Two Governments.—Difference between the Government of the Pilgrims and that of the Puritans.—Most historians, both English and American, have scarcely or not at all noticed the fact that within the present State of Massachusetts two separate governments of Puritan emigrants1 were established and existed for seventy years—two governments as distinct as those of Upper and Lower Canada from 1791 to 1840—as distinct as those of any two States of the American Republic. It is quite natural that American historians should say nothing of the Pilgrim government, beyond the voyage and landing of its founders3, as it was a standing4 condemnation5 of the Puritan government, on which they bestow6 all their eulogies7. The two governments were separated by the Bay of Massachusetts, about forty miles distant from each other by water, but still more widely different from each other in spirit and character. The government of the Pilgrims was marked from the beginning by a full and hearty8 recognition of franchise9 rights to all settlers of the Christian10 faith; the government of the Puritans denied those rights to all but Congregational Church members for sixty years, and until they were compelled to do otherwise by Royal Charter in 1692. The government of the Pilgrims was just and kind to the Indians, and early made a treaty with the neighbouring tribes, which remained inviolate11 on both sides during half a century, from 1621 to 1675; the government of the [Pg 12]Puritans maddened the Indians by the invasion of their rights, and destroyed them by multitudes, almost to entire extermination12. The government of the Pilgrims respected the principles of religious liberty (which they had learned and imbibed13 in Holland), did not persecute14 those who differed from it in religious opinions,[11] and gave protection to many who fled from the persecutions of neighbouring Puritans' government, which was more intolerant and persecuting16 to those who differed from it in religious opinions than that of James, and Charles, and Laud17 had ever been to them. The government of the Pilgrims was frank and loyal to the Sovereign and people of England; the government of the Puritans was deceptive19 and disloyal to the Throne and Mother Country from the first, and sedulously20 sowed and cultivated the seeds of disaffection and hostility21 to the Royal government, until they grew and ripened22 into the harvest of the American revolution.
These statements will be confirmed and illustrated23 by the facts of the present and following chapters.
The compact into which the Pilgrims entered before landing from the Mayflower, was the substitute for the body politic24 which would have been organized by charter had they settled, as first intended, within the limits of the Northern Virginia Company. The compact specified25 no constitution of government beyond that of authority on the one hand, and submission26 on the other; but under it the Governors were elected annually27, and the local laws were enacted29 during eighteen years by the general meetings of the settlers, after which a body of elected representatives was constituted.
The first official record of the election of any Governor was in 1633, thirteen years after their settlement at Plymouth; but, according to the early history of the Pilgrims, the Governors were elected annually from 1620. The Governors of the colony were as follows:—
[Pg 13]
1. John Carver, in 1620, who died a few months afterwards;
2. William Bradford, 1621 to 1632, 1635, 1637, 1639 to 1643, 1645 to 1656;
3. Edward Winslow, 1633, 1636, 1644;
4. Thomas Prince, 1634, 1638, 1657 to 1672;
5. Josiah Winslow, 1673 to 1680;
6. Thomas Hinckley, 1681 to 1692;[12]
when the colony of Plymouth[13] (which had never increased in population beyond 13,000) was incorporated with that of Massachusetts Bay, under the name of the Province of Massachusetts, by Royal Charter under William and Mary, and by which religious liberty and the elective franchise were secured to all freeholders of forty shillings per annum, instead of being confined to members of the Congregational Churches, as had been the case down to that period under the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay—so that equal civil and religious liberty among all classes was established in Massachusetts, not by the Puritans, but by Royal Charter, against the practice of the Puritans from 1631 to 1692.
The government of the Pilgrims was of the most simple kind. At first the Governor, with one assistant, was elected annually by general suffrage31; but in 1624, at the request of Governor Bradford, a Council of five assistants (increased to seven in 1633) was annually elected. In this Court, or Executive Council, the Governor had a double vote. In the third year, 1623, trial by jury was established. During eighteen years, from 1620 to 1638, the legislative32 body, called the General Court, or Court of Associates, was composed of the whole body of freemen. It was not until 1639 that they established a House of Representatives. The qualifications of a freeman were, that he "should be twenty-one years of age, of sober, peaceable conversation, orthodox in religion [which included belief in God and the Holy Scriptures33, but did not include any form of Church government], and possess rateable estate to the value of twenty pounds."
