets of Europe and America.
The Island of Bali, lying east of Java, from which it is separated by a narrow strait, has recently been subjected by the Dutch. Some difficulty growing out of the commerce with the people, is the alleged74 cause. It is an island of great importance to Holland, and would seriously injure her commerce with Java, should any other European nation take it under its protection, or plant a colony there. A slight pretext75 therefore sufficed for its annexation76.
New Caledonia Islands. Later information has been received from the Catholic Missionaries in New Caledonia; for it seems that even in those distant and barbarous islands both Protestant and Catholic are represented. The Propaganda annals contain some interesting accounts of the natives of these islands, and of other facts of importance in Ethnology. Two Catholic missionaries, the Rev22. Mr. Rougeyron and the Rev. Mr. Colin, had been twenty months on these islands, during which time they had accomplished77 nothing in the way of conversions78, and[61] but little towards improving the moral condition of the natives. It was hardly time to expect much, as they had only then begun to speak the language of the country, which they found very difficult to acquire. The natives are a most lazy and wretched people. They cultivate the ground with the aid of a piece of pointed79 wood, or with their nails, but never in proportion to their wants. For the greater part of the year they are compelled to live upon a few fish, shell-fish, roots and the bark of trees, and at times when pressed by hunger, worms, spiders and lizards80 are eagerly devoured81 by them. They are cannibals in every sense of the word, and openly feed on the flesh of their enemies. Yet they possess the cocoa, banana and yam, with a luxuriant soil, from which, with a little labor82, an abundance could be raised.
Among no savage83 tribes are the women worse treated than here. They are completely at the mercy of their cruel and tyrannical husbands. Compelled to carry burdens, to collect food, and cultivate the fields, their existence promises them but little enjoyment84; and when there is any fruit or article of delicacy85 procured86, it is at once tabooed by the husband, so that she cannot touch it but at the peril87 of her life.
The missionaries had begun to expostulate with the natives on the horrors of eating their prisoners, and other vices88 to which they were addicted, and observe that "a happy change has already taken place among them; that they were less disposed to robbery, and that their wars are less frequent."[49] They are beginning to understand the motive89 which brought the missionaries to them, and already show a desire to be instructed.
The protestant missions have not accomplished any more than the Catholic's among these savages90. The latest accounts state that four of the native teachers who had been converted to Christianity, had been cruelly mur[62]dered, and that such was the hostility91 of the chiefs at the isle92 of Pines, that the prospects93 of the missionaries were most discouraging.[50]
Sooloo Islands.—Mr. Itier, attaché to the French mission in China, has recently visited a cluster of islands lying to the northeast of Borneo, between that island and Mindanao.[51] His researches on the natural history and geology of these islands, are of much interest. The soil is exceedingly fertile, and the climate more healthy than is usual in intertropical climates. The sugar cane95, cocoa, rice, cotton, the bread fruit, indigo96, and spices of all kinds, are among their products. Fruits and vegetables of a great variety, are abundant, and of a superior quality. Nine-tenths of the soil is still covered with the primitive97 forest, of which teak-wood, so valuable in shipbuilding, forms a part. A considerable commerce with China and Manilla is carried on, and from ten to twelve thousand Chinese annually98 visit the island of Basilan, the most northerly of the group, to cultivate its soil, and take away its products. The peculiar99 situation of these islands, and their contiguity100 to the Philippines, to Celebes, Borneo, Manilla, China, and Singapore, make them well adapted for a European colony. In fact, there do not appear to be any islands of the East Indies of equal importance, and there can be no doubt that with the present desire manifested by European nations for colonizing101, this desirable spot will ere long be secured by one of them. The Sooloo group embraces sixty inhabited islands, governed by a Sultan, residing at Soung. One of these would be an advantageous102 point for an American colony or station.
The same gentleman has presented to the Geographical103 Society of Paris, the journal of a voyage and visit to the Philippine islands, from which it appears that that large[63] and important croup is not inferior in interest to the Sooloo islands. The natural history and geology, the soil and its products, the manners and customs of the people, their commerce and political history, are described in detail.[52] The group embraces about twelve hundred islands, with a population of 4,000,000, of whom about 8,000 are Chinese, 4,000 Spaniards, 120,000 of a mixed race, and the remainder natives.
