A SEAL OF ST. MARY OVERIES A SEAL OF ST. MARY OVERIES
SEALS OF ST. MARY OVERIES SEALS OF ST. MARY OVERIES
The position of the Priory, close to the Palace of the Bishop14 of Winchester, led to the Church becoming the scene of many important historical events. Just as Blackfriars was used for political Functions; just as Wyclyf was tried in St. Paul's Cathedral, so St. Mary Overies was used on occasions when the Bishop of Winchester had to do with the matter in hand. Thus, two great marriages were solemnised in this Church. One was that of Edmund Holland, Earl of Kent, in 1406, with Lucia, daughter of the Lord of Milan. The bride{193} was given away by Henry IV., and her dowry was 100,000 ducats. At her death she left the canons 6,000 crowns for the good of her soul and that of her husband. The other marriage was one of far greater importance. It was that of James the First, King of Scotland, the most pleasing figure in Scottish history, a poet and a scholar, of whom Drummond of Hawthornden wrote that 'of former Kings it might be said that the nation made the Kings, but of this King, that he made the people a nation.' He married in 1424, being then thirty{194} years of age, after a captivity15 of nineteen years, Joan, or Johanna, daughter of the Earl of Somerset, and niece of Cardinal Beaufort. She was a cousin, therefore, of King Henry IV. The royal pair rode forth16 to Scotland laden17 with such gifts of plate and cloth of gold as Scotland had never before seen. They were accompanied by the Cardinal and his brother, the Duke of Exeter. Twelve years later, the King was murdered in the presence of his wife, who was wounded in trying to save him, a sad ending to a marriage of love, and a tragic18 widowhood to the woman whom her poet had called
The fairest and the freshest younge flower That e'er I saw, methought, before that hour.
NORTH-EAST VIEW OF ST. SAVIOUR'S, SOUTHWARK, 1800 NORTH-EAST VIEW OF ST. SAVIOUR'S, SOUTHWARK, 1800
In 1539 the House was suppressed, the canons were put{195} out, and the place was given to Sir Anthony Brown, whose son became Viscount Montague and gave his new name to the ancient close of the Monastery19. In the following year the Church was made a Parish Church, including the church of Mary Magdalene, which stood beside the Priory Church, as St. Peter-le-Poor stood beside St. Austin, St. Gregory beside St. Paul's, and St. Margaret beside Westminster Abbey Church together with the Parish Church of St. Margaret in the High Street. The nave gradually became ruinous and was taken down in 1838,{196} when a new nave, the memory of which makes the whole Borough20 shudder21 when it is mentioned, was put up. Its floor was raised above that of the transepts, and it was treated as a separate building, divided from the transepts by a brick wall. This terrible building has now been taken down and a nave rebuilt after the pattern of the original structure of the fourteenth century. Thus reconstructed, the church will soon, it is hoped, become the Cathedral Church of the Diocese of Southwark. At present it has not the Cathedral organisation22, being without a Dean, or Canons, or a Chapter. The Church can boast of more monuments and of a more distinguished23 company of the dead than can be found in most London churches. Here are buried, probably, Mary herself, the original founder24, if she is not a legendary25 person: Pont de l'Arche and d'Auncey, the founders26: a long line of unknown and forgotten Priors and Canons of the Augustinian House: John Gower, on whose monument can still be read the prayers he wrote for his own soul:
En toy qui es Filz de Dieu le Père Sauvé soit qui gist27 sous cest pierre.
CRYPT OF ST. MARY OVERIES CRYPT OF ST. MARY OVERIES
The monument was repaired and painted in 1832 by the first Duke of Sutherland. Lancelot Andrewes, Bishop of Winchester, is buried in the Lady Chapel, where his monument can be seen in black and white marble; Dyer the poet, who died 1607; Edmund Shakespeare, 'player,' poet and writer, buried somewhere in the Church, 1607; Laurence Fletcher, one of the shareholders28 in the Globe, also buried in the Church, 1608; Philip Henslow, the manager, buried in the chancel, 1616; John Fletcher, buried in the Church, 1625; Philip Massinger, a 'stranger,' i.e. belonging to some other parish, buried in the Church, 1639. There are three stones in the chancel, inscribed29 with the names of John Fletcher, Edmund Shakespeare, and Philip Massinger, but merely to record that they are buried somewhere in the Church.{197}
GATEWAY30 OF ST. MARY'S PRIORY, SOUTHWARK, 1811 GATEWAY OF ST. MARY'S PRIORY, SOUTHWARK, 1811
(From a Drawing by Whichelo)
Other monuments and tombs there are: one a figure, commonly found in medi?val churches, of a body wasted by death: a wooden effigy31 of a knight3: a monument to a quack32 of Charles the Second's time, and monuments to certain persons now forgotten; on one some lines in imitation of Herrick:
Like to the damask rose you see Or like the blossom on the tree, Or like the dainty flower of May, Or like the morning of the day, Or like the sun, or like the shade, Or like the gourd33 which Jonas had, Even so is Man; Man's thread is spun34, Drawn35 out, and cut, and so is done.{198} The rose withers36, the blossom blasteth, The flower fades, the morning hasteth, The sun sets, the shadow flies, The gourd consumes, and Man he dies.