[Pg 14]
In 1636—sixteen years after their landing at New Plymouth—the laws which they had enacted were first collected, prefaced by a declaration of their right to enact28 them, in the absence of a Royal Charter. Their laws were at various times revised and added to, and finally printed in 1671, under the title of "Their Great Fundamentals." They recognized the general laws of England, and adopted local statutes34 or regulations according to what they considered their needs.[14] Of their sense of duty as British subjects, and of the uniform mutual35 relations of friendship existing between them and their Sovereigns, their records and history furnish abundant proofs. The oath required of their Governors commenced in the following words: "You shall swear to be truly loyal to our Sovereign Lord King Charles, his successors and heirs." "At the Court held," (says the record,) "at Plymouth, the 11th of June, 1664, the following was added, and the Governor took the oath thereunto: 'You shall also attend to what is required by His Majesty36's Privy37 Council of the Governors of the respective colonies in reference unto an Act of Parliament for the encouraging and increasing of shipping38 and navigation, bearing date from the 1st of December, 1660.'"
The oath of a freeman commenced with the same words, as did the oath of the "Assistants" or Executive Councillors, the oath of constables40 and other officers in the colony. It was likewise ordered, "That an oath of allegiance to the King and fidelity41 to the Government and to the several colonies [settlements] therein, be taken of every person that shall live within or under the same." This was as follows: "You shall be truly loyal to our Sovereign Lord the King and his heirs and [Pg 15]successors: and whereas you make choice at present to reside within the government of New Plymouth, you shall not do or cause to be done any act or acts, directly or indirectly42, by land or water, that shall or may tend to the destruction or overthrow43 of the whole or any of the several colonies [settlements] within the said government that are or shall be orderly erected44 or established; but shall, contrariwise, hinder, oppose and discover such intents and purposes as tend thereunto to the Governor for the time being, or some one of the assistants, with all convenient speed. You shall also submit unto and obey such good and wholesome46 laws, ordinances47 and officers as are or shall be established within the several limits thereof. So help you God, who is the God of truth and punisher of falsehood."
The Government of Plymouth prefaced the revised collection of their laws and ordinances as follows:
"A form to be placed before the records of the several inheritances granted to all and every of the King's subjects inhabiting with the Government of New Plymouth:
"Whereas John Carver, William Bradford, Edward Winslow, William Brewster, Isaack Alliston and divers48 others of the subjects of our late Sovereign Lord James, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender49 of the Faith, &c., did in the eighteenth year of his reigne of England, France and Ireland, and of Scotland the fifty-four, which was the year of our Lord God 1620, undertake a voyage into that part of America called Virginia or New England, thereunto adjoining, there to erect45 a plantation50 and colony of English, intending the glory of God and the enlargement of his Majesty's dominions51, and the special good of the English nation."
Thus the laws and ordinances of the Plymouth Government, and the oaths of office from the Governor to the constable39, freeman and transient resident, recognize their duty as British subjects, and breathe a spirit of pure loyalty52 to their Sovereign. The only reference I find in their records to the Commonwealth53 of England is the following declaration, made in 1658, the last year of Cromwell's government. It is the preface to the collection of the General Laws, revised and published Sept. 29, 1658, and is as follows:
"We, the associates of New Plymouth, coming hither as freeborn subjects of the State of England, endowed with all the[Pg 16] privileges belonging to such, being assembled, do ordain54, constitute and enact that no act, imposition, laws or ordinances be made or imposed on us at present or to come, but such as shall be made and imposed by consent of the body of the associates or their representatives legally assembled, which is according to the free libertie of the State of England."
At the first annual meeting of the Plymouth House of Representatives after the restoration of Charles the Second, the following declaration and order was made:
"Whereas we are certainly informed that it hath pleased God to establish our Sovereign Lord King Charles the Second in the enjoyment55 of his undoubted rights to the Crowns of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, and is so declared and owned by his good subjects of these kingdoms; We therefore, his Majesty's loyal subjects, the inhabitants of the jurisdiction56 of New Plymouth, do hereby declare our free and ready concurrence57 with such other of his Majesty's subjects, and to his said Majesty, his heirs and successors, we do most humbly58 and faithfully submit and oblige ourselves for ever. God save the King.
