IN these days of effective long-range fire the defences of a capital city lie well away from and command the approaches to it. Whereas formerly4 hostile forces surged up against stout5 towers and strong walls, the enemy of to-day lets loud-voiced cannon6 speak from afar, hurling7 destruction at what look like mounds8, green hills, from a distance, but when approached bristle9 with ordnance10 and small-arms. Far afield lie fortresses12, each encircled with smaller forts, and these are meant to stay the tide of invasion. This was the mission of Adrianople and its enceinte of forts, Adrianople, the City of Hadrian, famous in history, for epoch13-making events have taken place around it; the Goths here vanquished14 Valens, and their impetuous onslaught broke the ranks of Roman legions and filled the minds of those warriors15 with such dread17 of the Teuton invader18 that years passed before they could be induced to face the Goths again. It was Theodosius the Great who brought back their courage to them. His skilful19 system of block-houses kept him informed of the enemy’s vagrant20 movements, and by so contriving{111} that the Roman legionaries met only numerically inferior bodies of barbarians21, he helped to revive the great traditions of Roman arms at least for a short space of time.
Then again when Bulgarians came pouring down the Valley of the Maritza towards Constantinople, the defenders22 of the Imperial City met them at Adrianople; the armies of Byzant were beaten, the Emperor slain23, and his skull24, encased in gold, served as a drinking-vessel to his vanquisher25. The hosts of Othman, having overrun the northern European provinces of the Byzantine Empire, made for Adrianople, and the city became the European capital of the Osmanli until Constantinople fell.
To-day the City of Hadrian, the “Sperr-fort” of Constantinople, is surrounded by the enemies of the Porte, Bulgarians and Servians, and thus one of the outlying defences of the capital no longer serves its purpose, and the defence has been drawn26 in nearer to the lines of Chatalja. Those lines now take the place as last defence of the walls built on the landward side by Theodosius II, and improved and repaired by his successors to the Imperial Purple. They stand to-day grey and deserted27, lichen-grown, clad in dark green folds of ivy28, that sympathetic friend of fallen fortresses, and listen to the sounds of danger to the capital, while recalling days when they themselves held out against all foes29, though earthquakes shook their stout foundations, and discord30 in the city seemed like to nullify their usefulness. A strange and stirring history this of those landward walls of Constantinople, and worthy31 of a moment’s consideration in these days, when the fate of yet another Empire, with its seat of government within those walls, is trembling in the balance.
They stretch from the Sea of Marmora northward32 to the Golden Horn, do those walls of Theodosius, their southern angle marked by a strong tower, a marble tower,{112} dipping its foundations deep into the pellucid33 waters. I saw it first on a glorious summer day, the gleaming blocks of marble of which it is built were reflected in the waters of the Sea of Marmora, beyond blue sea, or above blue sky, and between the two, floating like the Isles34 of the Blest on a magic sea, the Prince’s Islands, and behind them the blue hills of Asia Minor35, their rugged36 outlines softened37 by the heat-haze of a summer’s day. Little white sails gleamed on the flashing waters, sails filled by some idle zephyr38 which carried small ships away, lazily, out into the southern seas. But, mind you, this tower has not always lived in idleness, bathing its feet in summer seas. Times were when the watchman up in this tower would see the south alive with movement and the silver path on the sea overshadowed by clouds of sail. Swiftly they came, those strange craft from out of the south, bearing bronzed sons of Arabia to storm the City of C?sar. Twice they came, in 668 and again from 716-718, but their efforts were unavailing, and the groves39 of cypress40 trees mark their last resting-place.
The Marble Tower served its purpose well in those ancient days, over which distance has cast its glamour41. To-day the Marble Tower stands silent, lifeless, by the side of a leaden sea; passing squalls hide the view to southward and over the Islands towards the mountains of Asia Minor, and a grey sky, heavy with rain, hangs like a pall42 over the City and this corner of its ancient defences. The Marble Tower’s part in history is long since played out, and now it listens silently, helpless, to the distant booming of cannon before which it would fall like those castles of dreamland at cock-crow; ruined it stands mourning the ruin which overtakes the kingdoms of this world.
