Coming down to modern times, we find the practice more or less prevalent in most European Courts, having naturally met with greater patronage7 from some monarchs8 than others. Thus Alfonso of Castille tried to prevent gambling by founding orders of chivalry10 in which it was forbidden; and later, John of Castille, attempted to do the same by edict.
In spite of several lukewarm attempts to prevent it, gambling ever throve in France. Charles VI. lost one day five thousand livres to his brother, and in the reign11 of that monarch9 flourished the H?tel de{185} Nesle, which was notorious for its terrible gambling scandals, where—
“Maint gentilshommes tres haulx
Ont perdu armes et cheveaux,
Argent, honeuret seignourie.”
It is recorded how Philibert de Chalon, Prince d’Orange, who was in command at the siege of Florence, under the Emperor Charles V., actually gambled away the money which had been confided12 to him for the pay of the soldiers, and “was compelled, after a struggle of eleven months, to capitulate with those whom he might have forced to surrender.” But when so much encouragement was given to gambling by royalty13, it is by no means surprising that the vice14 prevailed almost everywhere, and was not confined to any one country, especially when many of the French kings were said to patronise and applaud well-known cheats at the gaming-table.[82]
The so-called cards of Charles VI., which are now in the Bibliothèque du Roi of Paris, are in all probability the most ancient of any that are preserved in the various public collections of Europe. They are but seventeen, painted on a gold ground, and surrounded by a silver border, in which is a ribbon rolled spirally round done in points.
It was at Bourges, in the Chateau15 du Berri, that the game of piquet was invented, as tradition tells us, by Lahire, as a pastime for Charles VII.
In an old account-book of the monarchs of{186} France, we find that in 1392 there was paid about ￡8 of our present money for three packs; and the accounts of the jeweller to Queen Marie of Anjou contain this entry: “On the 1st of October, 1454, to William Bouchier, merchant, two games of cards and two hundred pins, delivered to Monsieur Charles of France, to play with, and amuse himself, five sals tournois.”
Henry IV. was an inveterate16 gambler, and, although not a skilful17 player, he is said to have been “greedy of gain, timid in high stakes, and ill-tempered when he lost.” In his reign gambling became the rage, and it appears from his Majesty18’s letters to Sully that he sometimes played on credit, e.g. “I have lost at play 22,000 pistoles (220,000 livres); I beg you to pay them directly to Faideau, that he may distribute them to the persons to whom I owe them.”
“August 20, 1609.—Pay M. Edouard, Portuguese19, 51,000 livres on account of what I owe him at play.”[83]
L’Estoile, referring to this period, says that an Italian named Pimentello gained more than a hundred thousand crowns in the Court circle, to which the King contributed 340,000 livres. It was this Pimentello who one day boasted to Sully of having frequently played with Henry IV., whereupon Sully indignantly replied: “By heavens! so you are the Italian blood-sucker who is every day winning the King’s money! You have fallen into the wrong{187} box, for I neither like nor wish to have anything to do with such fellows.”
At this remark Pimentello got warm, but Sully, giving him a push, added, “Go about your business, your infernal gibberish will not alter my resolve. Go!” There can be no doubt that this Pimentello was a discreditable character, for, in order to aid his dishonesty, he is said to have induced the dice-sellers in Paris to substitute loaded dice instead of fair ones.
But, as Henry disliked losing, those who played with him had either to lose their money, or to offend his Majesty by beating him. On one occasion the Duke of Savoy, in order to humour Henry, dissimulated20 his game, thus sacrificing about ￡28,000. And so great was this king’s passion for the gaming-table that once when it was whispered to him that a certain princess whom he loved was in danger of falling into other arms, he said to Bassompierre, one of his courtiers, “Take care of my money, and keep up the game, whilst I am absent on particular business.”