"June the fifth, Anno Dom. 1661.
"The fifth day of June, 1661, Charles the Second, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, &c., was solemnly proclaimed at Plymouth, in New England, in America." (This the Puritan Government of Massachusetts Bay refused to do.)
On the accession of James the Second we find the following entry in the Plymouth records: "The twenty fourth of April, 1685, James the Second, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, &c., was solemnly proclaimed at Plymouth according to the form required by his Majesty's most honourable59 Privy Council."
After the Revolution of 1688 in England, there is the following record of the proceedings60 of the Legislature of the Plymouth colony—proceedings in which testimony61 is borne by the colonists62 of the uniformly kind treatment they had received from the Government of England, except during a short interval63 under the three years' reign18 of James the Second:
"At their Majesties64' General Court of Election, held at Plymouth on the first Tuesday in June, 1689.
"Whereas, through the great changes Divine Providence65 hath ordered out, both in England and in this country, we the loyal[Pg 17] subjects of the Crown of England are left in an unsettled estate, destitute66 of government and exposed to the ill consequences thereof: and having heretofore enjoyed a quiet settlement of government in this their Majesties' colony of New Plymouth for more than threescore and six years, without any interruptions; having also been by the late kings of England from time to time, by their royal letters, graciously owned and acknowledged therein: whereby, notwithstanding our late unjust interruption and suspension therefrom by the illegal arbitrary power of Sir Edmond Andros, now ceased, the General Court held there in the name of their present Majesties William and Mary, King and Queen of England, &c., together with the encouragement given by their said Majesties' gracious declarations and in humble67 confidence of their said Majesties' good liking68: do therefore hereby resume and declare their reassuming of their said former way of government, according to such wholesome constitutions, rules and orders as were here in force in June, 1686, our title thereto being warranted by prescription69 and otherwise as aforesaid; and expect a ready submission thereunto by all their Majesties' good subjects of this colony, until their Majesties or this Court shall otherwise order; and that all our Courts be hereafter held and all warrants directed and officers sworn in the name of their Majesties William and Mary, King and Queen of England, &c.
"The General Court request the Honourable Governor, Thomas Hinckley, Esq., in behalf of said Court and Colony of New Plymouth, to make their address to their Majesties the King and Queen of England, &c., for the re-establishment of their former enjoyed liberties and privileges, both sacred and civil."
We have thus the testimony of the Plymouth colony itself that there was no attempt on the part of either Charles the First or Second to interfere70 with the fullest exercise of their own chosen form of worship, or with anything which they themselves regarded as their civil rights. If another course of proceedings had to be adopted in regard to the Puritan Government of Massachusetts Bay, it was occasioned by their own conduct, as will appear hereafter. Complaints were made by colonists to England of the persecuting and unjust conduct of the Puritan Government, and inquiries71 were ordered in 1646, 1664, 1678, and afterwards. The nature and result of these inquiries will be[Pg 18] noticed hereafter. At present I will notice the first Commission sent out by Charles the Second, in 1664, and which was made general to the several colonies, to avoid invidious distinction, though caused by complaints against the conduct of the Puritan Government of Massachusetts Bay. The Commissioners72 proposed four questions to the Governments of the several colonies of New England. I will give the questions, or rather propositions, and the answers to them on the part of the Pilgrim Government of Plymouth, as contained in its printed records:—
"The Propositions made by His Majesty's Commissioners to the General Court of (New Plymouth), held at Plymouth, for the jurisdiction of New Plymouth, the 22nd of February, Anno Dom. 1665.
"1. That all householders inhabiting in the colony take the oath of allegiance, and the administration of justice be in his Majesty's name.
"2. That all men of competent estates and civil conversation, though of different judgments74, may be admitted to be freemen, and have liberty to choose and to be chosen officers, both civil and military.
"3. That all men and women of orthodox opinions, competent knowledge and civil lives (not scandalous), may be admitted to the sacrament of the Lord's Supper, and their children to baptism if they desire it; either by admitting them into the congregation already gathered, or permitting them to gather themselves into such congregations, where they may have the benefit of the sacraments.
