Notwithstanding “Henry, the Navigator” applied9 the inventions and equipments so indispensable to scientific navigation, and did all he could to inspire his sailors to sail around South Africa, it was forty years before that was an accomplished10 fact. So inferior, so inadequate11, for ocean navigation, were the vessels13 then, and so little was known about ocean currents and the trade winds, that we can easily imagine that long sea voyages were discouraging.
There is no other class of men so superstitious14 as were the sailors, nor as are the sailors now. Everything that they see or hear of, that is unusual or they don’t understand, frightens them as foreboding evil. It is an experience reported by so many of the famous navigators. You will recall Columbus’s experience in his first voyage across the Atlantic, and not only the evasive answers he gave when the sailors noticed a variation of the needle and his threats to enforce his orders, that he might continue his voyage.
About 480 B. C., Pindar, the greatest of the lyric15 poets of Greece, declared that “Beyond 16 Cades (Cadiz in Spain) no man, however bold and brave, could pass; only a god might voyage those waters.” The Atlantic was deemed a dangerous ocean. Thus we are reminded of some of the obstacles which delayed European discovery of the western world.
All that is known of the life, education, pursuits and achievements of Hudson, the Navigator, whose name is perpetuated16 in monuments (“more enduring than brass”) upon the face of nature (its waters and land) in North America, is contained in the brief period of five years, or from 1606 to 1611, and is almost entirely17 contained in his log-books of his four voyages.
That so little about Hudson is known is not because efforts have not been made by competent and zealous18 investigators19. It is greatly to be regretted that Richard Hakluyt and Samuel Purchas, Englishmen and contemporaries of Hudson, so greatly condensed in their writings the material they had and which is the chief source of information.
Hessel Gerritsz and Emanuel Van Meteren, Hollanders, also contemporaries of Hudson, historians, geographers20, map-makers and publishers, 17 threw much side-light upon the discoveries which had been made in search of an all-water route to India (describing and illustrating21 by maps) before Hudson made any of his four famous voyages.
Coming down to the nineteenth century we find prominent among Hudson’s biographers, Henry R. Cleveland’s Life of Hudson, in Sparks’ Library of American Biography, vol. 10, 1838; Henry Hudson in Holland, by the Hon. Henry C. Murphy, United States Minister at The Hague in 1859; Gen. John Meredith Read, Jr.’s elaborate historical research about Hudson published in 1866; Dr. G. M. Asher’s article on Henry Hudson, printed for the Hakluyt Society in London, 1860; and John Knox Laughton, Professor of Modern History in Kings College since 1885, whose article appears in the Dictionary of International Biography, vol. 28, pp. 147-149, stating that Dr. Asher’s article of 400 pages covers almost everything known about Henry Hudson, and Justin Winsor’s America, eight volumes, in 1889; John Brodhead’s History of New York, 1871, etc., etc.
We do know that Hudson, the Navigator’s name was Henry and not Hendrick, as so often called and even now blazoned23 on the newest and finest 18 steamboat on the Hudson river, as evidenced in his contract with the Amsterdam directors of the Dutch East India Company, a copy of which follows. We know that he was and remained an Englishman when on his return from his third voyage (for the Dutch) the English government forbade him and all the Englishmen with him to enter any service other than for her own country.
As Hudson did not understand the Dutch language he employed, as his interpreter in his conference with the two Amsterdam directors of the Dutch East India Company, a learned Hollander named Jodocus Hondius, who signed the contract as a witness.
CONTRACT.
“On this eighth day of January in the year of our Lord 1609, the directors of the East India Company of the Chamber24 of Amsterdam, of the ten year’s reckoning of the one part, and Mr Henry Hudson, Englishman assisted by Jodocus Hondius of the other part have agreed in manner following, to wit: That the said directors shall in the first place equip a small vessel12 or yacht of about thirty lasts (about 60 tons) burden with 19 which well provided with men, provisions, and other necessaries the aforesaid Hudson shall about the first of April sail in order to search for a passage by the North, around by the North side of Novaya Zemlya and shall continue thus along that parallel until he shall be able to sail southward to the latitude of 60 degrees. He shall obtain as much knowledge of the lands as can be done without any considerable loss of time, and if it be possible return immediately, in order to make a faithful report and relation of his voyage to the directors, and to deliver over his journals, log books and charts together with an account of everything whatsoever25 which shall happen to him during the voyage, without keeping anything back; for which said voyage the directors shall pay to the said Hudson as well as for his outfit26 for the said voyage as for the support of his wife and children the sum of 800 guilders; (about 320 dollars) and, in case (which God prevent) he do not come back or arrive hereabouts within a year the directors shall further pay to his wife 200 guilders in cash; and thereupon they shall not be further liable to him or his heirs, unless he shall either afterward27 or within the year arrive and have 20 found the passage good and suitable for the company to use; in which case the directors will reward the aforenamed Hudson for his dangers, trouble and knowledge in their discretion28, with which the before mentioned Hudson is content. And in case the directors think proper to prosecute29 and continue the same voyage it is stipulated30 and agreed with the aforenamed Hudson that he shall make his residence in this country with his wife and children, and shall enter into the employment of no other than the Company and this at the discretion of the directors, who also promise to make him satisfied and content for such further service in all justice and equity31. All without fraud or evil intent. In witness of the truth, two contracts are made hereof, of the same tenor32 and are subscribed33 by both parties and also by Jodocus Hondius as interpreter and witness.
“Dated as above
Signed
“DIRK VAN OS
“J. POPPE
“HENRY HUDSON
“JODOCUS HONDIUS
“Witness”
21
The period of the tercentenary of Henry Hudson’s exploration, in 1609, of the “Grande river,” which for centuries has been called the “Hudson river,” approaches, and already plans and preparations, on a grand scale, have been begun to commemorate34 that highly important event.