One day when Henry IV. was dining with Sully, the latter had brought in at the close of the repast cards and dice, together with two purses of 4000 pistoles each, one for the King, the other to lend to the lords of his suite21. Whereupon his Majesty exclaimed: “Great master, come and let me embrace you, for I love you as you deserve. I feel so comfortable here that I shall sup and stay the night.” But it has been suggested that the whole affair was by the King’s order. At last, if we are to believe the following anecdote5, he was cured of gambling.{188} After losing a large sum of money, he requested Sully to send him the amount, who hesitated for some time. Eventually, spreading it out before the King, he exclaimed, “There’s the sum.”
Henry fixed22 his eyes on the vast amount—sufficient to purchase Amiens from the Spaniards, who then held it—and then he sorrowfully said, “I am corrected; I will never again lose my money at gaming.”
A gaming quarrel was the cause of a slap in the face given by the Duc René to Louis XII., then Duc d’Orleans. This slap was the origin of a ligue which was termed “the mad war.” The resentment23 of the outraged24 prince was not appeased25 till he mounted the throne, when he uttered these memorable26 words: “A King of France does not avenge27 insults offered to a Duke of Orleans.” Similarly, on one occasion Casimir II., King of Poland, received a blow from a Polish subject, named Konarski, who had lost all he possessed28 in play. Thereupon he took to flight, and on being captured he was condemned29 to lose his head. But when brought before Casimir, his Majesty thus addressed him: “You, I perceive, are sorry for your fault; that is sufficient. Take your money again, and let us renounce30 gaming for ever.” And turning to his courtiers, the King added, “I am the only one to blame in this matter, for I ought not by my example to encourage a pernicious practice which may be the ruin of my nobility.”
Louis XIII. was adverse31 to gambling in any form, but Louis XIV. gave it every encourage{189}ment. Madame de Sevigné thus describes a gaming party at which she was present: “I went on Saturday with Villars to Versailles. I need not tell you of the Queen’s toilette, the mass, the dinner—you know it all; but at three o’clock the King rose from table, and he, the Queen, monsieur, madame, mademoiselle, all the princes and princesses, Madame de Montespan, all her suite, all the courtiers, all the ladies, in short, what we call the Court of France, were assembled in that beautiful apartment which you know.” She then describes how “a table of reversi (a compound of loo and commerce) gives a form to the crowd, and a place to every one. The King is next to Madame de Montespan, who deals; the Duke of Orleans, the Queen, and Madame de Soubise; Dangeau & Co., Langée & Co.; a thousand louis are poured out on the cloth—there are no such other counters.... There is always music going on, which has a very good effect; the King listens to the music, and chats to the ladies about him. At last, at six o’clock, they stop playing; they have no trouble in settling their reckonings; there are no counters—the lowest pools are five, six, seven hundred louis, the great ones a thousand, or twelve hundred. They put in five each at first, that makes one hundred, and the dealer32 puts in ten more—then they give four louis each to whoever has Quinola (the knave33 of hearts). Some pass, others play; but whenever you play without winning the pool, you must pay in sixteen to teach you how to play rashly; they talk altogether, and forever, and of everything.{190}”
This was the kind of amusement which characterised what Madame de Sevigné has termed “the iniquitous34 Court,” and well she might tremble at the idea of her son joining such a company. She says, “He tells me he is going to play with his young master—the Dauphin. I shudder35 at the thought. Four hundred pistoles are very easily lost.”
Numerous anecdotes have been handed down of the disputes which arose at Court owing to the high play. On one occasion, when excessive gambling was going on at Cardinal36 Mazarin’s, the Chevalier de Rohan lost a large sum to the King. It had been arranged that the money was to be paid only in louis d’ors, and the Chevalier, after counting out seven or eight hundred, proposed to pay the remainder in Spanish pistoles.
“But you promised me louis d’ors, and not pistoles,” said the King.
“Since your Majesty refuses them,” replied the Chevalier, “I don’t want them either,” and thereupon he flung them out of the window.
The King, annoyed, complained to the Cardinal, who promptly37 answered, “The Chevalier de Rohan has played the King, and you the Chevalier de Rohan.”
