The meetings and protests against the Revenue Acts and petitions for their repeal2, which began in the autumn of 1767, increased throughout the colonies in 1768. In January, the General Assembly of Massachusetts voted a temperate3 and loyal petition to the King,[301] and letters urging the rights of the province, addressed to Lord Shelburne, General Conway, the Marquis of Rockingham, Lord Camden, and the Earl of Chatham. The petition and these letters were all to the same effect. The petition to the King was enclosed to Denis de Berdt, a London merchant (who was appointed agent for the colony), with a long letter of instructions. All these papers are pervaded4 with a spirit of loyalty5, and ask for nothing more than the enjoyment6 of the rights and privileges which they had ever possessed7 and enjoyed down to the year after the peace of Paris in 1763.
[Pg 338]
In addition to these representations and letters sent to England, the Massachusetts General Assembly adopted, on the 11th of February, and sent a circular letter to the Speakers of the respective Houses of Burgesses of the other American provinces. In this ably-written letter there is no dictation or assumption of authority, but a statement of their representations to England, and a desire for mutual8 consultation9 and harmonious10 action. They say: "This House hope that this letter will be candidly11 considered in no other light than as expressing a disposition12 freely to communicate their mind to a sister colony, upon a common concern, in the same manner as they would be glad to receive the sentiments of your or any other House of Assembly on the continent."
As this letter was the first step to the union of the American colonies, and was followed by results that culminated13 in the War of Independence, it may be proper to give such extracts from it as will show its character and design; in neither of which do I[Pg 339] find anything which I think is inconsistent with the principles and spirit of a loyal subject. The general principles on which they rested their claims to the rights and privileges of British subjects are stated as follows:
"The House have humbly15 represented to the Ministry16 their own sentiments: That his Majesty17's High Court of Parliament is the supreme18 legislative19 power over the whole empire. That in all free States the constitution is fixed20; and as the supreme legislative derives22 its power and authority from the constitution, it cannot overleap the bounds of it without destroying its foundation. That the constitution ascertains23 and limits both sovereignty and allegiance; and therefore his Majesty's American subjects, who acknowledge themselves bound by the ties of allegiance, have an equitable24 claim to the full enjoyment of the fundamental rules of the British constitution. That it is an essential, unalterable right in nature, ingrafted into the British constitution as a fundamental law, and ever held sacred and irrevocable by the subjects within the realm, that what a man hath honestly acquired is absolutely his own, which he may freely give, but cannot be taken from him without his consent. That the American subjects may, therefore, exclusive of any consideration of Charter rights, with a decent firmness adapted to the character of freemen and subjects, assert this natural constitutional right.
"It is moreover their humble25 opinion, which they express with the greatest deference26 to the wisdom of the Parliament, that the Acts made there, imposing27 duties on the people of this Province, with the sole and express purpose of raising a revenue, are infringements28 of their natural and constitutional rights; because, as they are not represented in the British Parliament, his Majesty's Commons in Great Britain by those Acts grant their property without their consent."
Then, after showing the impracticability, on various grounds, of the representation of the colonies in the British Parliament, on which account local subordinate Legislatures were established, that the colonists might enjoy the inalienable right of representation, the circular letter proceeds:
"Upon these principles, and also considering that were the right in the Parliament ever so clear, yet for obvious reasons it would be beyond the rule of equity29, that their constituents[Pg 340] should be taxed on the manufactures of Great Britain here, in addition to the duties they pay for them in England, and other advantages arising to Great Britain from the Acts of Trade, this House have preferred a humble, dutiful, and loyal petition to our most gracious Sovereign, and made such representation to his Majesty's Ministers as they apprehend30 would tend to obtain redress31.
"They have also submitted to consideration, whether any people can be said to enjoy any degree of freedom if the Crown, in addition to its undoubted authority of constituting a Governor, should appoint him such a stipend32 as it shall judge proper, without the consent of the people, and at their expense; and whether, while the judges of the land and other civil officers hold not their commissions during good behaviour, their having salaries appointed for them by the Crown, independent of the people, hath not a tendency to subvert33 the principles of equity and endanger the happiness and security of the subjects.
"In addition to these measures, the House have wrote a letter to their agent, Mr. De Berdt, the sentiments of which he is directed to lay before the Ministry, wherein they take notice of the hardship of the Act for Preventing Mutiny and Desertion, which requires the Governor and Council to provide enumerated34 articles for the King's marching troops, and the people to pay the expense; and also the commission of the gentlemen appointed Commissioners35 of Customs to reside in America, which authorizes36 them to make as many appointments as they think fit, and to pay the appointees what sums they please, for whose malconduct they are not accountable." ...
"These are the sentiments and proceedings37 of this House; and as they have too much reason to believe that the enemies of the colonies have represented them to his Majesty's Ministers and the Parliament as factious39, disloyal, and having a disposition to make themselves independent of the mother country, they have taken occasion, in the most humble terms, to assure his Majesty and his Ministers that, with regard to the people of this province, and, as they doubt not, of all the colonies, the charge is unjust.
