By the Seraglio Walls Showing the gate by which the Sultans used to enter St. Sophia, and the dome5 of St. Irene.
By the Seraglio Walls
Showing the gate by which the Sultans used to enter St. Sophia, and the dome of St. Irene.
JUST without the walls of the Seraglio stands a building which above all others is connected with Constantinople in the popular mind, the former Church, now Mosque, of St. Sophia. This is one of those particular monuments of history which every one of any pretension6 to culture wishes to see. A mighty7, imposing8 building, measuring 255 feet from north to south by 250 from east to west. This was the cathedral church of old Byzantium built in the twentieth year of the reign9 of Constantine the Great, A.D. 325, and dedicated10 to Divine Wisdom. Constantine’s son Constantius enlarged the building, which was destroyed by fire in the reign of Arcadius, 395-408, in whose time the Goths came down over the hills by Adrianople and devastated11 the land as far as the Peloponese. It is said that the faction12 of St. John Chrysostom set fire to this building during one of those religious disturbances13 which, more than elsewhere in the world, unsettled the minds of men and caused them to overlook the greater truths. Theodosius II, he who built the stout walls that guarded the City of Constantine on the landward side for many{62}{61} centuries, re-erected14 the cathedral in 415, but little more than a century later, in the reign of Justinian, it fell a victim to the flames again. Twice did this happen in the reign of Justinian, the second time during a revolt of different factions15 in the Hippodrome, but St. Sophia was rebuilt again in greater splendour and on a larger scale in A.D. 538.
This Church of St. Sophia became the scene of many solemn state functions and religious ceremonies, the fumes16 of incense17 curled round its many pillars of porphyry from Phrygia—white marble striped rose-red, as with the blood of Atys slain18 at Synada; of green marble from Laconia, and blue from Lybia. Celtic marble quarries19 sent their tribute, black with white veins20, and from the Bosphorus came white black-veined marble. Among the most beautiful of all these pillars were those eight which Aurelius had taken from the Temple of the Sun at Baalbec. Then there were monuments of gold, cunningly wrought21, enriched with the most precious stones, and about all these glories floated hymns22 of praise or supplication23 to the God about Whose Triune Person the citizens wrangled24 and fought in the Hippodrome and in the narrow streets.
Legend has it that this work of man’s hand was made yet more glorious by angelic influences. An angel appeared to order the work of the ten thousand men engaged in the reconstruction25 under Justinian; he appeared again, robed in brilliant white, to a boy guarding the masons’ tools by night and ordered an immediate26 continuance of the pious27 work, and yet a third time to lead the mules28 of the Treasury29 into the vaults30 to be laden31 with eighty hundredweight of gold wherewith to decorate the sacred fane. One more angel appeared, this time to the Emperor himself, clad in Imperial purple, wearing red shoes, to ordain32 that the light should fall through three windows{64} upon the High Altar, this in memory of Holy Trinity. On Christmas Day of 548 Emperor Justinian and Eutychius the Patriarch moved to the newly reconstructed sanctuary33 with all the pomp and ceremony of the Church. No sooner were the doors opened than the Emperor ran in with outstretched arms crying, “God be praised, Who hath esteemed34 me worthy35 to complete such a work. Solomon, I have surpassed thee!”
Not quite ten centuries later, in May of 1453 at Pentecost, the Patriarch was celebrating High Mass within the walls of St. Sophia, the fumes of incense floated heavenward with the supplications of the people, while the Turk was battering36 down the stout defences of the city and the Emperor and his followers37 were falling under the sword of Othman about the ruined ramparts. The Mass was interrupted and has never since been resumed, for from that day to this the Crescent has gleamed on the dome, the High Altar has faced towards Mecca, and from the attendant minarets38 the imam has called the followers of the Prophet to prayer. To the ancient Christian39 legends of angels the Turks have added traditions of their own. Near the Mihrab is a window facing north; here Sheik ak Shemseddin, the companion of Mohammed the Conqueror40, first expounded41 the Koran.
Roumeli Hissar The first fortress42 built by the Turks on European soil. Built by Mohammed the Conqueror, the ground plan being that monarch’s cypher.
Roumeli Hissar
The first fortress built by the Turks on European soil. Built by Mohammed the Conqueror, the ground plan being that monarch’s cypher.