The Ladye Chapel, one of the few beautiful things surviving of medi?val London, was very nearly destroyed by the ignorant Vandalism of about the year 1835. It was necessary in rebuilding London Bridge a few feet west of the old Bridge to prepare new approaches on the south as well as on the north. What follows is told by Knight:
'The Committee agreed to grant a space of sixty feet for the better display of St. Mary Overies, on the condition that the Lady Chapel was swept away. The matter appeared in a fair way for being thus settled, when Mr. Taylor sounded the alarm in one of the daily papers. Thomas Saunders, Esq., and Messrs. Cottinggam and Savage37, the architects, actively38 interfered39. A large majority of the parishioners, however, decided40 to accept the proposals of the Committee. In the meantime, the gentlemen we have named were indefatigable41 in their exertions42; and they were effectively seconded by the press. At a subsequent meeting there was a majority of three only for pulling down the chapel; and on a poll being demanded and obtained, there ultimately appeared the large majority of 240 for its preservation43. The excitement of the hour was prudently44 used to obtain funds to restore it, which has been most successfully accomplished45.'
I have mentioned Winchester House, the Palace of the Bishop, as being close to the Priory. On any map may be traced the extent of the Palace. On the north is Clink Street, the Clink Prison being at the west end of the street; on the west is now Park Street, formerly46 Deadman's Place; on the south is a continuation of Park Street; and on the east is a street running south from St. Mary Overies Church. Winchester House, which thus covered a large piece of ground, was, with its grounds, enclosed by a wall. Many of{199} the buildings, especially the great gate, remained standing47 almost within the memory of man. The state and ceremony of a Bishop demanded a large retinue48, and the Bishop's house must therefore be provided with a sufficient number of rooms for their accommodation. The map must not be accepted as laying down the exact site, the distances or the scale, or the arrangement of the courts and buildings.
We have now to speak, but briefly49, of the Marian Persecutions and of the Martyrs51. With these the Church of St. Mary and Winchester House had a good deal to do.
REMAINS53 OF THE OLD PRIORY, ST. MARY OVERIES REMAINS OF THE OLD PRIORY, ST. MARY OVERIES
On Monday, January 28, 1555, was seen the first of many melancholy54 sights. On that day Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, presided at a Court held in St. Mary Overies Church for the trial of heretics. The court was actually held in the Ladye Chapel. Hither were brought Bishop Hooper and John Rogers: they were heard: they argued their case: they were found obstinate55: they were committed to the Clink Prison hard by: on the next day, with Bradford, Dr. Crome, Dr. Saunders, Dr. Ferrar, Dr. Taylor, and several others, they were sentenced to be burned. Bradford wrote to{200} Cranmer after the trial: 'This day, I think, or to-morrow at the uttermost, hearty56 Hooper, sincere Saunders, and trusty Taylor, end their course and receive their crowne. The next am I, which hourly looke for the Porter to open me the gates after them, to enter into the desired rest.'
So began those fires from which the cause of Roman Catholicism long suffered, and is even now still suffering. For the popular judgment57 does not discern and separate. The burnings under Henry and Edward are lumped together in the mind of the people, and all set down to Mary. The names, places, and times of the martyrs and their martyrdoms as given by Machyn, not by Fox, show that if the Queen's advisers58 had deliberately59 done their best to make their form of Faith odious60 and hateful, they could not have devised a better plan than the burning of the people for religion's sake. It is generally thought and believed that the indignation of the people was aroused by seeing the Bishops61 and preachers burned. That I do not believe. The executions of great men do not affect the populace; they witness the passage of a Thomas More on his way to the block: or of a Cromwell: with equal indifference62: these statesmen do not belong to the life of the people. In the Marian persecution50 they heard that Archbishop Cranmer had been burned at Oxford63, but they offered little outward show of emotion: they heard that Ridley and Latimer had been burned: their constancy, no doubt, touched the crowd: but still, these martyrs were not of themselves. When, however, they found that not only Bishops and great people, but also their own brothers, cousins, fathers, were taken out from their workshops and tied three or four together to the stake, where they suffered the agonies of the fire and still continued to pray aloud with firmness: then the lesson went straight home to them; and for many a generation to come the people learned to loathe64 the very name of the religion which could thus burn innocent people by the hundred for believing, as they were told, what the Bible taught.{201}
It is a mistake, again, to suppose that the lessons of persecution were taught at Smithfield alone. They were industriously65 taught from many centres. There were burnings at Stratford-le-Bow: at Stepney: at Westminster: beyond St. George's, Southwark, at Newington; while the vast crowds which attended a burning and imbibed66 these lessons of fear and hatred67 are shown by two entries alone in Machyn's Diary, 1556. 'The xxvij day of June rod from Newgate unto Stratford-a-bow, in iii cares xiij, xj men and ij women, and there bornyd (burned) to iiij postes, and there where a xx M pepull.'