"The House is fully40 satisfied that your Assembly is too generous and enlarged in sentiment to believe that this letter[Pg 341] proceeds from an ambition of taking the lead, or dictating41 to other Assemblies; they freely submit their opinion to the judgment42 of others, and shall take it kind in your House to point out to them anything further that may be thought necessary.
"This House cannot conclude without expressing their firm confidence in the King, our common Head and Father, that the united and dutiful supplications of his distressed43 American subjects will meet with his Royal and favourable45 acceptance.
Signed by the Speaker."
This circular letter of the Massachusetts Assembly was exceedingly displeasing46 to the British Ministry, and called forth47 two letters from the Earl of Hillsborough, who had succeeded the Earl of Shelburne as Principal Secretary of State for the Colonies.
One of these letters was a circular addressed through the Governor to the General Assemblies of each of the several colonies. This letter is dated "Whitehall, April 21, 1768." The first paragraph is as follows:
"Gentlemen,—I have his Majesty's commands to transmit to you the enclosed copy of a letter from the Speaker of the House of Representatives of the colony of Massachusetts Bay, addressed by order of that House to the Speaker of the Assembly of each colony upon the continent of North America; as his Majesty considers this measure to be of a most dangerous and factious tendency, calculated to inflame48 the minds of his good subjects in the colonies, to promote an unwarrantable combination, and to excite and encourage an open opposition49 to and denial of the authority of Parliament, and to subvert the true principles of the constitution, it is his Majesty's pleasure that you should, immediately upon the receipt hereof, exert your utmost influence to defeat this flagitious attempt to disturb the public peace, by prevailing50 upon the Assembly of your province to take no notice of it, which will be treating it with the contempt it deserves."
This most ill-advised letter of Lord Hillsborough had the very opposite effect from that which he had hoped and intended. It increased the importance of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in the estimation of other colonies, and produced responses of approval from most of their General Assemblies.
The Speaker of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, in a[Pg 342] letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives of Massachusetts, dated Virginia, May 9, 1768, says:
"The House of Burgesses of this colony proceeded, very soon after they met, to the consideration of your important letter of the 11th of February, 1768, written in the name and by the order of the House of Representatives of your province; and I have received their particular direction to desire you to inform that honourable51 House that they applaud them for their attention to American liberty, and that the steps they have taken thereon will convince them of their opinion of the fatal tendency of the Acts of Parliament complained of, and of their fixed resolution to concur52 with the other colonies in their application for redress.
"After the most deliberate consultation, they thought it their duty to represent to the Parliament of Great Britain that they are truly sensible of the happiness and security they derive21 from their connection with and dependence14 upon Great Britain, and are under the greatest concern that any unlucky incident should interrupt that salutary harmony which they wish ever to subsist53. They lament54 that the remoteness of their situation often exposes them to such misrepresentations as are apt to involve them in censures55 of disloyalty to their Sovereign, and the want of proper respect to the British Parliament; whereas they have indulged themselves in the agreeable persuasion56, that they ought to be considered as inferior to none of their fellow-subjects in loyalty and affection.
"They do not affect an independency of their parent kingdom, the prosperity of which they are bound to the utmost of their abilities to promote, but cheerfully acquiesce57 in the authority of Parliament to make laws for preserving a necessary dependence and for regulating the trade of the colonies. Yet they cannot conceive, and humbly insist it is not essential to support a proper relation between the mother country and colonies transplanted from her, that she should have a right to raise money from them without their consent, and presume they do not aspire58 to more than the natural rights of British subjects when they assert that no power on earth has a right to impose taxes on the people, or take the smallest portion of their property, without their consent given by their representatives in Parliament. This has ever been considered as the chief pillar of the constitution.[Pg 343] Without this support no man can be said to have the least shadow of liberty, since they can have no property in that which another can by right take from them when he pleases, without their consent."
After referring to the antiquity59 and grounds of their rights as British subjects, and to the fact of their not being represented in Parliament, of the impracticability of being so, and "the oppressive Stamp Act, confessedly imposing internal taxes, and the late Acts of Parliament giving and granting certain duties in the British colonies, mainly tending to the same end," the Virginia House of Burgesses proceed as follows:
"The Act suspending the legislative power of New York, they consider as still more alarming to the colonists, though it has that single province in view. If the Parliament can compel them to furnish a single article to the troops sent over, they may by the same rule oblige them to furnish clothes, arms, and every other necessary, even the pay of the officers and soldiers—a doctrine60 replete61 with every mischief62, and utterly63 subversive64 of all that is dear and valuable. For what advantage can the people of the colonies derive from their right of choosing their own representatives, if those representatives, when chosen, were not permitted to exercise their own judgments—were under a necessity (on pain of being deprived of their legislative authority) of enforcing the mandates65 of the British Parliament?