A little further northward stands yet another memorable43 monument to former greatness, Yedi Koulé and the{113} “Golden Gate.” Several ruined towers raise their heads above the broken walls from among groups of little wooden houses. They and the curtains which connect them once formed a stronghold built by Mohammed II on the ruins of a former castle. This was for a time the chief garrison44 of the Janissaries, and a state prison wherein the Sultans were wont45 to incarcerate46 the ambassadors of those foreign Powers with which they chanced to be at war, a playful habit which has been discontinued since Turkey asserted her claim to be considered a civilized47 nation. The Janissaries also kept their own prisoners here, generally dethroned Sultans, whom they killed here at their leisure and free from outside interference.
A strong fortress11 stood here, raised by a strong man, Theodosius, in the young days of ancient Byzantium. It was built on to by successive Emperors, and became one of the most important centres of the City on memorable occasions, for this stronghold became known as the “Golden Gate,” the Porta Aurea, and its towering walls looked down upon great historic happenings. Without on the plain dense48 hosts would form into ordered procession and follow their Emperor in his triumphal entry through the gates. Under a heavy sky, festooned with sombre ivy, crumbling49 in its last stage of decay, the Golden Gate with difficulty recalls the glories that have passed beneath it. The Golden Gate had three archways, of which the central one was wider and loftier than the others, like those to be seen in the Roman Forum50. These were dedicated51 to Severus and Constantine, and were closed by gilded52 gates taken from Mompseueste and placed here by Nicephorus Phocas after his victories in Cilicia. The gate is said to owe its origin to Theodosius the Great, who built it to commemorate53 his victory over Maximus. Though I thoroughly54 appreciate Theodosius and subscribe55 to all{114} his claims to greatness, I have ever been sorry for Maximus. After all, it seems, he did not really wish to rebel against Gratian and assume the Imperial Purple. Rather was he urged to it by popular opinion, the politicians of Britain having decided56 that he should, and the youth of Britain flocked to his standards, so Maximus was bound to move. It was a big move, too, and successful at first, for his rapid progress alarmed Gratian, who fled from Paris, his army of Gaul having gone over to Maximus. The campaign was like the migration57 of a nation, 30,000 fighting men and 100,000 others, and of these numbers settled in Brittany, where their descendants live to this day. To make things pleasanter, a great number of ladies set out from Britain with the intention of joining the men when the fighting was over. St. Ursula took charge of this column, 11,000 noble, 60,000 plebeian58 maidens, destined59 as brides for the settlers, but they lost their way, and when at last they got to Cologne they met the Huns and were all slaughtered60. For this St. Ursula was canonized, as is only right and proper, and a beautiful window in Cologne Cathedral sets forth62 the whole story, giving portraits of the ladies, so that in face of evidence as conclusive63 as that of our half-penny illustrated64 dailies there is no more room for doubt. Maximus came up against Theodosius in the end, and that was the end of him.
Nearly three centuries later Heraclius, the Emperor, entered the Golden Gate in triumph after his victory over the Persians, and again a century later Constantine Copronymus followed through these golden arches after defeating the Bulgarians. They came in one long stream of conquerors66 in those earlier centuries of the Byzantine Emperors, names now forgotten or but dimly remembered; then awoke the “Daughter of the Arches,” as Echo was poetically67 called, as one hero after another was acclaimed{115} by a vainglorious68 mob: Theophilus, in the middle of the ninth century, he routed the Arabs. Basil I, the Macedonian—a strange story his. It was in the middle of the ninth century that a young, strong, and active, but weary and travel-stained man came over the heights beyond the Golden Gate. He entered by a side entrance close to, or part of, the Golden Gate at sunset, and being a stranger in the City with no friends to go to, he lay down to sleep on the steps of the Monastery69 of St. Diomed, which stood near the Golden Gate. A kindly70 monk71 extended the hospitality of the monastery to him, and the brothers helped him to find suitable employment. His good fortune led him to a cousin, in whose train Basil went to the Peloponese. Here he became acquainted with a wealthy widow, Danielis, who adopted him as her son, and helped by her wealth and by his own merits, Basil rose to high honour, and finally stepped from the body of the Emperor, killed by himself, to the steps of the throne. Years after his first entrance into Constantinople Basil I, founder72 of the Macedonian dynasty, moved in under the arches of the Golden Gate in triumph.