In this Feast of Bairam, the Turkish Pentecost, the courts of St. Sophia were crowded with Turkish soldiery, some wounded, others stricken with cholera43, and in and out of the upper gate of the Seraglio, through which the Sultan was wont44 to issue for worship in the Mosque of Sophia, convoys45 of sick were wending their weary way, soldiers and stores were passing, for the enemy was before the gates—not the old enceinte of the City, but the lines of Chatalja stretching from the Sea of Marmora to the Black Sea—and he was demanding admission in order to complete the{65} High Mass interrupted on that day in May four and a half centuries ago.
After sketching46 a corner of the enclosure of St. Sophia and a bit of the Seraglio wall, over which the graceful47 cupola of St. Irene appears, a policeman stopped me for the first time in my experience of this city, but he was satisfied with a sight of my passport, which probably conveyed no definite idea to his mind. I went down towards the Sea of Marmora to renew my acquaintance with several historic places and to muse48 over the strange vicissitudes49 of this City of Constantine. It was a fine, clear day, unusually warm for November, and the Sea of Marmora shone in myriads50 of sparkling facets51 under the midday sun. Strange stories of ancient days came crowding in upon me. I seemed to see the face of the waters veiled by a cloud of swift-sailing vessels52. This strange pageant came up out of the south, Genoese, experienced travellers and redoubtable54 warriors55, then Venetians, the only seafarers who ever tried the strength of old Byzantium’s sea-walls. In double line they came bearing down upon the walls under Dandolo, the venerable Doge. Sailors leapt from the swifter craft and scaled the walls, while from the heavier ships with turrets56 and high of poop, and from platforms for the engines of war then in use, drawbridges were lowered to the summit of the walls. Already the standard of St. Mark waved from twenty-five towers and fire drove the Greeks from the adjacent defences. But Dandolo decided57 to forgo58 the advantage he had gained and to hasten to assist the exhausted59 band of Latins who were suffering under the superior numbers of the Greeks before the land-walls. The aspect of affairs was so serious that Alexius, the Emperor, fled with a treasure of some ten thousand pounds to an obscure Thracian harbour, basely deserting{66} his wife and people. Next came Khairreddin, called Barbarossa, High Admiral of Suleiman I. Khairreddin was one of four brothers whose trade was piracy60, then a most gentlemanly profession. He and his brother Urudsh first sailed under the flag of the Tunisian Sultan, but paid tribute to Suleiman. They conquered Tunis, Algiers, and all the Barbary coast, and held these provinces in fief. How many of those overseas possessions now owe allegiance to the Porte? Charles V, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, “Deutscher Nation,” sent Genoa’s greatest admiral, Doria, with a mighty fleet against Khairreddin, but they were dispersed61 by the eighty-four fast ships of Barbarossa, who scoured62 the Mediterranean63 Sea, ravaged64 the coasts of Italy, Minorca, even distant Spain, beating the combined naval66 forces of Emperor, Pope, and Venetian Republic, off Prevesa. Khairreddin Barbarossa lies buried on the banks of the Bosphorus. Not long after Barbarossa’s day a new sea-power began to make its influence felt; it stretched out feelers towards Constantinople, and when Amurath II was Sultan the Red Cross of St. George was seen for the first time from the sea-walls of Constantinople. English ships came sailing up from the south bearing messages to the Porte from Elizabeth, Queen of England.
When Ibrahim ruled over Turkey from 1640-1648 all manner of excesses went unpunished owing to the maladministration of a bad Sultan. Some English ships lying in harbour were plundered67. In those days it was the custom for any one who had received an injury from minister or official to place fire on his head and hurry to the palace. Redress68 for the injury to British ships having been refused by the Porte, Sir Thomas Bentinck brought the ships up from Galata, anchored them below the palace windows, and lighted fires on every yard-arm. This{67} man?uvre sent the Grand Vizier hurrying to the Ambassador with offers of settlement in full.
There was one place I revisited down by the Sea of Marmora which tells of evil deeds done one dark night in the days of old Byzant. It is the Palace of Justinian, by some called after Hormisdas or Hormouz, a Persian prince who sought refuge here with Constantine the Great.