"They trust they have expressed themselves with a firmness that becomes freemen pleading for essential rights, and with a decency66 that will take off every imputation67 of faction68 or disloyalty. They repose69 entire confidence in his Majesty, who is ever attentive70 to the complaints of his subjects, and is ever ready to relieve their distress44; and they are not without hopes that the colonies, united in a decent and regular opposition, may prevail on the new House of Commons to put a stop to measures so directly repugnant to the interests both of the mother country and her colonies."
The day after these proceedings by the House of Burgesses, the Governor of Virginia dissolved them.
The House of Representatives of New Jersey71, after gratefully acknowledging the receipt of the Massachusetts circular, observe:
"The freedom with which the House of Representatives of[Pg 344] the Massachusetts Bay have communicated their sentiments upon a matter of so great concern to all the colonies, hath been received by this House with that candour the spirit and design of your letter merits. And at the same time that they acknowledge themselves obliged to you for communicating your sentiments to them, they have directed me to assure you that they are desirous to keep up a correspondence with you, and to unite with the colonies, if necessary, in further supplications to his Majesty to relieve his distressed American subjects."
Answers to the Massachusetts circular from the Houses of Representatives of Connecticut, of Georgia, and of Maryland, were given to the same effect. The Maryland House of Representatives, in addition to the answer to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, presented an address to Governor Sharpe, of Maryland, in reply to the letter of Lord Hillsborough. Their address is dated June 23rd, 1768, and contains the following words:
"In answer to your Excellency's message of the 20th, we must observe, that if the letter from the Speaker of the House of Representatives of the colony of Massachusetts Bay, addressed to and communicated by our Speaker to this House, be the same with the letter, a copy of which you are pleased to intimate hath been communicated to the King's Ministers, it is very alarming to find, at a time when the people of America think themselves aggrieved72 by the late Acts of Parliament imposing taxes on them for the sole and express purpose of raising a revenue, and in the most dutiful manner are seeking redress from the Throne, any endeavours to unite in laying before their Sovereign what is apprehended73 to be their just complaint, should be looked upon 'as a measure of most dangerous and factious tendency, calculated to inflame the minds of his Majesty's good subjects in the colonies, and to promote an unwarrantable combination, to excite and encourage an open opposition to and denial of the authority of Parliament, and to subvert the true principles of the constitution.'
"We cannot but view this as an attempt in some of his Majesty's Ministers to suppress all communication of sentiments between the colonies, and to prevent the united supplications of America from reaching the royal ear. We hope the conduct of this House will ever evince their reverence74 and[Pg 345] respect for the laws, and faithful attachment75 to the constitution; but we cannot be brought to resent an exertion76 of the most undoubted constitutional right of petitioning the Throne, or any endeavours to procure77 and preserve a union of the colonies, as an unjustifiable attempt to revive those distractions79 which it is said have operated so fatally to the prejudice of both the colonies and the mother country. We have the warmest and most affectionate attachment to our most gracious Sovereign, and shall ever pay the readiest and most respectful regard to the just and constitutional power of the British Parliament; but we shall not be intimidated80 by a few sounding expressions from doing what we think is right."[302]
Thus the unconstitutional assumptions and despotic instructions of Lord Hillsborough to the Legislative Assemblies of the several colonies were manfully and in a moderate and loyal spirit repelled81 by them, in the clear knowledge of the constitutional rights of Englishmen, whether resident in America or England. But while Lord Hillsborough foolishly and vainly dictated82 to the several colonies to treat the colony of Massachusetts with contempt, he advanced a step further in his would-be domination over Massachusetts itself by directing Governor Barnard to order the House of Representatives, under a threat of dissolution, to rescind83 the resolution which they had adopted to send the circular to the representative Assemblies of other colonies. Lord Hillsborough, in a letter to the Governor of Massachusetts Bay, dated April 22nd, 1768, said:
"It is the King's pleasure, that so soon as the General Court is again assembled, at the time prescribed by the Charter, you should require of the House of Representatives, in his Majesty's name, to rescind the resolution which gave birth to the circular letter from the Speaker, and to declare their disapprobation thereof, and dissent84 to that rash and hasty proceeding38." "But if, notwithstanding the apprehensions87 which may justly be entertained of the ill-consequences of a continuance of this factious spirit, which seems to have influenced the resolutions of the Assembly at the conclusion of the last session, the new Assembly should refuse to comply with his Majesty's reasonable expectation, it is the King's pleasure that you should immediately[Pg 346] dissolve them, and transmit to me, to be laid before his Majesty, an account of their proceedings thereupon, to the end that his Majesty may, if he thinks fit, lay the whole matter before his Parliament, that such provisions as shall be found necessary may be made to prevent for the future a conduct of so extraordinary and unconstitutional a nature."[303]
If it was unwise for Lord Hillsborough to write letters to the Governors of the several colonies to induce their Assemblies to treat with silent contempt the circular letter of the Massachusetts Assembly, it was absurd for him to order that Assembly to rescind its resolution to send a letter which had been sent, and acted upon, and answered—a resolution and letter, indeed, of a preceding House of Assembly. But the new House of Assembly, after long deliberation and discussion, refused, by a majority of 92 to 17, to rescind the obnoxious88 resolution of the late House of Assembly, and at the same time prepared and addressed to Lord Hillsborough an elaborate letter in vindication89 of their proceedings. The House was, of course, forthwith dissolved.