The Nicobar Islands, a group nineteen in number, in the Bay of Bengal, have again attracted the attention of the Danish government, by which an expedition has been sent with a view to colonize them anew. The Danes planted a colony there in 1756, but were compelled to abandon it in consequence of the insalubrity of the climate. Subsequently the French made an attempt with no better success.
Recent publications on the Eastern Archipelago and Polynesia.
Ethnology and Philology104. By Horatio Hale, Philologist105 of the U. S. Exploring Expedition, imp3. 4to. Philadelphia, 1846.
Reise nach Java, und Ausflüge nach den9 Inseln Mudura und S. Helena; von Dr. Edward Selberg, 8vo. Oldenburg, 1845.
Philippines (les), histoire, géographie, m?urs, agriculture, industrie et commerce des colonies espagnoles dans l'Océanie; par4 J. Mallat, 2 vols. 8vo., avec un atlas106 in folio. Paris, 1846.
The expedition of H.M.S. Dido, for the suppression of piracy; by the Hon. Capt. Keppell, with extracts from the journal of James Brooke, Esq. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1846. Reprinted in New York.
Trade and Travel in the Far East; or recollections of twenty-one years passed in Java, Singapore, Australia and China, by G.F. Davidson, post 8vo. London, 1846.
Typee: Narrative of a four months' residence among the natives of the Marquesas islands, by Herman Melville. 12mo. New York, 1846.
Besides these, The Missionary107 Herald108, the Baptist Missionary Magazine, The London Evangelical Magazine, the Annals of the Society for the Propagation of the Faith, as well as other similar journals, contain many articles of great interest on the various islands of the Eastern Archipelago and the South Sea Islands.
Australia. This vast island continues to attract the attention of geographers109 and naturalists111. Its interior remains112 unknown, notwithstanding the various attempts[64] which have been made from various points to penetrate113 it. The explorations of scientific men during the last four years have been productive of valuable information relating to its geography, ethnography, geology and natural history.
Among the most eminent114 and successful in this field, is the Count de Strzelecki. This gentleman, as early as the year 1840, made an extensive tour into the southwestern part of Australia, in which he discovered an extensive tract41 called Gipp's Land, containing an extent of five thousand six hundred square miles, a navigable lake and several rivers, and from the richness of the soil, presenting an inviting115 prospect94 to settlers. His explorations were continued during the years 1842 '43 and '44, and in the following year the results were given to the public,[53] "comprehending the fruits of five years of continual labor during a tour of seven thousand miles on foot. This work treats, within a moderate compass, of the history and results of the surveys of those countries, of their climate, their geology, botany and zoology116, as well as of the physical, moral and social state of the aborigines, and the state of colonial agriculture, the whole illustrated117 by comparisons with other countries visited by himself in the course of twelve years travel through other parts of the world." For these extensive explorations and discoveries, and for his valuable work in which they are embodied118, the Royal Geographical Society of London awarded the "Founders119" gold medal to Count Strzelecki.[54]
Additional information to our knowledge of Australia is contained in Capt. Stokes's late work detailing the discoveries made by himself and other officers attached to H.M.S. Beagle. These discoveries consist of a minute examination of a large part of the coast of that island, of[65] several rivers on its northern and northwestern sides, and of expeditions into the interior. Natives were seen in small numbers in various parts, all of whom were in the lowest state of barbarism. A remarkable diversity of character was noticed, however, among the natives of different localities, some being most kindly120 disposed, and approaching the strangers without fear, as though they were old acquaintances, whilst others manifested the greatest hostility and aversion. In the instances referred to, they had never seen white men before. Capt. Stokes says his "whole experience teaches him that these were not accidental differences, but that there is a marked contrast in the disposition121 of the various tribes, for which he will not attempt to account."[55] The natives at Port Essington, on the north, appear to be in some respects superior to those in other parts of the island. Their implements122 of war and their canoes show a connexion with the Malays. They also have a musical instrument made of bamboo, the only one yet found among them.[56] The rite123 of circumcision was practised on the northern coast near the gulf124 of Carpentaria. On the southern coast, at the head of the Australian bight, it had before been noticed by Mr. Eyre.[57] For the practice of this ancient rite at such remote distances, and confined to within such narrow limits, we can only account, by some early migration16 or visit of people by whom it was practised. Nothing has yet been done towards a comparison of the languages spoken by the Australian tribes. In the late cruise of Capt. Stokes, natives of the south were taken to the northern parts of the island, but in their intercourse with the people of the latter, they were unable to make themselves understood. It is possible, however, that like the languages of the American Indians, though they may exhibit a wide difference in words for similar objects, the grammatical structure may be the same. This is a more[66] important test in ethnological comparison, and should be applied125 before any of the aboriginal tribes of Australia are extinct.