A woman of low origin, Theophane, had married Romanus II, the Emperor, a man whose short reign added no lustre69 to the pages of the Empire’s history, for he spent his time in idleness. Theophane tired of her spouse70 and killed him by poison, and was minded to reign in the name of her two sons Basil and Constantine, one five, the other three years old. But the weight of responsibility was too great for her to bear, and she looked about for a strong man to support her. She found one in Nicephorus Phocas, then accounted the bravest soldier in the land; he was therefore popular with the people. But soon after Theophane had disposed of her first husband, and her second, Nicephorus, had ascended71 the throne, the fickle72 population turned from him and gave evidence of their discontent by stoning him. Nicephorus was forced to seek refuge in this Palace of Justinian, which he had strengthened considerably73 for his own defence against the people of the City. But Fate overtook him, coming from the Sea of Marmora. One winter’s night in 963, when the gates of the palace were locked and bolted, the windows barred, and as additional precaution the Emperor had moved from the room he generally occupied into a smaller chamber74, a boat was made fast at the foot of the palace steps. Headed by John Zimisces, Theophane’s lover, a band of assassins entered the palace, they were joined by others hiding in the Empress’s chamber; with much cruelty and insult they put Nicephorus Phocas to death.{68}
To-day as the visitor to Constantinople looks out to the Sea of Marmora over the seaward walls he may see the smoke of foreign warships76 curling upward—by the Asiatic coast a French warship75, the sunlight glinting on her many round turrets, some way towards south-west the long hull77 of a British cruiser against the sky, and further towards the west yet another foreign vessel53, Austrian, moving slowly, watching events by the lake at the southern ends of the lines of Chatalja; for history is in the making here, the enemy is before the gates, Turks and Bulgarians, with them Serbs, are fighting for a settlement of long outstanding accounts.
A Deserted78 Street Weary soldiers, sick and slightly wounded, trudged79 past up to the mosque erected by Suleiman to commemorate80 his many victories.
A Deserted Street
Weary soldiers, sick and slightly wounded, trudged past up to the mosque erected by Suleiman to commemorate his many victories.
Leaving the ruined Palace of Justinian I made my way up towards the hill on which stands the Mosque of Achmed, which rises so proudly with its six minarets above the little houses that cluster on the slope. I passed through more ruins on my way, not remains81 of ancient Byzant, but the results of one of the numerous fires to which Stamboul is well accustomed, and which it is so ill fitted to control. It was a peaceful spot, and quite deserted but for a very small boy who entertained me with an imitation of a railway engine engaged in shunting, a man?uvre of which whistling was the chief feature. We were not alone for long ere another body of weary soldiers, sick and slightly wounded, trudged past us up to the mosque erected by Suleiman to commemorate his many victories. He it was who carried the Crescent triumphant82 through Hungary to the gates of Vienna, leaving behind him Serbs and Bulgars in slavery. Those very nations have been trying the power of the Porte beyond the walls and are longing83 to enter; it is they who have reduced those Turkish soldiers to their present state of misery84. The possessions on the southern littoral85 of the Mediterranean Sea, which Khairreddin Barbarossa added to Suleiman’s dominions,{70}{69} have been wrenched86 from the feeble grasp of his successor, and the courtyard of the great Sultan’s mosque is crowded with refugees from Thrace and Macedonia, provinces won by the sword, lost by the sword, and the soldiers sent to defend them are now resting, sick and wounded, in the shadow of the Suleimanyeh.
Through the gratings of the enclosing wall of the Suleimanyeh refugees and soldiers look out at the passersby87 on to a large space, the theatre of many scenes in the history of ancient Byzant. Little they know, little they care, for such matters, for their troubles are very present. The refugees have had to leave their homesteads in Thrace and Macedonia, taking with them their most treasured belongings88, leaving the fruits of harvest to the invaders89. It is said that fear of their own soldiery rather than of the enemy compelled them to flee. Fathers, husbands, and sons of these refugees are among the sick and wounded. One case I know of where a wounded soldier just discharged from hospital set out to find his family, which he heard had migrated to Asia Minor65. Whither they have gone he knows not at all, but he has set out on his search, and in his pocket only a dollar, but his heart full of trust in Allah.
Suleiman built his mosque and its enclosure on part of the former Hippodrome, and its erection covered a space of five years, from 1550-1555. St. Sophia was taken as model, and relics90 of the Greek Empire went to its construction. It looks down on an open space, all that remains of the ancient Hippodrome, At-me?dan, as it is now called. Several ancient monuments stand here dating from the time of the Greek Emperors—the obelisk91 of Egyptian granite92, a four-cornered shaft93 some fifty feet high, brought from Heliopolis and set up by the Emperor Theodosius; the remains more curious still of the column of the Three Serpents, of bronze and about fifteen feet in height.{72} The serpents seem to grow out of the ground, but the illusion is rather spoilt by the fact that they have lost their heads; one of them at least is said to have been struck off by Mohammed the Conqueror. This column has had an eventful history; it is said to have been taken by the Greeks from the Persians at the battle of Plat?a, 479 B.C., and kept at Delphi, dedicated to the Oracle94, until the time of Pausanias. Constantine the Great then had it removed to his City, and set it up where it now stands.