Lord Hillsborough's letter produced discontent not only in Massachusetts, but in all the American provinces. It, in effect, denied the right of consultation and petition to the colonists; for, as was said by Dr. Franklin, "a demand attended with a penalty of dissolution seemed a command, not a requisition, leaving no deliberative or discretionary power in the Assembly; and the ground of its being a petition to the King, guarded with a most explicit91 declaration of the supreme legislative power of Parliament, it wore the severe and dreadful appearance of a penal90 prohibition92 against petitioning. It was, in effect, saying you shall not even presume to complain, and reducing them below the common state of slavery, in which, if men complain with decency, they are heard unless their masters happen to be monsters. It warmed moderation into zeal93, and inflamed94 zeal into rage. Yet still there appeared a disposition to express their grievances95 in humble petitions. All the Assemblies on the continent, in answer to a requisition of similar import to that already mentioned, asserted the right of the subject to petition for redress of grievances. They joined [Pg 347]in petitions stating the imposition of taxes upon them without their consent, and the abolition96 of juries in revenue cases, as intolerable grievances, from which they prayed relief."[304]
It is singular and proper to observe that the Massachusetts Assembly were now complaining, and justly complaining, of the denial of their right of petition, and of being taxed without their own consent, when more than a century before their forefathers97 had not only denied the right of religious worship according to their conscience to Baptists, Presbyterians, and Episcopalians, but the right of petition for the redress of grievances to both the local Legislature and the King and Parliament, and seized their private papers and fined and imprisoned98 them for attempting thus to petition; denied to four-fifths of the inhabitants of Massachusetts Bay the right of franchise99 itself, because they were not certified100 members of the Congregational Church; taxed them for half a century without allowing them any representation in the Legislature that taxed them, and then fined and imprisoned those of them who complained by petition of thus being taxed without representation, as well as being denied the freedom of religious worship.
But though the General Assembly of Massachusetts Bay were now receiving a part of the measure which their preceding General Assemblies had meted101 out in full measure to four-fifths of their own fellow-citizens during more than half of the previous century, yet that does not make Lord Hillsborough's letter the less unconstitutional and tyrannical, nor the conduct and vindication of the House of Representatives of Massachusetts Bay less manly102 and justifiable78. The Governor of the colony and his abettors had represented constitutional opposition and remonstrances103 against single Acts of Parliament, and of the Ministers of the day, as disloyalty to the King and treasonable resistance to lawful104 authority, and had already pursued such a course of action as to create a pretext105 for bringing soldiers and ships of war to the city, and consequent hostility106 and collisions between citizens and the soldiery, so as apparently107 to justify108 the suspension of the constituted legislative authorities in Massachusetts Bay, and enable the governors, judges, and executive officers to obtain large salaries[Pg 348] and perquisites109 out of the colonists for present gratification and future residence and expenditure110 in England.
Massachusetts was at that time the most populous111 and the most wealthy colony in America, and Boston was the port of the largest trade; and though the House of Representatives there had not used stronger language in its remonstrances to Parliament and petitions to the King than the House of Representatives of Virginia (the next most populous colony), or Pennsylvania, or New York, or Maryland, or New Jersey, or Connecticut, or Rhode Island, yet the British Ministry determined112 to establish the newly-asserted parliamentary power in America by making an example of Massachusetts and of the port of Boston. There was the appointed seat of the English Board of Commissioners of Customs, attended by a posse of officers whose haughtiness113 and taunts114 and threats contributed not a little to irritate those with whom they had intercourse115.
Three circumstances occurred which tended to increase the popular irritation116, and hasten the approaching crisis—the seizure117 and detention118 of a sloop119, the stationing of soldiers in the city, and pressing of seamen120 contrary to law.