"4. That all laws and expressions in laws derogatory to his Majesty, if any such have been made in these late troublesome times, may be repealed75, altered, and taken off from the file."
THE COURT'S ANSWER.
"1. To the first we consent, it having been the practice of this Court, in the first place, to insert in the oath of fidelity required of every householder, to be truly loyal to our Sovereign Lord the King, his heirs and successors. Also to administer all acts of justice in his Majesty's name.
"2. To the second we also consent, it having been our constant practice to admit men of competent estates and civil conversation, though of different judgments, yet being otherwise orthodox,[Pg 19] to be freemen, and to have liberty to choose and be chosen officers, both civil and military.
"3. To the third, we cannot but acknowledge it to be a high favour from God and from our Sovereign, that we may enjoy our consciences in point of God's worship, the main end of transplanting ourselves into these remote corners of the earth, and should most heartily76 rejoice that all our neighbours so qualified77 as in that proposition would adjoin themselves to our societies, according to the order of the Gospel, for enjoyment of the sacraments to themselves and theirs; but if, through different persuasions78 respecting Church government, it cannot be obtained, we could not deny a liberty to any, according to the proposition, that are truly conscientious79, although differing from us, especially where his Majesty commands it, they maintaining an able preaching ministry80 for the carrying on of public Sabbath worship, which we doubt not is his Majesty's intent, and withdrawing not from paying their due proportions of maintenance to such ministers as are orderly settled in the places where they live, until they have one of their own, and that in such places as are capable of maintaining the worship of God in two distinct congregations, we being greatly encouraged by his Majesty's gracious expressions in his letter to us, and your Honours' further assurance of his Royal purpose to continue our liberties, that where places, by reason of our paucity81 and poverty, are incapable82 of two, it is not intended, that such congregations as are already in being should be rooted out, but their liberties preserved, there being other places to accommodate men of different persuasions in societies by themselves, which, by our known experience, tends most to the preservation83 of peace and charity.
"4. To the fourth, we consent that all laws and expressions in laws derogatory to his Majesty, if any sect84 shall be formed amongst us, which at present we are not conscious of, shall be repealed, altered, and taken off from the file.
"By order of the General Court
"For the jurisdiction of New Plymouth,
"Per me, Nathaniel Morton, Secretary."
"The league between the four colonies was not with any intent, that ever we heard of, to cast off our dependence85 upon England, a thing which we utterly86 abhor87, intreating your Honours to believe us, for we speak in the presence of God."
[Pg 20]
"New Plymouth, May 4th, 1665.
"The Court doth order Mr. Constant Southworth, Treasurer88, to present these to his Majesty's Commissioners, at Boston, with all convenient speed."
The above propositions and answers are inserted, with some variations, in Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts, Vol. I., p. 214. The remark respecting the union between the colonies is not on the colony records—it was inserted at the close of the copy delivered to the Commissioners, in conformity89 to a letter from the Commissioners, written to Governor Prince after they had left Plymouth. The conditions expressed in the answer to the third proposition appeared so reasonable to the Commissioners, that when they afterward30 met the General Assembly of Connecticut, in April, 1663, their third proposition is qualified, in substance, conformably to the Plymouth reply. (Morton's Memorial, Davis' Ed., p. 417.)
It is thus seen that there was not the least desire on the part of King Charles the Second, any more than there had been on the part of Charles the First, to impose the Episcopal worship upon the colonists, or to interfere in the least with their full liberty of worship, according to their own preferences. All that was desired at any time was toleration and acknowledgment of the authority of the Crown, such as the Plymouth colony and that of Connecticut had practised from the beginning, to the great annoyance90 of the Puritans of Massachusetts.