Quite recently at Paris a jeu de Loye, made for the amusement of Louis XIV., in marqueterie of ivory, ebony, and coloured woods, fetched ￡9; the Grand Monarque’s game of chance having realised a higher price than the curls sold at the same auction38, and which had once adorned39 the mistress of his predecessor40 on the throne.{191}
At the death of Louis XIV., it is said that three-fourths of the nation thought of nothing but gambling, and incidentally may be noticed a little Court occurrence associated with Louis XV. At the royal card-table M. de Chauvelin was seized with a fit of apoplexy, of which he died. On seeing him fall, some one exclaimed, “M. de Chauvelin is ill!”
“Ill?” said the King, coldly turning round and looking at him; “he is dead. Take him away; spades are trumps41, gentlemen!”
During the reign of Louis XVI. gambling “kept pace if it did not outstrip42 every other licentiousness43 of that epoch44.” But Louis XVI. hated high play, and very often showed displeasure when the loss of large sums was mentioned. Bachaumont, in his Memoirs45 (tom. xii. p. 189), speaks of the singular precautions taken at play at his Court: “The bankers at the Queen’s table, in order to prevent the mistakes which daily happen, have obtained permission from his Majesty that, before beginning to play, the table shall be bordered by a ribbon entirely46 round it, and that no other money than that upon the cards beyond the ribbon shall be considered as staked.”[84]
But Marie Antoinette’s love of high play was almost a vice, and her gaming-table often witnessed scenes far from creditable to her sex or rank. Le Comte de Mercy informs us that the Emperor Joseph II.—not too severe a moralist—once sent a message to the Queen to the effect that “the{192} play at the Queen’s table at Fontainebleau was like that in a common gambling-house; people of all kinds were there, and mingled47 without decorum; the Comte d’Artois and the Duc de Chartres displayed there every day some fresh trait of folly48, and great scandal was caused by the fact that several ladies cheated.... Those who held the bank arrived on the 30th of October; they acted as tellers49 all night and during the morning of the 31st in the apartments of the Princess de Lamballe. The Queen remained till five o’clock in the morning. In the evening the Queen directed the play to begin again, and continued playing until late in the morning of the 1st of November—All Saints’ Day.” It is not surprising that frivolity50 and dissipation of this kind were much commented upon, and gave to slanderers much scope for their attacks on her conduct. In order, also, to manage the high play at the Queen’s faro tables, it was necessary to have a banker provided with large sums of money.
Charles X. was an habitual51 whist-player, and on the eve of his deposition52 enjoyed his “rubber”; and when as an exile the ex-king was the guest of Cardinal Weld at Lulworth Castle, near Wareham, his principal occupation was whist. Later on, during his sojourn53 at Prague, at eight, after dinner, the whist-table was prepared, “where the tranquillity54 of the evening was not disturbed unless Charles found himself with an indifferent partner. He could lose a crown by his own fault with great reluctance55, but to lose a trick by the stupidity of his partner was beyond his patience.” But his{193} equanimity56 was only temporarily ruffled57, and then he was full of redundant58 apology.
Strange and pathetic is a well-known anecdote told of the great Napoleon. As “the prisoner of Europe” he arrived at his last dwelling-place on the 15th of October, and exactly one year before he had been playing at cards with his mother in his little saloon in the island of Elba; and as the illustrious lady was about to rise after losing the game, her imperial son said to her laughingly, “Pay your debts, madam, pay your debts!” Since that time, as Dr. Doran writes, “Napoleon had played a most serious game against a host of adversaries59, and had been defeated. The winners called upon him to pay the penalty.”
But although Napoleon gambled with kingdoms, he did not do so with cards. Indeed, he despised gamblers, and it is said that when Las Casas in exile admitted that he had played, Napoleon declared that he was glad he had not known it, as gamblers were always ruined in his estimation. A story, however, has been told of his having sent Junot in 1796 to play in order to accumulate funds for the Italian campaign, a statement which there is every reason to disbelieve.