As to the seizure of the vessel121, accounts differ. Dr. Holmes, in his Annals, says:
"The laws of trade had been hitherto greatly eluded122, but the Commissioners of the Customs were now determined that they should be executed. On the arrival of the sloop Liberty, laden123 with wines from Madeira, belonging to Mr. John Hancock, an eminent124 merchant of Boston, the tidesman, Thomas Kirk, went on board, and was followed by Captain Marshall, who was in Mr. Hancock's employ. On Kirk's refusing several proposals made to him, Marshall with five or six others confined him below three hours, during which time the wine was taken out. The master entered some pipes next morning; but the sloop was seized for a false entry, and removed from the wharf125 under the guns of the Romney man-of-war. The removal of the sloop was highly resented, as implying apprehension86 of a rescue, and every method was taken to interrupt the officers in the execution of their business; and many persons determined to be revenged. A mob was soon collected; and Mr. Harrison, the collector, Mr. Hallowell, the comptroller, Mr. Irving, the inspector126 of imports and exports, and a son of the[Pg 349] collector, very narrowly escaped with their lives. The mob proceeded to the houses of the collector and comptroller, and having broken their windows, and those of the inspector-general, they next took and dragged the collector's (pleasure) boat through the town and burned it on the common. These outrages127 induced the Custom-house officers to take refuge, first on board the Romney man-of-war and afterwards in Castle William."[305]
On the other hand, Dr. Franklin states the affair as follows:
"On the 10th of June a seizure was made of a sloop fastened to the wharf, by an armed force, and the seizure carried by violence to the man-of-war. That this seizure was made with every circumstance of violence and insult which could irritate a mob, is proved by the oaths of thirteen eye-witnesses whose credibility has never been impeached128. Unhappily, the irritation succeeded but too well. The collector and comptroller who made the seizure in that manner were treated with great indignity129 and personal injury by the mob."[306]
Another circumstance, productive of more intense and general excitement, if possible, and which transpired130 very shortly after the seizure and detention of the sloop Liberty, was the impressment of some seamen belonging to the town by the captain of the man-of-war Romney. This was done, as alleged131, in violation132 of an Act of Parliament for the encouragement of trade to America—6 Anne, chap. xxvii., section 9—which says:
"No mariner133 or other person who shall serve on board, or be retained to serve on board, any privateer or trading ship or vessel that shall be employed in any port of America, nor any mariner or person being on shore in any port thereof, shall be[Pg 350] liable to be impressed or taken away by any officer or officers belonging to her Majesty's ships of war." To prevent the tumults134 which were feared from such a flagrant and dangerous infraction135 of the law, a legal town-meeting was called, in which the inhabitants assembled petitioned the Governor to interpose and prevent such outrages upon the rights and liberties of the people; but the Governor declined to interfere—stated that he had no control over his Majesty's ships of war—that he would, however, use his utmost endeavours to get the impressing of men for the King's ships of war so regulated as to avoid all the inconveniences to the town which the petitioners136 apprehended.
In the midst of these excitements and discontents, so threatening and dangerous without some form of expression, many of the peace-loving and respectable inhabitants of Boston urged the Governor to convene137 the Legislature, but he refused without a command from the King. The select men of Boston then proposed to the several towns and townships of the colony the election of a Convention, to meet in Boston the 22nd of September, "to deliberate on constitutional measures to obtain redress of their grievances." Ninety-six towns and eight districts elected delegates to the Convention, which sat four days; "disclaimed138 any legislative authority, petitioned the Governor, made loyal professions, expressed their aversion to standing85 armies, to tumults and disorders139, their readiness to assist in suppressing riots and preserving the peace; recommended patience and good order; and after a short session dissolved."[307]
The day before the close of this Convention, it was announced that three men-of-war and transports had arrived at Boston harbour with about 900 troops, and the fleet next day came to anchor near Castle William. The Commissioners of Customs and their friends had solicited140 the stationing of a regular force in the town.
"The ships having taken a station which commanded the town, the troops, under cover of the cannon141 of the ships, landed without molestation142, and to the number of 700 men marched, with muskets143 charged and bayonets fixed, martial144 music, and[Pg 351] the usual military parade, into the common. In the evening the select Men of Boston were required to quarter the regiments145 in the town; but they absolutely refused. A temporary shelter, however, in Faneuil Hall was permitted to one regiment146 that was without camp equipage. The next day the State House, by the order of the Governor, was opened for the reception of the soldiers; and after the quarters were settled, two field pieces with the main guard were stationed just in its front. Everything was calculated to excite the indignation of the inhabitants. The lower floor of the State House, which had been used by gentlemen and merchants as an exchange; the representatives' chamber147, the Court-house, Faneuil Hall—places with which were associated ideas of justice and freedom, as well as of convenience and utility—were now filled with regular soldiers. Guards were placed at the doors of the State House, through which the Council must pass in going to their own chamber. The common was covered with tents. The soldiers were constantly marching and countermarching to relieve the guards. The sentinels challenged the inhabitants as they passed. The Lord's day was profaned148, and the devotion of the sanctuary149 was disturbed by the sound of drums and other military music. There was every appearance of a garrisoned150 town. The colonists felt disgusted and injured, but not overawed, by the obtruded151 soldiery. After the troops had obtained quarters, the Council were required to provide barracks for them, agreeably to Act of Parliament, but they resolutely152 declined any measure which might be construed153 into submission154 to that Act. Several large transports arrived at Boston from Cork155, having on board part of the 64th and 65th British regiments, under Colonels MacKay and Pomeroy; the object of which was to protect the revenue officers in the collection of duties."[308]
[Pg 352]
Such was the state of things in Massachusetts and in other colonies at the close of the year 1768.