By far the most important journey yet accomplished for the exploration of Australia, is that of Dr. Leichardt. This gentleman, accompanied by Mr. Gilbert, a naturalist110, and six others, started from Moreton Bay, on the southeastern shore of the island, in October, 1844, to penetrate to Port Essington, on its most northerly point; in order, if possible, to open a direct route to Sydney. Several months after the party left, reports were brought to Moreton Bay that they had been cut off by the natives. This was proved to be untrue by an expedition sent out for the purpose, who traced the travellers four hundred miles into the interior. Dr. Leichardt found it impossible to penetrate into the interior in a direct course, on account of high table-land, and the absence of water; and this circumstance compelled him to keep within six or seven degrees of the coast. Their six months' provisions being exhausted126, the only resource of the party was the horses and stock bullocks,—and with these the strictest economy was necessary. One was killed as provision for a month—sometimes a horse, at others a bullock. For six months prior to reaching Port Essington, the party were reduced to a quarter of a pound of meat per day—frequently putrescent—unaccompanied with salt, bread, or any kind of vegetable. In the neighborhood of the Gulf of Carpentaria, Mr. Gilbert, the naturalist, was surprised by the natives, and killed. The remainder reached Port Essington on the 2d of December, 1845.[58]
The narrative of Dr. Leichardt's expedition has not yet been published in detail. The report[59] which has appeared consists chiefly of notices of the geography of the[67] region traversed, the soil, productions, climate, &c. He encountered natives in many places, sometimes in considerable numbers. By some they were kindly received, by others treated as enemies. Their characteristics are not noticed. The most extraordinary feature in Dr. Leichardt's narrative is the constant succession of water. Although the season was an exceedingly dry one, no rain having fallen for seven months, yet from the commencement to the close of his year and a half's expedition, throughout the whole length and breadth of the vast region he traversed, he was continually meeting with fresh water, in the forms of "pools, lagoons127, brooks128, wells, water-holes, rocky basins, living springs, swamps, streams, creeks129 or rivers." The soil in many places was of the best kind, covered with luxuriant grass and herbs. Of the former, some twenty kinds were seen. In lat. 18° 48' he found a level country, openly timbered, with fine plains, extending many miles in length and breadth. The flats bordering the creeks and rivers were covered with tall grass, and the table-lands presented equally attractive features. "The whole country along the east coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria is highly adapted for pastoral pursuits. Cattle and horses would thrive exceedingly well, but the climate and soil are not adapted to sheep. Large plains, limited by narrow belts of open forest land; fine grassy130 meadows along frequent chains of lagoons, and shady forest land along the rivers, render this country inviting to the squatter131." Dr. Leichardt thinks there are many districts suitable for the cultivation of rice and cotton.
In regard to a communication between the settlements, it is the decided132 opinion of the Doctor, that no line of road can be effected direct from Fort Bourke to the northern settlement. A route from Moreton bay to the gulf of Carpentaria will be easily constructed. The whole coast is backed by ranges of mountains, consisting, nearest the sea, generally of granite133 and basaltic rocks, which he[68] calls the granite range; behind this is a second range of sandstone. Descending134 from this and again rising, they entered upon the table-land; which they could nowhere penetrate, so as to determine what might be the character of the central country. It was covered with a dense136 shrub137, had no water; and frequently there was difficulty in descending from it, owing to the perpendicular138 cliffs and deep ravines. They passed several rivers all of which ran easterly towards the coast. After reaching the Gulf of Carpentaria, they again ascended139 the table-land, and suffered extremely for want of water. The country beneath them was delightful140 to look at, but they were unable to descend135 to it, until they reached the dip towards the Alligaters. Here the country surpassed in fertility any thing that they had seen.
By later advices from Sydney, it appears that this enterprising and zealous141 traveller, is again making arrangements for another expedition to explore the interior of this great island.[60] The Doctor now proposes to leave Moreton[69] bay and endeavor to trace the sources of the rivers which flow into the Gulf of Carpentaria. He will then proceed northwest, penetrating142 directly across the unknown and unexplored interior, forming the are of a circle, to Swan river. This will be the most daring journey yet attempted; but under the direction of one who has already shown so much perseverance143 and undergone such severe hardships, it is to be hoped that his efforts may be crowned with success.