Catherine II. of Russia enjoyed a game of whist at ten roubles the rubber. And at one period she would admit the Chamberlain Tchertkof to make up the party, whose presence generally afforded some amusement. This individual, it is said, generally got into a rage, reproached her imperial majesty with not playing fair, and sometimes in{194} vexation he threw the cards in her face, an outburst of temper which she invariably took good-humouredly.
An amusing story is told of one of the German sovereigns. A stranger, plainly dressed, took his seat at a faro-table when the bank was richer than usual. After looking on for a short time he challenged the bank, and tossed his pocket-book to the banker that he might be satisfied of his financial position. It was found to contain bills to a large amount, and on the banker showing reluctance to accept the challenge, the stranger sternly demanded that he should comply with the laws of the game. The card soon turned up which decided60 the ruin of the banker.
“Heavens!” exclaimed an old infirm Austrian officer who had sat next to the stranger, “the twentieth part of your gains would make me the happiest man in the universe!” Whereupon the stranger answered, “You shall have it then,” and quitted the room. A servant speedily returned, and presented the officer with the twentieth part of the bank, adding, “My master, sir, requires no answer.” The successful stranger was soon discovered to be no other than the King of Prussia in disguise.
Henry VIII.’s losses at cards and dice are said to have been enormous, but Anne Boleyn appears to have been a more fortunate gamester. A game much played at Court was Pope Julius’s game, or as it is sometimes called in the Privy61 Purse Expenses of Henry VIII., “Pope July’s game.” On the 20th of November 1532 we find this{195} entry in the Privy Purse Expenses:—“Delivered to the King’s grace at Stone, ￡9, 6s. 8d., which his grace lost at ‘Pope Julius’s game’ to my lady marques [Anne Boleyn], Mr. Bryan, and Maister Weston.” On the 25th Henry lost twenty crowns to the same party at the same game, and the following day ￡18, 13s. 4d. On the 28th Anne wins ￡11, 13s. 4d. in a single-handed game of cards with her royal lover, and on the next day Henry loses ￡4 at Pope Julius’s game. Henry was an inveterate gamester, and Erasmus in some emphatic62 words addressed to him bears witness that his queen, Catherine of Aragon, did not suffer such vain pursuits to divert her mind from duties. “Your noble wife,” says he, “spends that time in reading the sacred volume which other princesses occupy in cards and dice.” Henry VIII. gambled away the famous Jesus Campanile bell at St. Paul’s with the great folk-mote bell which summoned the assemblies of the citizens with a throw of the dice at hazard to Sir Miles Patridge, who pulled it down. “But,” adds Spelman in his “History of Sacrilege,” “in the fifth year of King Edward VI. the gamester had worse fortune when he lost his life, being executed on Tower Hill.”
Queen Mary in her young days was fond of betting and wagers64, and many items of high play and of money lost by her have been preserved. She lost a frontlet, for instance, in a wager63 with her cousin, Lady Margaret Douglas, for which she paid four pounds. It is said that the Princess Mary not only pledged caps but lost breakfasts at{196} bowls, which was then a fashionable amusement; “and to counterbalance these vanities she paid for the education of a poor child and the expense of binding65 him apprentice66.”[85] The frontlets referred to above were the ornamented67 edges of coifs or caps, some of which were edged with gold lace and others with pearls and diamonds. Hence they were occasionally very expensive and cost a high price, and on this account they might easily be given in payment of wagers, or losses incurred68 through high play.