Several letters and addresses passed between Charles the Second and the Pilgrim Government of Plymouth, and all of the most cordial character on both sides; but what is given above supersedes91 the necessity of further quotations92.[15]
It was an object of special ambition with the Government of Plymouth to have a Royal Charter like those of Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and Rhode Island, instead of holding their land, acting93 under a Charter from the Plymouth Council (England)[Pg 21] and Charles the Second. In his last address to Mr. Josiah Winslow, their Governor promised it to them in most explicit94 terms; but there was a case of quo warranto pending95 in the Court of King's Bench against the Puritan Government for the violation96 of their Charter, which delayed the issuing of a Royal Charter to Plymouth. Charles died soon after;[16] the Charter of the Massachusetts Corporation was forfeited97 by the decision of the Court, and James the Second appointed a Royal Governor and a Royal Commissioner73, which changed for the time being the whole face of things in New England.
It, however, deserves notice, that the Massachusetts Puritans, true to their instinct of encroaching upon the rights of others, whether of the King or of their neighbours, white or tawny98, did all in their power to prevent the Pilgrims of Plymouth—the pioneers of settlement and civilization in New England—from obtaining a Royal Charter. This they did first in 1630, again in the early part of Charles the Second's reign, and yet again towards its end. Finally, after the cancelling of the Massachusetts Charter, and the English Revolution of 1688, the agents of the more powerful and populous99 Massachusetts colony succeeded in getting the colony of Plymouth absorbed into that of Massachusetts Bay by the second Royal Charter granted by William and Mary in 1692. "The junction100 of Plymouth with Massachusetts," says Moore, "destroyed all the political consequence of the former. The people of Plymouth shared but few favours which the new Government had to bestow, and it was seldom indeed that any resident of what was termed the old colony obtained any office of distinction in the Provisional Government, or acquired any influence in its councils."[17]
This seems a melancholy101 termination of the Government of the [Pg 22]Pilgrims—a princely race of men, who voluntarily braved the sufferings of a double exile for the sake of what they believed to be the truth and the glory of God; whose courage never failed, nor their loyalty wavered amidst all their privations and hardships; who came to America to enjoy religious liberty and promote the honour of England, not to establish political independence, and granted that liberty to others which they earned and had suffered so much to enjoy themselves; who were honourable and faithful to their treaty engagements with the aborigines as they were in their communications with the Throne; who never betrayed a friend or fled from an enemy; who left imperishable footprints of their piety102 and industry, as well as of their love of liberty and law, though their self-originated and self-sustained polity perished at length, by royal forgetfulness and credulity, to the plausible103 representations and ambitious avarice104 of their ever aggressive Massachusetts Puritan neighbours.
While the last act of the Pilgrims before leaving the Mayflower, in the harbour of Cape105 Cod106, was to enter into a compact of local self-government for common protection and interests, and their first act on landing at New Plymouth was, on bended knees, to commend themselves and their settlement to the Divine protection and blessing107, it is a touching108 fact that the last official act of the General Assembly of the colony was to appoint a day of solemn fasting and humiliation109 on the extinction110 of their separate government and their absorption into that of Massachusetts Bay.
It was among the sons and daughters of the Plymouth colony that almost the only loyalty in New England during the American Revolution of the following century was found. Most of the descendants of Edward Winslow, and of his more distinguished111 son, Josiah Winslow, were loyalists during that revolution.[18] In the councils of the mother country, the merits of the posterity112 of the Pilgrims have been acknowledged; as in her service some of them, by their talents and courage, have won their way to eminence113. Among the proudest names in the British navy are the descendants of the original purchaser of Mattapoisett, in Swansey (William Brenton, afterwards Governor[Pg 23] of Rhode Island);[19] to the distinguished title of one of the English peerage is attached the name of one of the early settlers of Scituate, in the Plymouth colony (William Vassall, who settled there in 1635.)[20]
"In one respect," says Moore, "the people of the Old Colony present a remarkable114 exception to the rest of America. They are the purest English race in the world; there is scarcely an intermixture even with the Scotch115 or Irish, and none with the aboriginals116. Almost all the present population are descended117 from the original English settlers. Many of them still own the lands which their early ancestors rescued from the wilderness118; and although they have spread themselves in every direction through this wide continent, from the peninsula of Nova Scotia to the Gulf119 of Mexico, some one of the family has generally remained to cultivate the soil which was owned by his ancestors. The fishermen and the navigators of Maine, the children of Plymouth, still continue the industrious120 and bold pursuits of their forefathers121. In that fine country, beginning at Utica, in the State of New York, and stretching to Lake Erie, this race may be found on every hill and in every valley, on the rivers and on the lakes. The emigrant2 from the sandbanks of Cape Cod revels122 in the profusion123 of the opulence125 of Ohio. In all the Southern and South-Western States, the natives of the "Old Colony," like the Arminians of Asia, may be found in every place where commerce and traffic offer any lure126 to enterprise; and in the heart of the peninsula of Michigan, like their ancestors they have commenced the cultivation127 of the wilderness—like them originally, with savage128 hearts and savage men, and like them patient in suffering, despising danger, and animated129 with hope."[21]
FOOTNOTES:
[10] "The term Pilgrims belongs exclusively to the Plymouth colonists." (Young's Chronicles of the Pilgrims, p. 88, note.)