An expedition for the exploration of Australia, under the command of Sir Thomas L. Mitchell, is at present employed in traversing the unknown parts of this vast country. When last heard from, the expedition had reached the latitude of 29° 45' longitude144 147° 34'. The particulars of Dr. Leichardt's journey have been sent to him to guide him in his course of future operations.[61]
The following list embraces the latest works on Australia.
Physical description of New South Wales and Van Dieman's Land, accompanied by a Geographical map, by P.E. de Strzelecki. 8vo. 1845.
South Australia and its Mines; with an account of Captain Grey's government, by Fr. Dutton. 8vo. London, 1846.
History of New South Wales, from its settlement to the close of the year 1844, by Thomas H. Braim. 2 vols. post, 8vo. London, 1846.
Reminiscences of Australia, with hints on the Squatters' life, by C.P. Hodgson. post, 8vo. London, 1846.
A visit to the Antipodes; with some reminiscences of a sojourn145 in Australia. By a Squatter. 8vo. London, 1846.
Enterprise in tropical Australia. By George W. Earl. 8vo. London, 1846.
Impressions of Savage life, and scenes in Australia and New Zealand. By G.F. Augas. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1847.
Travels in New South Wales. By Alexander Majoribanks. 12mo. Lond. 1847.
Simmonds' Colonial Magazine contains a vast deal of information relating to Australia, as well as to other British Colonies, and is unquestionably the best book of reference on subjects relating to the history and present condition of the British colonies of any work extant.
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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solely
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imp
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par
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| n.标准，票面价值，平均数量；adj.票面的，平常的，标准的 | |
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piracies
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reigning
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intercourse
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possessed
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benevolence
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providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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tempted
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narrative
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aboriginal
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lesser
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migration
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migrations
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deity
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propitiate
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idols
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| 偶像( idol的名词复数 )； 受崇拜的人或物； 受到热爱和崇拜的人或物； 神像 | |
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reverence
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civilized
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simplicity
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inevitably
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missionaries
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unwillingness
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wrested
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| （用力）拧( wrest的过去式和过去分词 )； 费力取得； （从…）攫取； （ 从… ） 强行取去… | |
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30
copper
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| n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的 | |
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31
embodying
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| v.表现( embody的现在分词 )；象征；包括；包含 | |
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32
functionaries
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| n.公职人员，官员( functionary的名词复数 ) | |
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33
dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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35
depot
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| n.仓库，储藏处；公共汽车站；火车站 | |
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36
longing
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| n.（for）渴望 | |
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37
vehement
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| adj.感情强烈的；热烈的；(人)有强烈感情的 | |
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38
infringing
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| v.违反（规章等）( infringe的现在分词 )；侵犯（某人的权利）；侵害（某人的自由、权益等） | |
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39
contrive
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| vt.谋划，策划；设法做到；设计，想出 | |
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40
cession
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| n.割让，转让 | |
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41
tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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42
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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43
colonize
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| v.建立殖民地，拓殖；定居，居于 | |
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44
contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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45
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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46
attachment
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| n.附属物，附件；依恋；依附 | |
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47
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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48
jealousies
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| n.妒忌( jealousy的名词复数 )；妒羡 | |
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49
counteract
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| vt.对…起反作用，对抗，抵消 | |
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50
strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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51
addicted
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| adj.沉溺于....的，对...上瘾的 | |
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52
piracy
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| n.海盗行为，剽窃，著作权侵害 | |
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53
abounds
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| v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的第三人称单数 ) | |
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54
abounding
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| adj.丰富的，大量的v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的现在分词 ) | |
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55
spacious
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| adj.广阔的，宽敞的 | |
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56
susceptible
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| adj.过敏的，敏感的；易动感情的，易受感动的 | |
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57
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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58
outlay
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| n.费用，经费，支出；v.花费 | |
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59
overthrown
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| adj. 打翻的，推倒的，倾覆的 动词overthrow的过去分词 | |
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60
blessings
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| n.（上帝的）祝福( blessing的名词复数 )；好事；福分；因祸得福 | |
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61
supplanted
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| 把…排挤掉，取代( supplant的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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62
extermination
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| n.消灭，根绝 | |
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63
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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64
humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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65
costly
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| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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66
toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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67
diversifies
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| v.使多样化，多样化( diversify的第三人称单数 )；进入新的商业领域 | |
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68
drudgery
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| n.苦工，重活，单调乏味的工作 | |
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69
trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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70
exertion
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| n.尽力，努力 | |
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71
stimulus
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| n.刺激，刺激物，促进因素，引起兴奋的事物 | |
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72
monotonous
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| adj.单调的，一成不变的，使人厌倦的 | |
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73
latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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74