Through the evil influence of the Duchesses of Portsmouth and Mazarine, excessive gambling became one of the prevailing69 vices70 of the Court of Charles II., although his Majesty was not addicted71 to deep playing, or pursued cards otherwise than as an amusement. Queen Catherine was fond of ombre—which was probably introduced by her into this country—and quadrille, and if she played it was for the sake of the diversion rather than the stake. But the Duchess of Portsmouth had been known to lose five thousand guineas at a sitting, and on the evening of February 1, 1685—the last Sunday that Charles II. was permitted to spend on earth—“the great courtiers and other dissolute persons were playing at basset round a large table, with a bank of at least two thousand pounds before them. The king though not engaged in the game was to the full as scandalously occupied,”[86] “sitting,” writes Evelyn,{197} “in open dalliance with three of the shameless women of the Court, the Duchesses of Portsmouth, Morland, and Mazarine, and others of the same stamp, while a French boy was singing love-songs in that glorious gallery. Six days after,” he adds, “all was in the dust.”
Pepys, too, alludes72 to the practice of card-playing on Sunday initiated73 by Catherine into the English Court, and writes: “This evening, going to the queen’s side to see the ladies, I did find the queen, the Duchess of York, and another at cards, with the room full of ladies and great men, which I was amazed to see on a Sunday, having not believed, but contrarily flatly denied the same a little while to my cousin.”
In the ensuing reign, basset and other gambling games were in high vogue74 in Court and fashionable society. Mary Beatrice, consort75 of James II., disliked cards, and was frightened at the idea of high play; but, it seems, her ladies told her she must do as others did, or she would become unpopular. Accordingly her reluctance was overcome by their importunities, and soon she was to be seen at the card-table, losing, time after time, large sums of money at a game in playing which she found no pleasure. In after years she was apt to say: “I suffered great pain from my losses at play, and all for the want of a little firmness in not positively76 refusing to comply with a custom which those who were so much older than myself told me I was not at liberty to decline. I shall always regret my weakness, since it deprived me of the means of doing the{198} good I ought to have done at that time.” Such was the acknowledgment made nearly forty years afterwards of what she always regarded as an inexcusable error on her part.
Like her sister Anne, Mary II. was in her early life a constant card-player, and, not satisfied with devoting her week-day evenings to this diversion, she played on the Sabbath. In after years she maintained her love for cards, and we find her playing at basset, a game much in request throughout the Courts of Europe, and at which vast sums were won and lost. After the peace of Mimeguen, the Marquis d’Avaux, the ambassador from Louis XIV., sent word on the morning of December 3, 1680, to Monsieur Odyke—an official in the household of the princess—that he would wait on her that evening. But he forgot to give the notice, so that when the French Ambassador arrived he found the princess had commenced her gambling. She rose and asked him if he would play; he made no answer, and she resumed her game, the ambassador sitting down and looking on. After a while he joined in the game, and the Prince of Orange, who arrived shortly afterwards, did the same. According to strict etiquette77, however, as the visit of the ambassador had been previously78 announced, the basset tables should not have been set till his arrival.
William III., too, was much given to gambling. He passed whole days on the race-ground, and in the evenings he gambled, losing at one sitting, it is said, four thousand guineas at basset. The fol{199}lowing morning, in a state of exasperated79 temper, he gave a gentleman a stroke with his horsewhip for riding in front of him on the race-ground. The proceeding80 was the subject of much comment, and was satirised by a bon-mot, declaring “that it was the only blow he had struck for supremacy81 in his kingdoms.” William appears to have lost enormous sums at the basset-table, and his inveterate habit of gambling, added to the passion of his princess for cards, caused, as might be expected, the scandalmongers of the period to scatter82 broadcast the most derogatory stories respecting their Sunday gambling parties, a practice which brought down the most unsparing remonstrances83 of the Church of England clergymen, and caused Mary’s old tutor, Dr. Lake, the greatest concern.
It would seem that the game of basset occupied a considerable portion of Queen Anne’s time, “breaking into her hours by day as well as by night.” At the basset-table the players so closely crowded her Majesty that she could scarcely “put her hand in her pocket,” an obligation, it is said, not infrequent, since she was usually unfortunate at play. Allusions84 to the game occur in her correspondence, as, for instance, in a letter to the Duchess of Marlborough, written in 1703, dated “Monday night,” and which runs thus: “Just as I came from basset I received my dear Mrs. Freeman’s letter, and though it is very late, I cannot be content with myself without thanking you for it.” It is not surprising that there was a great and constant drain on the privy-purse when{200} so much was drawn85 out of it to meet the demands for play-money.