[11] The only exception was by Prence, when elected Governor in 1657. He had imbibed the spirit of the Boston Puritans against the Quakers, and sought to infuse his spirit into the minds of his assistants (or executive councillors) and the deputies; but he was stoutly130 opposed by Josias Winslow and others. The persecution15 was short and never unto death, as among the Boston Puritans. It was the only stain of persecution upon the rule of the Pilgrims during the seventy years of their separate government, and was nobly atoned131 for and effaced132 by Josias Winslow, when elected Governor in the place of Prence.
[12] Massachusetts Historical Collections, 3rd Series, Vol. II., p. 226.
[13] "The colony of Plymouth included the present counties of Plymouth, Barnstaple, and Bristol, and a part of Rhode Island. All the Providence Plantations133 were at one time claimed by Plymouth. The boundaries between Plymouth and Massachusetts were settled in 1640 by commissioners of the united colonies." (Ib., p. 267.)
[14] The laws they intended to be governed by were the laws of England, the which they were willing to be subject unto, though in a foreign land, and have since that time continued of that mind for the general, adding only some particular municipal laws of their own, suitable to their constitution, in such cases where the common laws and statutes of England could not well reach, or afford them help in emergent difficulties of place. (Hubbard's "General History of New England, from the Discovery to 1680." Massachusetts Historical Collection, 2nd Series, Vol. I., p. 62.)
Palfrey says: "All that is extant of what can properly be called the legislation of the first twelve years of the colony of Plymouth, suffices to cover in print only two pages of an octavo volume." (History of New England, Vol. I., pp. 340, 341.)
[15] "Their residence in Holland had made them acquainted with the various forms of Christianity; a wide experience had emancipated134 them from bigotry135; and they were never betrayed into the excesses of religious persecution, though they sometimes permitted a disproportion between punishment and crime." (Bancroft's History of the United States, Vol. I., p. 322.)
"The Plymouth Church is free from blood." (Elliott's History of New England, Vol. I., p. 133.)
[16] "Charles the Second, with a spirit that does honour to his reign, at that time meditated136 important plans for the reformation of New England." (Annals of the Colonies, pp. 88, 89.)
[17] Moore's Lives of the Governors of New Plymouth, p. 228.
The contest between the Pilgrims of Plymouth and the Puritans of Massachusetts, in regard to granting a separate charter to the former, was severe and bitter. The Plymouth Government, by its tolerance137 and loyalty, had been an "eyesore" to the other intolerant and disloyal Puritans of Massachusetts. Perhaps the Imperial Government of the day thought that the fusion124 of the two Governments and populations into one would render the new Government more liberal and loyal; but the result proved otherwise.
[18] "Most of his descendants were loyalists during the American Revolution. One of them was the wife of John S. Copley, the celebrated138 painter, and father of the late Lord Lyndhurst" (Moore.)
[19] Jahleel Brenton, grandson of Governor Wm. Brenton, had twenty-two children. His fourth son, born Oct. 22, 1729, entered the British navy when a youth, distinguished himself and rose to the rank of Admiral. He died in 1802. "His son Jahleel was bred to the sea, rose to be an Admiral, and was knighted in 1810." (Moore's Lives of the Governors of New Plymouth, p. 229.)