Another Basil, second of that name, rode in at the Golden Gate after his victory over the Bulgarians. The slaughter61 he inflicted73 on them gained him the appellation74 “Bulgaroktonos”; the memory of the cruelty he practised on his Bulgarian captives lives still in the minds of their descendants, those men whose big guns were battering75 at the outer defences of Constantinople, those men who would that their sovereign should enter the City as conqueror65.
The Bulgarians found the road to Constantinople soon after their appearance in Eastern Europe. Clouds of dust heralded76 the coming of Crum, their King, with a large host amid flocks of sheep and goats. They pitched their leather tents on the slopes outside the Golden Gate and{116} laid siege to that stronghold, but all their efforts were unavailing, even the human sacrifices offered by their King to his strange gods failed of effect, and a receding77 cloud of dust told the watchman on the Golden Gate that his savage78 enemy had withdrawn79.
Another figure in the glittering pageant80 that passed through the Golden Gate in triumph was John Zimisces, the Armenian, of whose rise to power over the corpse81 of his imperial master, aided by his mistress the Empress, the walls of the Palace of Hormisdas were silent witnesses.
The last of all the Emperors to enter triumphantly82 by the Golden Gate was Michael Pal?ologus, in August, 1261. The Latin Emperors had held Constantinople for some time when Michael came with an army to claim his rightful inheritance, and Baldwin, last of the Latins, fled at his approach. The Golden Gate was thrown open, the Emperor dismounted, and on foot meekly83 followed the miraculous84 image of Mary the Conductress into the City as far as the Cathedral of St. Sophia. Michael re-established the dynasty of the Pal?ologi on the throne of Constantine, and they held it for two short centuries. The next conqueror to enter the City of Constantine was Mohammed II, and he rode over the heaped corpses85 of Janissaries and of Byzantine princes and their mercenaries, in over the breech made by his engines of war, and with him came the spirit of another age and race which yet holds possession, while those distant guns thundered at the lines of Chatalja, threatening to close yet another epoch in the long, tense history of Constantinople, Stamboul, Tsarigrad, the Castle of C?sar.
The Walls of Theodosius Outside these walls refugees from Thrace and Macedonia settled on their way back to Asia Minor. They camped among the graves of fallen warriors of their faith, and cut down for firewood the centuries-old cypress trees.
The Walls of Theodosius
Outside these walls refugees from Thrace and Macedonia settled on their way back to Asia Minor. They camped among the graves of fallen warriors of their faith, and cut down for firewood the centuries-old cypress trees.
The walls built by Theodosius begin after Yedi Koulé Kapousi, the Gate of the Seven Towers, and extend northwards until they reach the high ground overlooking the Valley of the Lycus, when they turn off slightly to the{118}{117} north-east. Constantine the Great had built walls around his City, but it outgrew86 them, and so to Theodosius II, who reigned87 from 408-450, fell the task of extending the limits of the Castle of C?sar. Historians of the time draw a pleasant picture of the scene when these walls were erected88. All citizens were called upon to assist, political factions89 dropped their differences, and so there arose the defences of the City. Misfortune visited them shortly after their completion, when an earthquake overthrew90 a great portion of the work, including fifty-seven towers. It came at an inopportune moment too, for Attila, the “Scourge of God,” as he was pleased to call himself, was at large, had already inflicted three defeats on the armies of the Eastern Empire, had ravaged91 Macedonia and Thrace with fire and sword, and was moving down upon Constantinople. Even to-day, after the passing of eleven centuries, these walls of Theodosius present an imposing92 front, in some places almost untouched by the hand of time; how much more formidable must they have appeared to those assailants whose bones are guarded by the tapering93 cypress trees a stone’s throw away from the fosse. There were in all one hundred and ninety-two towers. Visitors to Constantinople should view these walls of Theodosius from near Top Kapousi. A long line of walls extends away to the south, first the inner wall, standing94 on a broad terrace raised somewhat above the outer wall. This terrace is about fifty feet broad, and here was the main defence of the City—for in former days these walls were of enormous strength compared to any engines of offence that could be brought against them—a chain of towers linked together by stout walls known as curtains to the expert. These towers, most of which are square, stand about one hundred and seventy feet apart, and rose, when in their completed state, to a height of sixty{120} feet, standing out some twenty feet from the curtain. Each tower contained, as a rule, two chambers95, and was built of carefully cut stone and vaulted96 with brick inside. The outer wall contained a number of vaulted chambers which offered shelter to the troops engaged in the defence, and there are loopholes through which their fire was directed. This wall had numbers of little towers, alternately round and square, and was about ten feet high, sufficient to afford protection to bodies of troops moving from one place to another along the terrace. There was also a deep moat which could be flooded; it is now serving the peaceful purpose of market-garden.