At the period of George II.’s reign there were cards everywhere. “Gaming has become so much the fashion,” writes Seymour, the author of the “Court Gamester,” “that he who in company should be ignorant of the games in vogue, would be reckoned low-bred and hardly fit for conversation.” On Twelfth Day it was customary for the Court to play in state. “This being Twelfth-day his Majesty, the Prince of Wales, and the Knights86 Companions of the Garter, Thistle, and Bath appeared in the collars of their respective orders. Their Majesties87, the Prince of Wales, and three eldest88 Princesses went to the Chapel89 Royal, preceded by the heralds90. The Duke of Manchester carried the Sword of State. The King and Prince made offerings at the altar of gold, frankincense, and myrrh, according to the annual custom. At night their Majesties played at hazard with the nobility, for the benefit of the groom-porter; and ’twas said the King won 600 guineas; the Queen, 360; Princess Amelia, twenty; Princess Caroline, ten; the Duke of Grafton and the Earl of Portmore, several thousands.”
George II. was once seated at a card-table, when the Countess of Deloraine, who usually formed one of his intimate society, happened to be one of the party at the game. In the midst of the play one of the Princesses quietly glided91 behind Lady Deloraine, and suddenly drawing the chair from under her caused her to fall on the ground. The King,{201} by his excessive laughter, showed himself highly amused at the occurrence, which so enraged92 Lady Deloraine that, some time afterwards seizing the King’s chair, she occasioned him the same mishap93 which she had experienced herself.
But George, says Horace Walpole, “like Louis XIV., was mortal in the part which touched the ground.” Diverted as he had been when the misfortune occurred to another, he regarded the insult as unpardonable when offered to himself, and henceforth Lady Deloraine was banished94 the Court.[87]
The Princess Amelia Sophia, daughter of George II., was fond of the card-table, and Horace Walpole, who was frequently invited to her card-parties, has given many a graphic95 picture of the Princess on these occasions. She was a great snuff-taker, and on one occasion, when playing at cards in the public rooms at Bath, a general officer took a pinch from her box, the Princess showing her sense of the liberty he had taken by ordering an attendant to throw the contents of the box into the fire.
But the Princess’s addiction96 to play was the cause of comment even in the royal circle. Doddington was once conversing97 with the widow of Frederick Prince of Wales respecting the tastes of her eldest son—afterwards George III.—when “she began by saying that she liked the Prince should now and then amuse himself at small play, but that princes should never play deep, both for example, and because it did not become them to{202} win great sums.” From thence, says Doddington, she told me that “it was highly improper98 the manner in which the Princess —— behaved at Bath; that she played publicly all the evening very deep.” I asked, with whom? She said, “With the Duke and Duchess of Bedford; that it was prodigious99 what work she made with Lord Chesterfield; that when his lordship was at Court she would speak to him; but that now at Bath she sent to inquire of his coming before he arrived; and when he came she sent her compliments to him, expecting him at all her parties at play, and that he should always sit by her in the public rooms that he might be sure of a warm place.” Numerous anecdotes of this kind have been recorded illustrative of the gambling tastes of the Princess; and yet notwithstanding the prosecution100 of her favourite occupation, which frequently kept her from rest till a very late hour, she continued an early riser throughout her life.[88]
George IV., when Prince of Wales, surpassed all his predecessors101 in his gambling propensities102, having lost, it is said, not much less than ￡800,000 before he was twenty-one years of age—a habit which he probably contracted through his intimacy103 with Fox. “It was with the view,” it is said, “and in the hope that marriage would cure his love of the gaming table, that his father was so anxious to see him united to Caroline; and it was solely104 on account of his marriage with that princess constituting the only condition of his debts being{203} paid by the country that he agreed to marry her.” Indeed, George IV. was, as Thackeray says,[89] “a famous pigeon for the play-men;” they lived upon him. Egalité Orleans, it was believed, punished him severely105. A noble lord is said to have mulcted him in immense sums. He frequented the clubs where play was almost universal, and, as it was known his debts of honour were sacred, whilst he was gambling, Jews waited outside to purchase his notes of hand.