[20] In 1650 he removed to the West Indies, where he laid the foundation of several large estates, and where he died, in Barbadoes, in 1655. (Moore, p. 126.) "Thomas Richard, the third Lord Holland, married an heiress by the name of Vassall, and his son, Henry Richard Fox Vassall, is the present Lord Holland, Baron139 Holland in Lincolnshire, and Foxley in Wilts140." (Playfair's British Family Antiquities141, Vol. II., p. 182.)
[21] Moore's Lives of the Governors of New Plymouth, pp. 228-230.
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emigrants
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| n.（从本国移往他国的）移民( emigrant的名词复数 ) | |
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emigrant
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| adj.移居的，移民的；n.移居外国的人，移民 | |
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founders
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| n.创始人( founder的名词复数 ) | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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condemnation
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| n.谴责; 定罪 | |
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bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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eulogies
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| n.颂词，颂文( eulogy的名词复数 ) | |
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hearty
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| adj.热情友好的；衷心的；尽情的，纵情的 | |
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franchise
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Christian
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inviolate
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extermination
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imbibed
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| v.吸收( imbibe的过去式和过去分词 )；喝；吸取；吸气 | |
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persecute
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persecution
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persecuting
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| （尤指宗教或政治信仰的）迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的现在分词 )； 烦扰，困扰或骚扰某人 | |
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laud
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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deceptive
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sedulously
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hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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22
ripened
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| v.成熟，使熟( ripen的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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23
illustrated
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| adj. 有插图的，列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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24
politic
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| adj.有智虑的；精明的；v.从政 | |
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25
specified
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| adj.特定的 | |
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26
submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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27
annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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28
enact
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| vt.制定(法律)；上演，扮演 | |
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29
enacted
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| 制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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30
afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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31
suffrage
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| n.投票，选举权，参政权 | |
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32
legislative
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| n.立法机构，立法权；adj.立法的，有立法权的 | |
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33
scriptures
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| 经文，圣典( scripture的名词复数 )； 经典 | |
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34
statutes
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| 成文法( statute的名词复数 )； 法令； 法规； 章程 | |
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35
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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36
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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37
privy
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| adj.私用的；隐密的 | |
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38
shipping
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| n.船运（发货，运输，乘船） | |
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39
constable
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| n.(英国)警察，警官 | |
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40
constables
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| n.警察( constable的名词复数 ) | |
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41
fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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42
indirectly
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| adv.间接地，不直接了当地 | |
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43
overthrow
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| v.推翻，打倒，颠覆；n.推翻，瓦解，颠覆 | |
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44
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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45
erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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46
wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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47
ordinances
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| n.条例，法令( ordinance的名词复数 ) | |
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48
divers
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| adj.不同的；种种的 | |
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49
defender
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| n.保卫者，拥护者，辩护人 | |
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50
plantation
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| n.种植园，大农场 | |
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51
dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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52
loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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53
commonwealth
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| n.共和国，联邦，共同体 | |
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54
ordain
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| vi.颁发命令；vt.命令，授以圣职，注定，任命 | |
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55
enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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56
jurisdiction
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| n.司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权 | |
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57
concurrence
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| n.同意；并发 | |
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58
humbly
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| adv. 恭顺地，谦卑地 | |
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59
honourable
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| adj.可敬的；荣誉的，光荣的 | |
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60
proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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61
testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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62
colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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63
interval
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| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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64
majesties
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| n.雄伟( majesty的名词复数 )；庄严；陛下；王权 | |
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65
providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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66
destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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67
humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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68
liking
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| n.爱好；嗜好；喜欢 | |
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69
prescription
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| n.处方，开药；指示，规定 | |
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70
interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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71
inquiries
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| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
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72
commissioners
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| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
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73
commissioner