Among the memories that haunt At-me?dan, the Hippodrome of old Byzant, are strongest those of the days of Justinian and Theodora his wife. Justinian, nephew of Justin, a simple Dacian who rose step by step to the Imperial Purple, he and his contemporary Theodoric, King of Italy, were illiterate95, a strange thing in those days when learning was no uncommon96 thing among all classes. Justin sent to Dacia for his nephew to train him for high Imperial office, and trained him well during the nine years of his reign. So on the death of Justin, Justinian inherited the throne, and with his many advantages should have proved successful. He was comely97 of face and of great bodily strength, full of the best intentions and restless in pursuit of knowledge; the wars he undertook he brought to a happy issue, and the laws he framed should have won the gratitude98 of his people. Yet they loved not Justinian, and by some this is ascribed to Theodora his wife: Theodora, the actress, the dancer, Justinian’s Empress!
Two factions, Blue and Green, influenced the fortunes of Constantinople in those days. The Green faction employed one Acacius as keeper of the wild beasts for their games; he was Theodora’s father. On his death the mother brought Theodora and her sisters to the theatre, where they appeared in the garb99 of supplicants. The{73} Green faction received them with contempt, by the Blue faction they were kindly100 entreated101, so Theodora favoured that colour ever after. The details of Theodora’s life as actress, dancer, need not concern us; a son was born to her during this period of her existence. Many years later the father of the child, when dying, told him: “Your mother is an Empress.” The son of Theodora hastened to Constantinople, hurried to the palace to present himself, and was never seen again. For a while Theodora lived in seclusion102 in Alexandria, then she had a vision which told her that she was destined103 to wear the Imperial Purple; she returned to Constantinople, won Justinian’s love, and verified the vision’s prophecy.
Another Justinian, second of that name, played his short part in the history of Byzant, in scenes enacted104 in the Hippodrome. In all things different from his great predecessor105, for he was feeble of intellect and unable to control his passions, neither was he faithful to his wife, another Theodora, whose love saved his life when her brother, the Khan of the Chazars, bribed106 by Byzantine gold, sought to take it. This Justinian ruled with great cruelty, through the hands of his favourite ministers, and succeeded by their aid in braving the growing hatred107 of his subjects. A sudden impulse, rather than any sense of the justice he habitually108 outraged109, led him to liberate110 one Leontius, a general of great renown111, who had suffered unjust imprisonment112 for several years. Leontius, raised to honour and appointed Governor of Greece, headed a conspiracy113 which resulted in the populace breaking open the prisons and releasing many innocent sufferers from the Emperor’s injustice114. Then in their thousands an excited populace swarmed115 to the Church of St. Sophia, where the Patriarch, taking as text for his sermon, “This is the day of the Lord,” still further inflamed116 the passions of the{74} mob. They crowded into the Hippodrome, dragged Justinian before the insurgent117 judges, who clamoured for his immediate death. But Leontius, already clothed in the Purple, was merciful to the son of his former master and friend; so Justinian, the scion118 of so many Emperors, was deposed119 and, slightly mutilated about the face, banished120 to the Crimea.
Here Justinian waited for revenge while Constantinople’s fickle population revolted from Leontius and placed Apsimar, as Emperor Tiberius, on the throne. But he failed to satisfy the mob, and so when Justinian appeared before the City walls and besieged121 his own capital with a Bulgarian army the citizens opened the gates and re-instated him. So the Hippodrome witnessed Justinian’s return to power. He sat on his throne watching the chariot race, one foot on the neck of each captive usurper122 Leontius and Apsimar in chains, while the fickle people shouted in the words of the Psalmist: “Thou shalt trample123 on the asp and basilisk, and on the lion and the dragon shalt thou set thy foot.” On the conclusion of the games Leontius and Apsimar were led away to execution.
The Mosque of St. Sophia Refugees from Thrace, seeking shelter in the courtyard of the Mosque of Achmet. In the background the Mosque of St. Sophia.
The Mosque of St. Sophia
Refugees from Thrace, seeking shelter in the courtyard of the Mosque of Achmet. In the background the Mosque of St. Sophia.