The Sea-walls of Constantinople Above them rises the dome97 of Little St. Sophia, behind which again looms98 the mighty99 Mosque100 of Achmet.
The Sea-walls of Constantinople
Above them rises the dome of Little St. Sophia, behind which again looms the mighty Mosque of Achmet.
On a fine day the view over the walls away to the Sea of Marmora is wonderfully beautiful—but this is winter, and grey clouds keep out the sunshine needed to draw out the many beauties of the scene. The road, at no time really entitled to be called so, is now a quagmire101 with rocks in it, yet traffic of a kind is passing—lumbering carts drawn by water-buffaloes pitch and roll in the sea of mud, and clinging to them are refugees from Thrace and Macedonia who have fled from their homes before the invader. They camp about in the neighbourhood outside the walls of Theodosius, not knowing what to do nor whither to guide their weary steps, these refugees from the storm that tore down the Valley of the Maritza, when Tsar Ferdinand led his armies over the border, and Serbs crossed the mountain-passes to meet their old enemy, ay, and to triumph over him. Flotsam and jetsam, thrown up by the tide of war on the strip of land still held by Turkey in Europe, these refugees would be without hope of any better fate were it not for the efforts of Christian3 men and women in Constantinople, to whom Christian men and women have sent from distant countries large sums to help the awful distress102 caused by this last crusade.{121} Up to the present ￡28,000 has come from Great Britain alone. I do not know how much other countries have contributed. And this has been done for a people who have been ever ready to obey their rulers in carrying out the Oriental methods of solving racial problems by massacre103, who are only prevented from applying the same principle to their benefactors104 by the inexpediency of doing so with the Golden Horn full of European warships105. Islam justifies106 the murder of unbelievers—the followers108 of that creed109 are not so much to blame, least of all the ignorant peasant taken from his home to fight for he knows not what, driven from his possessions by a foreign invader. Christianity is again triumphant—where this Moslem110 country has proved itself unequal to any emergency, incapable111 of elementary organization, leaving its sick and the wounded of the battlefields to die and rot in the courtyards of mosques112, yes, even in the open streets, Christian men and women have organized relief, and theirs is the only work which in any way can claim to have helped the sufferers in those awful last weeks of the “Passing of Ottoman Power in Europe.” One lady is now in hospital there in Constantinople—she was brought in sick from the strain of overwork and the horrors she had witnessed in a little town near by. Outside her door, on the pavements, in the road lay men, Turkey’s famous fighting men, starved, wounded, dying of neglect and disease. So for over a fortnight that Christian woman toiled113 among them; the nights she spent in making soup for them, the day was taken up in distributing it. It was no nice clean hospital work, dead and dying were piled upon each other in unmitigated misery114, in incredible filth—those who have been there and seen say that they have been down, deep down, into Hell. Yet even there the light penetrated115, brought by a Christian woman following the precepts116 of her Master.{122}
Since then the Christian medical organizations, under the Red Crescent, forsooth, lest Islam should feel itself slighted in its character of a creed of mercy and loving-kindness, have taken matters in hand, and order and cleanliness are conquering over ignorance and bringing light to Gehenna. There is yet a vast amount to be done, but it is being done, not only by those professionally qualified117 to undertake such duties, but by every lady in Galata and Pera, at least I think I may safely say so, as I know not one among my many acquaintances here who is not in some way engaged in the work of mercy. Not only ladies, but men, busy men, are helping118—officers from the warships in harbour, sent to prevent a general massacre of Christians119, business men, hard-worked officials, all find time to spare in visiting the hospitals and helping wherever opportunity offers. They do not expect gratitude120, nor do they find much, I fancy, for East is East and West is West, and to me the Oriental mind is inscrutable still, though I have lived in the East and travelled in it.