FOOTNOTES:
[301] The following are the concluding paragraphs of this petition to the King, dated 20th January, 1768:
"With great sincerity156 permit us to assure your Majesty, that your subjects of this province ever have and will continue to acknowledge your Majesty's High Court of Parliament as the supreme legislative power of the whole empire, the superintending authority of which is clearly admitted in all cases that can consist with the fundamental rights of nature and the constitution, to which your Majesty's happy subjects in all parts of your empire conceive they have a just and equitable claim.
"It is with the deepest concern that your humble suppliants157 would represent to your Majesty, that your Parliament, the rectitude of whose intentions is never to be questioned, has thought proper to pass divers158 Acts imposing taxes on your Majesty's subjects in America, with the sole and express purpose of raising a revenue. If your Majesty's subjects here shall be deprived of the honour and privilege of voluntarily contributing their aid to your Majesty in supporting your government and authority in the province, and defending and securing your rights and territories in America, which they have always hitherto done with the utmost cheerfulness: if these Acts of Parliament shall remain in force, and your Majesty's Commons in Great Britain shall continue to exercise the power of granting the property of their fellow-subjects in this province, your people must then regret their unhappy fate in having only the name left of free subjects.
"With all humility159 we conceive that a representation of your Majesty's subjects of this province in the Parliament, considering their local circumstances, is utterly impracticable. Your Majesty has heretofore been graciously pleased to order your requisitions to be laid before the representatives of your people in the General Assembly, who have never failed to afford the necessary aid to the extent of their ability, and sometimes beyond it; and it would be ever grievous to your Majesty's faithful subjects to be called upon in a way that should appear to them to imply a distrust of their most ready and willing compliance160.
"Under the most sensible impressions of your Majesty's wise and paternal161 care for the remotest of your faithful subjects, and in full dependence on the royal declarations in the Charter of this province, we most humbly beseech162 your Majesty to take our present unhappy circumstances under your Royal consideration, and afford us relief in such manner as in your Majesty's great wisdom and clemency163 shall seem meet." (Prior Documents, etc., pp. 175-7.)
Prior Documents, etc., p. 219.
Prior Documents, etc.
Prior Documents, etc., p. 262.
American Annals, etc., Vol II., pp. 157, 158; the authority given is Gordon, Vol. I., pp. 168-172. Dr. Ramsay gives a similar account of the affair in his Colonial History, Vol. I., Chap. iii., p. 355.
Prior Documents, pp. 262, 263.
Dr. Franklin adds in a note: "That the seizure was unjust, is plain from this, that they were obliged to restore the vessel, after detaining her a long time, not being able to find any evidence to support a prosecution164. The suits for enormous sums against a number of persons, brought in the Court of Admiralty, being found insupportable, were, after long continuance, to the great expense and trouble of these persons, dropt by a declaration of the King's advocate that his Majesty would prosecute165 no further; but the prosecuted166 could obtain no costs or damages, for so is the law."—Ib., p. 263.
Holmes' Annals, etc., Vol. II., p. 158.
Holmes' Annals, etc., Vol. II., pp. 158, 159.
The Boston American Gazette, under the head of "A Journal of Transactions in Boston," says, September 30th, 1768: "Early this morning a number of boats were observed round the town, making soundings, etc. At three o'clock in the afternoon, the Launceston, of 40 guns; the Mermaid167, of 28; the Glasgow, 20; the Beaver168, 14; Senegal, 14; Bonetta, 10, and several armed schooners169, which, together with the Romney, of 60 guns, and the other ships of war before in the harbour, all commanded by Captain Smith, came up to town, bringing with them the 14th Regiment, Colonel Dalrymple, and the 29th Regiment, Colonel Carr, none having been disembarked at Castle Island; so that we now behold170 Boston surrounded, in a time of profound peace, with about fourteen ships of war, with springs on their cables, and their broadsides to the town. It the people of England could but look into the town, they would smile to see the utmost good order and observance of the laws, and that this mighty171 armament has no other rebellion to subdue172 than what has existed in the brain and letters of the inveterate173 G———r B——-d (Governor Barnard), and the detested174 Commiss (Commissioners) of the Board of Cust—s (Customs). What advantage the Court of Versailles may take of the present policy of the British Ministry can be better determined hereafter." (pp. 177, 178.)