Wraxall, in the “Memoirs of his own Time,” describing the royal residence at Luneville, of the ex-Polish monarch, Stanislaus Leczinski, says that during the last years of his life he withdrew every night at nine o’clock, when his departure constituted the signal for commencing faro. All the persons of both sexes, comprising his Court and household, joined in the game, which was continued to a late hour. But, as Dr. Doran says, “a circumstance seemingly incredible is that the rage for it became such as to attract by degrees to the table all the domestics of the palace, down to the very turnspits or scullions, who, crowding round, staked their écus on the cards over the heads of the company.” Such a fact, according to Wraxall, proves the relaxation106 of manners which prevailed at the Court of Lorraine under Stanislaus.
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gambling
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| n.赌博；投机 | |
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slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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dice
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| n.骰子；vt.把（食物）切成小方块，冒险 | |
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abounds
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| v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的第三人称单数 ) | |
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anecdote
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| n.轶事，趣闻，短故事 | |
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anecdotes
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| n.掌故，趣闻，轶事( anecdote的名词复数 ) | |
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patronage
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| n.赞助，支援，援助；光顾，捧场 | |
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monarchs
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| 君主，帝王( monarch的名词复数 ) | |
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monarch
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chivalry
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| n.骑士气概，侠义；（男人）对女人彬彬有礼，献殷勤 | |
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reign
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confided
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| v.吐露（秘密，心事等）( confide的过去式和过去分词 )；（向某人）吐露（隐私、秘密等） | |
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royalty
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| n.皇家，皇族 | |
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vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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chateau
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inveterate
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| adj.积习已深的，根深蒂固的 | |
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skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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Portuguese
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dissimulated
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| v.掩饰（感情），假装（镇静）( dissimulate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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suite
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| n.一套(家具)；套房；随从人员 | |
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22
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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23
resentment
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| n.怨愤，忿恨 | |
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outraged
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| a.震惊的，义愤填膺的 | |
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25
appeased
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| 安抚，抚慰( appease的过去式和过去分词 )； 绥靖（满足另一国的要求以避免战争） | |
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26
memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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27
avenge
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| v.为...复仇，为...报仇 | |
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28
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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29
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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30
renounce
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| v.放弃；拒绝承认，宣布与…断绝关系 | |
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31
adverse
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| adj.不利的；有害的；敌对的，不友好的 | |
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32
dealer
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| n.商人，贩子 | |
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33
knave
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| n.流氓；（纸牌中的）杰克 | |
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34
iniquitous
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| adj.不公正的；邪恶的；高得出奇的 | |
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35
shudder
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| v.战粟，震动，剧烈地摇晃；n.战粟，抖动 | |
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36
cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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37
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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38
auction
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| n.拍卖；拍卖会；vt.拍卖 | |
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39
adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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40
predecessor
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| n.前辈，前任 | |
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41
trumps
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| abbr.trumpets 喇叭；小号；喇叭形状的东西；喇叭筒v.（牌戏）出王牌赢（一牌或一墩）( trump的过去式 )；吹号公告，吹号庆祝；吹喇叭；捏造 | |
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42
outstrip
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| v.超过，跑过 | |
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43
licentiousness
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| n.放肆，无法无天 | |
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44
epoch
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| n.(新)时代；历元 | |
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45
memoirs
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| n.回忆录；回忆录传( mem,自oir的名词复数) | |
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46
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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47
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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tellers
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| n.（银行）出纳员( teller的名词复数 )；（投票时的）计票员；讲故事等的人；讲述者 | |
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frivolity
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| n.轻松的乐事，兴高采烈；轻浮的举止 | |
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habitual
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| adj.习惯性的；通常的，惯常的 | |
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deposition
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| n.免职，罢官；作证；沉淀；沉淀物 | |
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sojourn
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| v./n.旅居，寄居；逗留 | |