alleged
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| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
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75
pretext
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| n.借口，托词 | |
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76
annexation
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| n.吞并，合并 | |
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77
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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78
conversions
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| 变换( conversion的名词复数 )； （宗教、信仰等）彻底改变； （尤指为居住而）改建的房屋； 橄榄球（触地得分后再把球射中球门的）附加得分 | |
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79
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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80
lizards
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| n.蜥蜴( lizard的名词复数 ) | |
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81
devoured
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| 吞没( devour的过去式和过去分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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82
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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83
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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84
enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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85
delicacy
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| n.精致，细微，微妙，精良；美味，佳肴 | |
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86
procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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87
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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88
vices
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| 缺陷( vice的名词复数 )； 恶习； 不道德行为； 台钳 | |
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89
motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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90
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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91
hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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92
isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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93
prospects
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| n.希望，前途(恒为复数) | |
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94
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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95
cane
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| n.手杖，细长的茎，藤条；v.以杖击，以藤编制的 | |
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96
indigo
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| n.靛青，靛蓝 | |
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97
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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98
annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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99
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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100
contiguity
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| n.邻近，接壤 | |
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101
colonizing
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| v.开拓殖民地，移民于殖民地( colonize的现在分词 ) | |
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102
advantageous
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| adj.有利的；有帮助的 | |
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103
geographical
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| adj.地理的；地区(性)的 | |
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104
philology
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| n.语言学；语文学 | |
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105
philologist
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| n.语言学者，文献学者 | |
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106
atlas
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| n.地图册，图表集 | |
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107
missionary
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| adj.教会的，传教(士)的；n.传教士 | |
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108
herald
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| vt.预示...的来临，预告，宣布，欢迎 | |
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109
geographers
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| 地理学家( geographer的名词复数 ) | |
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110
naturalist
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| n.博物学家(尤指直接观察动植物者) | |
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111
naturalists
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| n.博物学家( naturalist的名词复数 )；（文学艺术的）自然主义者 | |
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112
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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113
penetrate
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| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
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114
eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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115
inviting
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| adj.诱人的，引人注目的 | |
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116
zoology
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| n.动物学，生态 | |
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117
illustrated
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| adj. 有插图的，列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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118
embodied
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| v.表现( embody的过去式和过去分词 )；象征；包括；包含 | |
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119
founders
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| n.创始人( founder的名词复数 ) | |
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120
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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121
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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122
implements
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| n.工具( implement的名词复数 )；家具；手段；[法律]履行（契约等）v.实现( implement的第三人称单数 )；执行；贯彻；使生效 | |
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123
rite
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| n.典礼，惯例，习俗 | |
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124
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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125
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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126
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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127
lagoons
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| n.污水池( lagoon的名词复数 )；潟湖；（大湖或江河附近的）小而浅的淡水湖；温泉形成的池塘 | |
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128
brooks
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| n.小溪( brook的名词复数 ) | |
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129
creeks
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| n.小湾( creek的名词复数 )；小港；小河；小溪 | |
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130
grassy
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| adj.盖满草的；长满草的 | |
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131
squatter
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| n.擅自占地者 | |
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132
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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133
granite
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| adj.花岗岩，花岗石 | |
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134
descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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135
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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136
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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137
shrub
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| n.灌木，灌木丛 | |
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138
perpendicular
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| adj.垂直的，直立的；n.垂直线，垂直的位置 | |
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139
ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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140
delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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141
zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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142
penetrating
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| adj.（声音）响亮的，尖锐的adj.（气味）刺激的adj.（思想）敏锐的，有洞察力的 | |
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143
perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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144
longitude
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| n.经线，经度 | |
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145
sojourn
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| v./n.旅居，寄居；逗留 | |
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