There are strange times these days in Constantinople, with the fate of an Empire in the balance. At first sight the traveller might notice little change or little difference from the sights and sounds of normal times. People went about their business much as usual—the Stock Exchange had much the same “allure” as ever, and the smells it harboured have not changed, only intensified121 perhaps, under the pressure of the lowering heavens. The narrow streets were thronged122 by the same crowds composed of many races; “hamals” carried astounding123 weights and packages of strange, outlandish shape, regardless of any other foot-passengers; men of leisure sat under the soaked awnings124 of the little cafés in Stamboul by the shore of the Golden Horn, or looked dull-eyed out of the plate-glass windows of Tokatlians’, according to their taste, their nationality, their{123} social standing; and a general air of indifference125 seemed to mark the people of the town, the Turks in particular. But there were military patrols in the street, and when you looked closer into matters you found many evidences of change. The Red Cross and Red Crescent flew over many buildings in Stamboul, Galata, and Pera, Christian civilization was working for the good of Christianity’s bitterest opponents, and in the mosques of Islam, where in the dim religious light you used to see a pious126 follower107 of the Prophet performing his solemn devotions, or a “hodja” studying reverently127 the Prophet’s Book of the Law, where no sound was heard, you now heard the groans128 of wounded soldiers; for these temples, raised by conquerors of a warrior16 caste and creed, now harboured all the misery caused by a war ill-planned, ill-managed, and inglorious.
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1
maidens
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| 处女( maiden的名词复数 )； 少女； 未婚女子； （板球运动）未得分的一轮投球 | |
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pal
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| n.朋友，伙伴，同志；vi.结为友 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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hurling
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| n.爱尔兰式曲棍球v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的现在分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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mounds
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| 土堆，土丘( mound的名词复数 )； 一大堆 | |
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bristle
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| v.（毛发）直立，气势汹汹，发怒；n.硬毛发 | |
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ordnance
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| n.大炮，军械 | |
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fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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fortresses
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| 堡垒，要塞( fortress的名词复数 ) | |
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epoch
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| n.(新)时代；历元 | |
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vanquished
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| v.征服( vanquish的过去式和过去分词 )；战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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invader
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| n.侵略者，侵犯者，入侵者 | |
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skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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vagrant
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| n.流浪者，游民；adj.流浪的，漂泊不定的 | |
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barbarians
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| n.野蛮人( barbarian的名词复数 )；外国人；粗野的人；无教养的人 | |
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defenders
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| n.防御者( defender的名词复数 )；守卫者；保护者；辩护者 | |
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slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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skull
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| n.头骨；颅骨 | |
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vanquisher
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| 征服者，胜利者 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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ivy
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| n.常青藤，常春藤 | |
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foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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discord
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| n.不和，意见不合，争论，（音乐）不和谐 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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pellucid
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| adj.透明的，简单的 | |
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isles
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| 岛( isle的名词复数 ) | |
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minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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softened
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| （使）变软( soften的过去式和过去分词 )； 缓解打击； 缓和； 安慰 | |
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zephyr
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| n.和风，微风 | |
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groves
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| 树丛，小树林( grove的名词复数 ) | |
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cypress
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| n.柏树 | |
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glamour
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| n.魔力，魅力；vt.迷住 | |
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pall
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| v.覆盖，使平淡无味；n.柩衣，棺罩；棺材；帷幕 | |
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memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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wont
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| adj.习惯于；v.习惯；n.习惯 | |
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incarcerate
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| v.监禁，禁闭 | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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crumbling
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| adj.摇摇欲坠的 | |
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forum
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| n.论坛，讨论会 | |
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dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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gilded
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| a.镀金的，富有的 | |
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commemorate
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| vt.纪念，庆祝 | |
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54
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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55
subscribe
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| vi.(to)订阅，订购；同意；vt.捐助，赞助 | |
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56
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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57
migration
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| n.迁移，移居，（鸟类等的）迁徙 | |
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58
plebeian
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| adj.粗俗的；平民的；n.平民；庶民 | |
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59
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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60
slaughtered
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| v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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61
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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62
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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63
conclusive
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| adj.最后的，结论的；确凿的，消除怀疑的 | |
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64
illustrated
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| adj. 有插图的，列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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65
conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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66
conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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67
poetically
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| adv.有诗意地，用韵文 | |
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68
vainglorious
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| adj.自负的；夸大的 | |
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69
monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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70
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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71
monk
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| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
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72
Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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73
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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74
appellation
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| n.名称，称呼 | |
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75
battering
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| n.用坏，损坏v.连续猛击( batter的现在分词 ) | |
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76
heralded
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| v.预示( herald的过去式和过去分词 )；宣布（好或重要） | |
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77
receding
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| v.逐渐远离( recede的现在分词 )；向后倾斜；自原处后退或避开别人的注视；尤指问题 | |
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78
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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79
withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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80
pageant
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| n.壮观的游行；露天历史剧 | |
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81
corpse
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| n.尸体，死尸 | |
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82
triumphantly
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| ad.得意洋洋地；得胜地；成功地 | |
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83
meekly
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| adv.温顺地，逆来顺受地 | |
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84
miraculous
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| adj.像奇迹一样的，不可思议的 | |
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85
corpses
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| n.死尸，尸体( corpse的名词复数 ) | |
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86
outgrew
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| 长[发展] 得超过（某物）的范围( outgrow的过去式 )； 长[发展]得不能再要（某物）； 长得比…快； 生长速度超过 | |
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87
reigned
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| vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式） | |
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88
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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89
factions
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| 组织中的小派别，派系( faction的名词复数 ) | |
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90
overthrew
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| overthrow的过去式 | |
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91
ravaged
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| 毁坏( ravage的过去式和过去分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫 | |
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92
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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93
tapering
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| adj.尖端细的 | |
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94
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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chambers
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| n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅 | |
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96
vaulted
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| adj.拱状的 | |
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97
dome
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| n.圆屋顶，拱顶 | |
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98
looms
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| n.织布机( loom的名词复数 )v.隐约出现，阴森地逼近( loom的第三人称单数 )；隐约出现，阴森地逼近 | |
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99
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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100
mosque
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| n.清真寺 | |
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101
quagmire
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| n.沼地 | |
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102
distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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103
massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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104
benefactors
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| n.捐助者，施主( benefactor的名词复数 )；恩人 | |
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105
warships
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| 军舰，战舰( warship的名词复数 )； 舰只 | |
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106
justifies
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| 证明…有理( justify的第三人称单数 )； 为…辩护； 对…作出解释； 为…辩解（或辩护） | |
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107
follower
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| n.跟随者；随员；门徒；信徒 | |
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108
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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109
creed
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| n.信条；信念，纲领 | |
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110
Moslem
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| n.回教徒，穆罕默德信徒；adj.回教徒的，回教的 | |
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111
incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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112
mosques
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| 清真寺； 伊斯兰教寺院，清真寺； 清真寺，伊斯兰教寺院( mosque的名词复数 ) | |
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113
toiled
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| 长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的过去式和过去分词 )； 艰难缓慢地移动，跋涉 | |
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114
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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115
penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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116
precepts
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| n.规诫，戒律，箴言( precept的名词复数 ) | |
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117
qualified
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| adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的 | |
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118
helping
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| n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的 | |
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119
Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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120
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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121
intensified
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| v.（使）增强， （使）加剧( intensify的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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122
thronged
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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123
astounding
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| adj.使人震惊的vt.使震惊，使大吃一惊astound的现在分词) | |
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124
awnings
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| 篷帐布 | |
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125
indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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126
pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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127
reverently
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| adv.虔诚地 | |
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128
groans
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| n.呻吟，叹息( groan的名词复数 )；呻吟般的声音v.呻吟( groan的第三人称单数 )；发牢骚；抱怨；受苦 | |
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