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54
tranquillity
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| n. 平静, 安静 | |
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reluctance
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| n.厌恶，讨厌，勉强，不情愿 | |
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equanimity
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| n.沉着，镇定 | |
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ruffled
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| adj. 有褶饰边的, 起皱的 动词ruffle的过去式和过去分词 | |
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redundant
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| adj.多余的，过剩的；(食物)丰富的；被解雇的 | |
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adversaries
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| n.对手，敌手( adversary的名词复数 ) | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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privy
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| adj.私用的；隐密的 | |
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emphatic
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| adj.强调的，着重的；无可置疑的，明显的 | |
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63
wager
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| n.赌注；vt.押注，打赌 | |
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wagers
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| n.赌注，用钱打赌( wager的名词复数 )v.在（某物）上赌钱，打赌( wager的第三人称单数 )；保证，担保 | |
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binding
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| 有约束力的，有效的，应遵守的 | |
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apprentice
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| n.学徒，徒弟 | |
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ornamented
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| adj.花式字体的v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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incurred
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| [医]招致的，遭受的； incur的过去式 | |
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prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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vices
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| 缺陷( vice的名词复数 )； 恶习； 不道德行为； 台钳 | |
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addicted
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| adj.沉溺于....的，对...上瘾的 | |
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alludes
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| 提及，暗指( allude的第三人称单数 ) | |
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73
initiated
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| n. 创始人 adj. 新加入的 vt. 开始，创始，启蒙，介绍加入 | |
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74
Vogue
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| n.时髦，时尚；adj.流行的 | |
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75
consort
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| v.相伴；结交 | |
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76
positively
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| adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实 | |
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77
etiquette
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| n.礼仪，礼节；规矩 | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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exasperated
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| adj.恼怒的 | |
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proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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81
supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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82
scatter
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| vt.撒，驱散，散开；散布/播；vi.分散，消散 | |
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83
remonstrances
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| n.抱怨，抗议( remonstrance的名词复数 ) | |
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84
allusions
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| 暗指，间接提到( allusion的名词复数 ) | |
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85
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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86
knights
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| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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87
majesties
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| n.雄伟( majesty的名词复数 )；庄严；陛下；王权 | |
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88
eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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89
chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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90
heralds
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| n.使者( herald的名词复数 )；预报者；预兆；传令官v.预示( herald的第三人称单数 )；宣布（好或重要） | |
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91
glided
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| v.滑动( glide的过去式和过去分词 )；掠过；（鸟或飞机 ） 滑翔 | |
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enraged
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| 使暴怒( enrage的过去式和过去分词 )； 歜； 激愤 | |
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93
mishap
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| n.不幸的事，不幸；灾祸 | |
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94
banished
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| v.放逐，驱逐( banish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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95
graphic
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| adj.生动的，形象的，绘画的，文字的，图表的 | |
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96
addiction
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| n.上瘾入迷，嗜好 | |
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97
conversing
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| v.交谈，谈话( converse的现在分词 ) | |
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98
improper
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| adj.不适当的，不合适的，不正确的，不合礼仪的 | |
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99
prodigious
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| adj.惊人的，奇妙的；异常的；巨大的；庞大的 | |
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100
prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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101
predecessors
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| n.前任( predecessor的名词复数 )；前辈；（被取代的）原有事物；前身 | |
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102
propensities
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| n.倾向，习性( propensity的名词复数 ) | |
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103
intimacy
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| n.熟悉，亲密，密切关系，亲昵的言行 | |
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104
solely
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| adv.仅仅，唯一地 | |
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105
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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106
relaxation
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| n.松弛，放松；休息；消遣；娱乐 | |
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