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colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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repeal
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temperate
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loyalty
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enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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possessed
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consultation
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10
harmonious
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| adj.和睦的，调和的，和谐的，协调的 | |
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11
candidly
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| adv.坦率地，直率而诚恳地 | |
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12
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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13
culminated
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| v.达到极点( culminate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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14
dependence
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| n.依靠，依赖；信任，信赖；隶属 | |
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15
humbly
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| adv. 恭顺地，谦卑地 | |
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16
ministry
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| n.(政府的)部；牧师 | |
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17
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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18
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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19
legislative
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| n.立法机构，立法权；adj.立法的，有立法权的 | |
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20
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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21
derive
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| v.取得；导出；引申；来自；源自；出自 | |
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22
derives
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| v.得到( derive的第三人称单数 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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23
ascertains
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的第三人称单数 ) | |
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24
equitable
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| adj.公平的；公正的 | |
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25
humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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26
deference
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| n.尊重，顺从；敬意 | |
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27
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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28
infringements
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| n.违反( infringement的名词复数 )；侵犯，伤害 | |
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29
equity
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| n.公正，公平，（无固定利息的）股票 | |
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30
apprehend
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| vt.理解，领悟，逮捕，拘捕，忧虑 | |
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31
redress
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| n.赔偿，救济，矫正；v.纠正，匡正，革除 | |
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32
stipend
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| n.薪贴；奖学金；养老金 | |
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33
subvert
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| v.推翻；暗中破坏；搅乱 | |
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34
enumerated
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| v.列举，枚举，数( enumerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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35
commissioners
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| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
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36
authorizes
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| 授权，批准，委托( authorize的名词复数 ) | |
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37
proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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38
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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39
factious
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| adj.好搞宗派活动的，派系的，好争论的 | |
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40
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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41
dictating
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| v.大声讲或读( dictate的现在分词 )；口授；支配；摆布 | |
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42
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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43
distressed
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| 痛苦的 | |
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44
distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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45
favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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46
displeasing
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| 不愉快的，令人发火的 | |
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47
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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48
inflame
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| v.使燃烧；使极度激动；使发炎 | |
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49
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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50
prevailing
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|
| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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51
honourable
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| adj.可敬的；荣誉的，光荣的 | |
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52
concur
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| v.同意，意见一致，互助，同时发生 | |
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53
subsist
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| vi.生存，存在，供养 | |
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54
lament
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|
| n.悲叹，悔恨，恸哭；v.哀悼，悔恨，悲叹 | |
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55
censures
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| v.指责，非难，谴责( censure的第三人称单数 ) | |
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56
persuasion
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| n.劝说；说服；持有某种信仰的宗派 | |
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57
acquiesce
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| vi.默许，顺从，同意 | |
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58
aspire
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| vi.(to，after)渴望，追求，有志于 | |
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59
antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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60
doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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61
replete
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| adj.饱满的，塞满的；n.贮蜜蚁 | |
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62
mischief
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| n.损害，伤害，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋，胡闹 | |
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63
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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64
subversive
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|
| adj.颠覆性的，破坏性的；n.破坏份子，危险份子 | |
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65
mandates
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| 托管（mandate的第三人称单数形式） | |
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66
decency
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|
| n.体面，得体，合宜，正派，庄重 | |
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67
imputation
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| n.归罪，责难 | |
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68
faction
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|
| n.宗派，小集团；派别；派系斗争 | |
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69
repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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70
attentive
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|
| adj.注意的，专心的；关心(别人)的，殷勤的 | |
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71
jersey
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| n.运动衫 | |
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72
aggrieved
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|
| adj.愤愤不平的，受委屈的；悲痛的；（在合法权利方面）受侵害的v.令委屈，令苦恼，侵害( aggrieve的过去式)；令委屈，令苦恼，侵害( aggrieve的过去式和过去分词) | |
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73
apprehended
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| 逮捕，拘押( apprehend的过去式和过去分词 )； 理解 | |
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74
reverence
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|
| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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75
attachment
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|
| n.附属物，附件；依恋；依附 | |
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76
exertion
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| n.尽力，努力 | |
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77
procure
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|
| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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78
justifiable
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|
| adj.有理由的，无可非议的 | |
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79
distractions
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| n.使人分心的事[人]( distraction的名词复数 )；娱乐，消遣；心烦意乱；精神错乱 | |
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80
intimidated
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|
| v.恐吓；威胁adj.害怕的；受到威胁的 | |
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81
repelled
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|
| v.击退( repel的过去式和过去分词 )；使厌恶；排斥；推开 | |
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82
dictated
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|
| v.大声讲或读( dictate的过去式和过去分词 )；口授；支配；摆布 | |
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83
rescind
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|
| v.废除，取消 | |
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84
dissent
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|
| n./v.不同意，持异议 | |
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85
standing
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|
| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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86
apprehension
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|
| n.理解，领悟；逮捕，拘捕；忧虑 | |
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87
apprehensions
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| 疑惧 | |
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88
obnoxious
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|
| adj.极恼人的，讨人厌的，可憎的 | |
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89
vindication
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|
| n.洗冤，证实 | |
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90
penal
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|
| adj.刑罚的；刑法上的 | |
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91
explicit
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|