These are some of the strange scenes which the Hippodrome has witnessed ere the Turk crowned his conquests by the taking of Constantinople. Here overlooking one end of At-me?dan, where the Janissaries used to exercise their horses, is the building which contains many relics of that famous corps124; the Janissaries are no more, for, like the Pr?torian guard, they became a danger to their sovereign. Here on At-me?dan the Ottoman Exhibition was held in 1863. How many changes have taken place in Europe since those days when Abdul Aziz was Sultan! The uncalled-for Crimean War was scarcely at an end and Turkey’s European possessions showed a tendency towards disruption, but things went very well for all that, and no{76}{75} one among the general public noticed the rise of a great Power in the north. The year following saw Prussia master of Schleswig-Holstein, two years from then Austria had been beaten and the southern German States forced into union by the same Power. Then by the time another four or five years had passed, the French Empire fell, and the German Empire became an accomplished125 fact. Roumania, Servia, Bulgaria have become kingdoms independent of the Sublime126 Porte; Bosnia and Herzegovina are no longer Turkish provinces, neither does Tripolitana form part of the Ottoman Empire any longer. Over Macedonia and Thrace the Slav enemies of Turkey, formerly127 that country’s vassals128, fly their victorious129 colours. Montenegro has occupied part of the Adriatic coast, the Hellenes have seized Saloniki, and foreign warships have landed their contingents130 in Constantinople. Beyond the walls of the City which Mohammed conquered Bulgarians and Slavs are clamouring for admittance; within the walls the beaten Osmanli troops fill the hospitals, crowd the enclosures of mosques131 erected by conquering Sultans, and die daily by hundreds from neglected wounds, from sickness, above all from that dread132 Asiatic scourge133, cholera.
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1
mosque
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| n.清真寺 | |
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pageant
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| n.壮观的游行；露天历史剧 | |
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blues
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| n.抑郁，沮丧；布鲁斯音乐 | |
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dome
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| n.圆屋顶，拱顶 | |
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pretension
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| n.要求；自命，自称；自负 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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devastated
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| v.彻底破坏( devastate的过去式和过去分词)；摧毁；毁灭；在感情上（精神上、财务上等）压垮adj.毁坏的；极为震惊的 | |
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faction
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| n.宗派，小集团；派别；派系斗争 | |
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disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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factions
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| 组织中的小派别，派系( faction的名词复数 ) | |
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fumes
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| n.(强烈而刺激的)气味，气体 | |
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incense
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| v.激怒；n.香，焚香时的烟，香气 | |
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slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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quarries
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| n.（采）石场( quarry的名词复数 )；猎物（指鸟，兽等）；方形石；（格窗等的）方形玻璃v.从采石场采得( quarry的第三人称单数 )；从（书本等中）努力发掘（资料等）；在采石场采石 | |
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veins
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| n.纹理；矿脉( vein的名词复数 )；静脉；叶脉；纹理 | |
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wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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hymns
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| n.赞美诗，圣歌，颂歌( hymn的名词复数 ) | |
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supplication
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| n.恳求，祈愿，哀求 | |
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wrangled
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| v.争吵，争论，口角( wrangle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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reconstruction
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| n.重建，再现，复原 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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mules
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| 骡( mule的名词复数 )； 拖鞋； 顽固的人； 越境运毒者 | |
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treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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vaults
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| n.拱顶( vault的名词复数 )；地下室；撑物跳高；墓穴 | |
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laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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ordain
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| vi.颁发命令；vt.命令，授以圣职，注定，任命 | |
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sanctuary
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| n.圣所，圣堂，寺庙；禁猎区，保护区 | |
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esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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battering
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| n.用坏，损坏v.连续猛击( batter的现在分词 ) | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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minarets
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| n.（清真寺旁由报告祈祷时刻的人使用的）光塔( minaret的名词复数 ) | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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expounded
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| 论述，详细讲解( expound的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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cholera
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| n.霍乱 | |
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wont
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| adj.习惯于；v.习惯；n.习惯 | |
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45
convoys
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| n.（有护航的）船队( convoy的名词复数 )；车队；护航（队）；护送队 | |
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46
sketching
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| n.草图 | |
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47
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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48
muse
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| n.缪斯（希腊神话中的女神），创作灵感 | |
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49
vicissitudes
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| n.变迁，世事变化；变迁兴衰( vicissitude的名词复数 )；盛衰兴废 | |
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50
myriads
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| n.无数，极大数量( myriad的名词复数 ) | |
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51
facets
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| n.（宝石或首饰的）小平面( facet的名词复数 )；（事物的）面；方面 | |
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52
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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53
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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54
redoubtable
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| adj.可敬的；可怕的 | |
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55
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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56
turrets
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| （六角）转台( turret的名词复数 )； （战舰和坦克等上的）转动炮塔； （摄影机等上的）镜头转台； （旧时攻城用的）塔车 | |
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57
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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58
forgo
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| v.放弃，抛弃 | |
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59
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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60
piracy
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| n.海盗行为，剽窃，著作权侵害 | |
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61
dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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62
scoured
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| 走遍（某地）搜寻（人或物）( scour的过去式和过去分词 )； （用力）刷； 擦净； 擦亮 | |
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63
Mediterranean
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| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
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64
ravaged
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| 毁坏( ravage的过去式和过去分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫 | |
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65
minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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66
naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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67
plundered
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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68
redress
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| n.赔偿，救济，矫正；v.纠正，匡正，革除 | |
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69
lustre
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| n.光亮，光泽；荣誉 | |
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70
spouse
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| n.配偶(指夫或妻) | |
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71
ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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72
fickle
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| adj.(爱情或友谊上)易变的，不坚定的 | |
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73
considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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74
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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warship
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| n.军舰，战舰 | |
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76
warships
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| 军舰，战舰( warship的名词复数 )； 舰只 | |
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77
hull
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| n.船身；(果、实等的)外壳；vt.去(谷物等)壳 | |
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deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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trudged
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| vt.& vi.跋涉，吃力地走（trudge的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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80
commemorate
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| vt.纪念，庆祝 | |
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81
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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82
triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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83
longing
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| n.（for）渴望 | |
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84
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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85
littoral
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| adj.海岸的；湖岸的；n.沿（海）岸地区 | |
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wrenched
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| v.（猛力地）扭( wrench的过去式和过去分词 )；扭伤；使感到痛苦；使悲痛 | |
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87
passersby
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| n. 过路人(行人,经过者) | |
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88
belongings
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| n.私人物品，私人财物 | |
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89
invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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91
obelisk
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| n.方尖塔 | |
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92
granite
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| adj.花岗岩，花岗石 | |
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93
shaft
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| n.(工具的)柄，杆状物 | |
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94
oracle
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| n.神谕，神谕处，预言 | |
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95
illiterate
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| adj.文盲的；无知的；n.文盲 | |
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96
uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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97
comely
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| adj.漂亮的，合宜的 | |
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98
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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99
garb
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| n.服装，装束 | |
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100
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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101
entreated
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| 恳求，乞求( entreat的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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102
seclusion
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| n.隐遁，隔离 | |
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103
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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104
enacted
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| 制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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105
predecessor
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| n.前辈，前任 | |
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106
bribed
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| v.贿赂( bribe的过去式和过去分词 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂 | |
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107
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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108
habitually
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| ad.习惯地，通常地 | |
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109
outraged
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| a.震惊的，义愤填膺的 | |
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110
liberate
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| v.解放，使获得自由，释出，放出；vt.解放，使获自由 | |
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111
renown
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| n.声誉，名望 | |
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112
imprisonment
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| n.关押，监禁，坐牢 | |
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113
conspiracy
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| n.阴谋，密谋，共谋 | |
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114
injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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115
swarmed
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| 密集( swarm的过去式和过去分词 )； 云集； 成群地移动； 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去 | |
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116
inflamed
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| adj.发炎的，红肿的v.（使）变红，发怒，过热( inflame的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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117
insurgent
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| adj.叛乱的，起事的；n.叛乱分子 | |
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118
scion
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| n.嫩芽，子孙 | |
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119
deposed
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| v.罢免( depose的过去式和过去分词 )；（在法庭上）宣誓作证 | |
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120
banished
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| v.放逐，驱逐( banish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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121
besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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122
usurper
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| n. 篡夺者, 僭取者 | |
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123
trample
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| vt.踩，践踏；无视，伤害，侵犯 | |
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124
corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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125
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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126
sublime
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| adj.崇高的，伟大的；极度的，不顾后果的 | |
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127
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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128
vassals
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| n.奴仆( vassal的名词复数 )；（封建时代）诸侯；从属者；下属 | |
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129
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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130
contingents
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| （志趣相投、尤指来自同一地方的）一组与会者( contingent的名词复数 )； 代表团； （军队的）分遣队； 小分队 | |
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131
mosques
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| 清真寺； 伊斯兰教寺院，清真寺； 清真寺，伊斯兰教寺院( mosque的名词复数 ) | |
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132
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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133
scourge
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| n.灾难，祸害；v.蹂躏 | |
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