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| n.（政府厅、局、处等部门）专员，长官，委员 | |
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74
judgments
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| 判断( judgment的名词复数 )； 鉴定； 评价； 审判 | |
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75
repealed
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| 撤销，废除( repeal的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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76
heartily
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| adv.衷心地，诚恳地，十分，很 | |
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77
qualified
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| adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的 | |
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78
persuasions
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| n.劝说，说服（力）( persuasion的名词复数 )；信仰 | |
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79
conscientious
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| adj.审慎正直的，认真的，本着良心的 | |
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80
ministry
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| n.(政府的)部；牧师 | |
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81
paucity
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| n.小量，缺乏 | |
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82
incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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83
preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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84
sect
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| n.派别，宗教，学派，派系 | |
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85
dependence
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| n.依靠，依赖；信任，信赖；隶属 | |
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86
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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87
abhor
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| v.憎恶；痛恨 | |
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88
treasurer
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| n.司库，财务主管 | |
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89
conformity
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| n.一致，遵从，顺从 | |
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90
annoyance
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| n.恼怒，生气，烦恼 | |
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91
supersedes
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| 取代，接替( supersede的第三人称单数 ) | |
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92
quotations
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| n.引用( quotation的名词复数 )；[商业]行情（报告）；（货物或股票的）市价；时价 | |
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93
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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94
explicit
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| adj.详述的，明确的；坦率的；显然的 | |
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95
pending
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| prep.直到，等待…期间；adj.待定的；迫近的 | |
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96
violation
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| n.违反(行为)，违背(行为)，侵犯 | |
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97
forfeited
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| （因违反协议、犯规、受罚等）丧失，失去( forfeit的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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98
tawny
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| adj.茶色的，黄褐色的；n.黄褐色 | |
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99
populous
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| adj.人口稠密的，人口众多的 | |
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100
junction
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| n.连接，接合；交叉点，接合处，枢纽站 | |
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101
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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102
piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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103
plausible
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| adj.似真实的，似乎有理的，似乎可信的 | |
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104
avarice
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| n.贪婪；贪心 | |
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105
cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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106
cod
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| n.鳕鱼；v.愚弄；哄骗 | |
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107
blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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108
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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109
humiliation
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| n.羞辱 | |
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110
extinction
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| n.熄灭，消亡，消灭，灭绝，绝种 | |
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111
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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112
posterity
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| n.后裔，子孙，后代 | |
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113
eminence
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| n.卓越，显赫；高地，高处；名家 | |
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114
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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115
scotch
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| n.伤口，刻痕；苏格兰威士忌酒；v.粉碎，消灭，阻止；adj.苏格兰(人)的 | |
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116
aboriginals
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| （某国的）公民( aboriginal的名词复数 )； 土著人特征； 土生动物（或植物） | |
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117
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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118
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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119
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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120
industrious
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| adj.勤劳的，刻苦的，奋发的 | |
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121
forefathers
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| n.祖先，先人；祖先，祖宗( forefather的名词复数 )；列祖列宗；前人 | |
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122
revels
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| n.作乐( revel的名词复数 )；狂欢；着迷；陶醉v.作乐( revel的第三人称单数 )；狂欢；着迷；陶醉 | |
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123
profusion
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| n.挥霍；丰富 | |
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124
fusion
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| n.溶化；熔解；熔化状态，熔和；熔接 | |
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125
opulence
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| n.财富，富裕 | |
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126
lure
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| n.吸引人的东西，诱惑物；vt.引诱，吸引 | |
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127
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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128
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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129
animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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130
stoutly
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| adv.牢固地，粗壮的 | |
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131
atoned
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| v.补偿，赎（罪）( atone的过去式和过去分词 )；补偿，弥补，赎回 | |
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132
effaced
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| v.擦掉( efface的过去式和过去分词 )；抹去；超越；使黯然失色 | |
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133
plantations
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| n.种植园，大农场( plantation的名词复数 ) | |
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134
emancipated
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| adj.被解放的，不受约束的v.解放某人（尤指摆脱政治、法律或社会的束缚）( emancipate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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135
bigotry
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| n.偏见，偏执，持偏见的行为[态度]等 | |
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136
meditated
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| 深思，沉思，冥想( meditate的过去式和过去分词 )； 内心策划，考虑 | |
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137
tolerance
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| n.宽容；容忍，忍受；耐药力；公差 | |
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138
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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139
baron
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| n.男爵；(商业界等)巨头，大王 | |
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140
wilts
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| （使）凋谢，枯萎( wilt的第三人称单数 ) | |
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141
antiquities
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| n.古老( antiquity的名词复数 )；古迹；古人们；古代的风俗习惯 | |
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