| adj.详述的，明确的；坦率的；显然的 | |
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92
prohibition
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| n.禁止；禁令，禁律 | |
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93
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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94
inflamed
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| adj.发炎的，红肿的v.（使）变红，发怒，过热( inflame的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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95
grievances
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|
| n.委屈( grievance的名词复数 )；苦衷；不满；牢骚 | |
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96
abolition
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|
| n.废除，取消 | |
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97
forefathers
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| n.祖先，先人；祖先，祖宗( forefather的名词复数 )；列祖列宗；前人 | |
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98
imprisoned
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| 下狱，监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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99
franchise
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|
| n.特许，特权，专营权，特许权 | |
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100
certified
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| a.经证明合格的；具有证明文件的 | |
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101
meted
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| v.（对某人）施以，给予（处罚等）( mete的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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102
manly
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|
| adj.有男子气概的；adv.男子般地，果断地 | |
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103
remonstrances
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|
| n.抱怨，抗议( remonstrance的名词复数 ) | |
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104
lawful
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| adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的 | |
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105
pretext
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| n.借口，托词 | |
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106
hostility
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|
| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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107
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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108
justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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109
perquisites
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| n.（工资以外的）财务补贴( perquisite的名词复数 )；额外收入；（随职位而得到的）好处；利益 | |
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110
expenditure
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| n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出；使用，消耗 | |
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111
populous
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| adj.人口稠密的，人口众多的 | |
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112
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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113
haughtiness
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| n.傲慢；傲气 | |
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114
taunts
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| 嘲弄的言语，嘲笑，奚落( taunt的名词复数 ) | |
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115
intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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116
irritation
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| n.激怒，恼怒，生气 | |
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117
seizure
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| n.没收；占有；抵押 | |
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118
detention
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| n.滞留，停留；拘留，扣留；(教育)留下 | |
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119
sloop
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| n.单桅帆船 | |
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120
seamen
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| n.海员 | |
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121
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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122
eluded
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| v.（尤指机敏地）避开( elude的过去式和过去分词 )；逃避；躲避；使达不到 | |
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123
laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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124
eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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125
wharf
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| n.码头，停泊处 | |
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126
inspector
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| n.检查员，监察员，视察员 | |
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127
outrages
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| 引起…的义愤，激怒( outrage的第三人称单数 ) | |
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128
impeached
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|
| v.控告（某人）犯罪( impeach的过去式和过去分词 )；弹劾；对（某事物）怀疑；提出异议 | |
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129
indignity
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| n.侮辱，伤害尊严，轻蔑 | |
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130
transpired
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| （事实，秘密等）被人知道( transpire的过去式和过去分词 )； 泄露； 显露； 发生 | |
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131
alleged
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| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
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132
violation
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| n.违反(行为)，违背(行为)，侵犯 | |
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133
mariner
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| n.水手号不载人航天探测器，海员，航海者 | |
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134
tumults
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| 吵闹( tumult的名词复数 )； 喧哗； 激动的吵闹声； 心烦意乱 | |
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135
infraction
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| n.违反；违法 | |
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136
petitioners
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| n.请求人，请愿人( petitioner的名词复数 )；离婚案原告 | |
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137
convene
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| v.集合，召集，召唤，聚集，集合 | |
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138
disclaimed
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| v.否认( disclaim的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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139
disorders
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| n.混乱( disorder的名词复数 )；凌乱；骚乱；（身心、机能）失调 | |
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140
solicited
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| v.恳求( solicit的过去式和过去分词 )；（指娼妇）拉客；索求；征求 | |
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141
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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142
molestation
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| n.骚扰，干扰，调戏；折磨 | |
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143
muskets
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| n.火枪，（尤指）滑膛枪( musket的名词复数 ) | |
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144
martial
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| adj.战争的，军事的，尚武的，威武的 | |
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145
regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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146
regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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147
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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148
profaned
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| v.不敬( profane的过去式和过去分词 )；亵渎，玷污 | |
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149
sanctuary
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| n.圣所，圣堂，寺庙；禁猎区，保护区 | |
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150
garrisoned
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| 卫戍部队守备( garrison的过去式和过去分词 )； 派部队驻防 | |
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151
obtruded
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| v.强行向前，强行，强迫( obtrude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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152
resolutely
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| adj.坚决地，果断地 | |
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153
construed
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| v.解释（陈述、行为等）( construe的过去式和过去分词 )；翻译，作句法分析 | |
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154
submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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155
cork
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| n.软木，软木塞 | |
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156
sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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157
suppliants
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| n.恳求者，哀求者( suppliant的名词复数 ) | |
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158
divers
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| adj.不同的；种种的 | |
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159
humility
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| n.谦逊，谦恭 | |
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160
compliance
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| n.顺从；服从；附和；屈从 | |
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161
paternal
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| adj.父亲的，像父亲的，父系的，父方的 | |
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162
beseech
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| v.祈求，恳求 | |
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163
clemency
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| n.温和，仁慈，宽厚 | |
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164
prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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165
prosecute
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| vt.告发；进行；vi.告发，起诉，作检察官 | |
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166
prosecuted
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| a.被起诉的 | |
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167
mermaid
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| n.美人鱼 | |
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168
beaver
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| n.海狸，河狸 | |
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169
schooners
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| n.（有两个以上桅杆的）纵帆船( schooner的名词复数 ) | |
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170
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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171
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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172
subdue
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| vt.制服，使顺从，征服；抑制，克制 | |
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173
inveterate
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| adj.积习已深的，根深蒂固的 | |
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174
detested
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| v.憎恶，嫌恶，痛恨( detest的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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