TOMB OF BISHOP ANDREWS, ST. MARY OVERIES TOMB OF BISHOP ANDREWS, ST. MARY OVERIES
And again, 1556. 'The xxij day of January whent in to Smythfield to berne between vii and viij in the morning v men and ij women: on of the men was a gentyllman of the endor tempull, ys nam Master Grén; and they were all bornyd by ix at iij postes. And ther wher a commonment throughe{202} London over nyght that no young folke shuld come ther, for ther the grettest number was as has byne sene at swyche a tyme.'
Therefore it is evident, first, that enormous crowds gathered together to witness the sufferings of the victims, and to note their constancy in the hour of agony; secondly68, that the authorities were becoming alarmed at the effect which these examples might have upon the young. No young people were permitted to be present. We may be sure that the prohibition69 was openly defied.
As for Gardiner, he died soon after the martyr52 fires began, stricken, said his enemies, by the hand of God in punishment for his cruelties. His physicians, I believe, called it gout in the stomach, a reading which one prefers, because Gardiner was no worse than the rest of them, and after his death there was no abatement70, but rather an increase, in the burnings. He had, however, a very fine funeral, which began at the church of St. Mary Overies, and was continued all the way to Winchester, where the place of his burial and his Chantry Chapel may still be seen.
Of this function, Machyn gives a short account, but it shall suffice. It must be remembered that Gardiner was not only a very great person, but that he was also believed to be the natural son of Bishop Woodville, and, if the belief was well founded, he was therefore a cousin of the Queen. But this may be scandal. Machyn, the chronicler of funerals, thus describes Gardiner's funeral.
A CORNER IN ST. SAVIOUR'S, SOUTHWARK A CORNER IN ST. SAVIOUR'S, SOUTHWARK
'The xxiiij day of Feybruary was the obsequies of the most reverentt father in God, Sthevyn Gardener, docthur and bysshope of Wynchastur, prelett of the gartter, and latte chansseler of England, and on of the preve consell unto Kyng Henry the viij and unto quen Mare71, tyll he ded; and so the after-none be-gane the knyll at sant Mare Overes with ryngyng, and after be-gane the durge; with a palle of cloth of gold, and with ij whytt branchys, and ij dosen of stayffe-torchys{203} bornyng, and iiij grett tapurs; and my lord Montyguw the cheyffe mornar, and my lord bysshope of Lynkolne and ser Robart Rochaster, comtroller, and with dyvers odur in blake, and mony blake gownes and cotes; and the morow masse of requeem and offeryng done, be-gane the sarmon; and so masse done, and so to dener to my lord Montyguw ('s); and at ys gatt the corse was putt in-to a wagon72 with iiij welles all covered with blake, and ower the corsse ys pyctur mad with ys myter on ys hed, with ys armes, and v gentyll men bayryng ys v banars in gownes{204} and hods, then ij harolds in ther cote armur, master Garter and Ruge-crosse; then cam the men rydyng, carehyng of torchys a lx bornyng, at bowt the corsse all the way; and then cam the mornars in gownes and cotes, to the nombur unto ij C. a-for and be-hynd, and so at sant Gorges73 cam prestes and clarkes with crosse and sensyng, and ther thay had a grett torche gyffyn them, and so to ever parryche tyll they cam to Wynchaster, and had money as many as cam to mett them, and durge and masse at evere logyng.'
ST. SAVIOUR'S, SOUTHWARK, 1790 ST. SAVIOUR'S, SOUTHWARK, 1790
The Church, when the Priory was dissolved, stood on the south side of the monastic buildings: the Cloister74 occupied that part of the ground on the north of the nave: the refectory, chapter house and dormitories, and other buildings stood about the Cloister: an embankment kept off the Thames at high tide: on the west side was St. Mary{205} Overies Dock, which was also the south end of the ferry. The dock is there still, but where the wall of the Monastery stood, round the Garden, and one could see the orchards75 beyond, are now huge warehouses76. Some remains of the Cloister stood until recently, and one gateway of the precinct—there was certainly another on the side of the High Street—stood close to the west front of the Church. The Cloister received the name of Montagu Close, after the son of Sir Thomas Brown who became Viscount Montagu. If you pass round to the north of the Church you will now find a few fragments piled up, the indication of an ancient door in the wall of the Church; but all traces of the monastic buildings are entirely77 swept away.
The ground in front of the Church is also changed. In post-Reformation times there was a school here—St. Saviour's school; there were also almshouses; there was a peaceful quiet kind of close, in which was heard the buzz of the boys in school; one saw the bedesmen creeping along in the sun; one watched the crumbling78 ruins falling fast into decay: one wondered where in the narrow churchyard or in the Church lay the bones of Massinger and Fletcher: one seemed to see Bishop Hooper and John Rogers stepping forth into the sunlight, their trial over, their sentence passed: their cheeks, perhaps, somewhat flushed, their eyes somewhat brightened, because, even with such a faith as theirs, all a man's courage must be wanted to face the agony of the flames, through which for half an hour they would have to wade79, as Christian80 waded81 through the river, before they reached the shore beyond.
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sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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knights
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| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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knight
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| n.骑士，武士；爵士 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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insufficient
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| adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的 | |
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inundated
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| v.淹没( inundate的过去式和过去分词 )；（洪水般地）涌来；充满；给予或交予（太多事物）使难以应付 | |
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cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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benefactor
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| n. 恩人，行善的人，捐助人 | |
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aisle
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| n.（教堂、教室、戏院等里的）过道，通道 | |
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nave
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| n.教堂的中部；本堂 | |
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gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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captivity
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| n.囚禁；被俘；束缚 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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tragic
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| adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的 | |
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monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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borough
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| n.享有自治权的市镇；(英)自治市镇 | |
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shudder
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| v.战粟，震动，剧烈地摇晃；n.战粟，抖动 | |
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organisation
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| n.组织，安排，团体，有机休 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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legendary
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| adj.传奇（中）的，闻名遐迩的；n.传奇（文学） | |
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founders
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| n.创始人( founder的名词复数 ) | |
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gist
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| n.要旨；梗概 | |
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shareholders
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inscribed
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| v.写，刻( inscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；内接 | |
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gateway
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effigy
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| n.肖像 | |
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quack
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| n.庸医；江湖医生；冒充内行的人；骗子 | |
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gourd
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| n.葫芦 | |
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spun
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| v.纺，杜撰，急转身 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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withers
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| 马肩隆 | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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actively
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| adv.积极地，勤奋地 | |
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interfered
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| v.干预( interfere的过去式和过去分词 )；调停；妨碍；干涉 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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indefatigable
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| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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exertions
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| n.努力( exertion的名词复数 )；费力；（能力、权力等的）运用；行使 | |
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preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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prudently
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| adv. 谨慎地，慎重地 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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retinue
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| n.侍从；随员 | |
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briefly
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| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
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persecution
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| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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51
martyrs
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| n.martyr的复数形式；烈士( martyr的名词复数 )；殉道者；殉教者；乞怜者（向人诉苦以博取同情） | |
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martyr
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| n.烈士，殉难者；vt.杀害，折磨，牺牲 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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obstinate
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| adj.顽固的，倔强的，不易屈服的，较难治愈的 | |
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hearty
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| adj.热情友好的；衷心的；尽情的，纵情的 | |
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judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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advisers
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| 顾问，劝告者( adviser的名词复数 )； （指导大学新生学科问题等的）指导教授 | |
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deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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odious
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| adj.可憎的，讨厌的 | |
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bishops
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| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
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indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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Oxford
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| n.牛津（英国城市） | |
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64
loathe
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| v.厌恶，嫌恶 | |
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65
industriously
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66
imbibed
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| v.吸收( imbibe的过去式和过去分词 )；喝；吸取；吸气 | |
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67
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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68
secondly
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| adv.第二，其次 | |
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69
prohibition
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| n.禁止；禁令，禁律 | |
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70
abatement
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| n.减(免)税，打折扣，冲销 | |
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71
mare
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| n.母马，母驴 | |
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72
wagon
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| n.四轮马车，手推车，面包车；无盖运货列车 | |
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73
gorges
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| n.山峡，峡谷( gorge的名词复数 )；咽喉v.（用食物把自己）塞饱，填饱( gorge的第三人称单数 )；作呕 | |
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cloister
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| n.修道院；v.隐退，使与世隔绝 | |
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75
orchards
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| （通常指围起来的）果园( orchard的名词复数 ) | |
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76
warehouses
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| 仓库，货栈( warehouse的名词复数 ) | |
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77
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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78
crumbling
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| adj.摇摇欲坠的 | |
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79
wade
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| v.跋涉，涉水；n.跋涉 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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waded
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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