Albanians are especially interested and participating in the preparations for this celebration, for the site of Albany was deemed the most important in the New Netherlands, that of the city of New York alone excepted, and in many respects, early, even more important than that. For at Albany, near the confluence35 of the two great rivers of the territory of New York, the Hudson from the north and the Mohawk from the west, the Indians from the north and west came in their canoes with their peltry and furs, as a market place, designed by nature, for the exchange of articles between the red men and the white men for what they did not want, to get what, respectively, they did want. Then, too, it was where the Indians assembled to make their important treaties; where the governors of the American provinces met to consider and decide important measures; and where the first provincial36 congress, 22 in 1754, met and prepared a plan for the union of the colonies. It was, moreover, the great strategic point contended for by the French and English on American soil, and later by the English against the United States in the War of the American Revolution. Albany’s charter, as a city, under the date of 1686, is the oldest unrevoked charter of a city in the United States and during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries no place in the western world surpassed it in historic interest; and for the last hundred years and more, as the capital of the Empire State, it has been considered, next to Washington, the most influential38 and important legislative39 center in the United States.
The Scandinavians were the earliest and boldest Arctic navigators and Iceland was their rendezvous40. A great part of the Arctic shores that have been visited in modern times was known to the Scandinavians.
Columbus visited Iceland fifteen years before he sailed in 1492. S. Cabot went to North America in 1498 by way of Iceland. Scandinavians were seeking fisheries, as were the exploring nations of that period, and many of their acts were those of 23 freebooters. The Portuguese41, the Spanish, and the French, the three nations which had followed in the track of Cabot and his English companions and had then arrived at the northern shores of America in search of a passage to Asia, did not abandon the newly explored region.
The Portuguese continued their surveys of the northern coasts most likely to discover advantageous42 fisheries. They advanced slowly along the shores of Newfoundland and then up to the mouth of Hudson strait, then through that strait, and at last into Hudson bay. With a certain number of ancient maps, ranging from 1529 to 1570, before us we can trace the progress step by step. In 1554 the Portuguese seemed not yet to have reached the mouth of the Hudson strait. In 1558 their geographical43 knowledge extended beyond the mouth of the strait and in 1570 they had reached the bay. The authorities for all this are our ancient geographical delineations. Much geographical intelligence in those days was kept secret. We can therefore state with the greatest certainty that Hudson bay had been discovered before the publication of Ortelius’s Atlas44, published 1570. So said Dr. Asher.
General J. M. Read, Jr., with competent assistants, much time and ample means, pursued a thorough, exhaustive examination to ascertain2 all possible about the Hudsons, of which Henry was one; and while the book is very interesting and many ingenious theories presented, yet rock-foundation of evidence seems to be lacking.
While neither the parents of Henry Hudson nor the date of his birth have been ascertained, that he was born in England, and almost beyond question in Hoddersdon (where so many of the Hudsons lived) in Hertfordshire, about seventeen miles north by east of London, seems settled. It, moreover, seems highly probable that our Henry Hudson was the grandson of Henry Hudson, a Londoner of great wealth and influence, one of the founders46 and the first president of the Muscovy or Russian Company which Sebastian Cabot suggested and of which he became its first governor, and that in the service of that company our navigator there had his first service and won the rank and distinction of captain. The Muscovy or Russian Company was formed of London merchant adventurers for the purpose of seeking an all-water route to the Indies by sailing north of 25 Russia and then down the Pacific, greatly shortening the route via the Cape of Good Hope. This company was held in such high esteem47 that both England and Russia granted it a charter in 1555. Several unsuccessful voyages for this purpose were made, the ice and storms proving insurmountable obstacles. It was in the employ of this company where, and in his own journal, our Henry Hudson first makes himself known as the captain of the “Hopeful,” which sailed April 19, 1607, with ten sailors and his son John, a boy, aboard, with directions to explore the coast of Greenland, pass around it to the northeast, or directly under the Pole or, in his own words, “for to discover a passage by the North Pole to Japan and China.” The “Hopeful” left Gravesend May 1, 1607, and in twenty-six days reached the Shetland Islands, where supplies were taken on. Four days after leaving these islands it was observed that the magnetic needle was deflected48, which created consternation49 among the sailors. They believed the voyage was under an evil spell and would meet with disaster. Then the resources of the captain were evoked37 to carry out instructions or plans and prevent mutiny. Hudson managed his crew, 26 sailed along the east coast of Greenland and thence along the ice barrier to Spitzbergen (discovered by the Dutch in 1596), going as far north as 80° 23′. Prevented by ice, he sailed back to England, which he reached September 15, 1607.
The Muscovy Company still believed that an all-water and a very much shorter route than that via Cape of Good Hope from Western Europe to India could be found by the northeast, fitted out a vessel with a larger crew and gave our Captain Henry Hudson the command of it and under the same instructions as before. His son, as well as several others of his crew on the “Hopeful,” went with him on this second voyage. He sailed from London April 25, 1608, and, obstructed50 by the ice, he could go no further than Nova Zembla, which had been discovered in 1553. He promptly51 returned to England and reported to the company. Hudson asked for more men and less rigid52 orders that he might make another voyage, but the company did not comply with his request. “It is not known whether it was because it had abandoned the hope of finding a northeastern route or had lost confidence in Hudson’s ability.” Navigators, like prophets, “are not without honor 27 save in their own country;” as examples, Columbus, John Cabot, Verazzano, Magellan and Americus Vespucius, whose discoveries were for nations not their own.
Hudson, firm in the belief that he could find a much shorter all-water route than then was known, sought employment from the Dutch East India Company, which had heard of him as an able, brave and skilled navigator who had been in the employ of their rival—the English—an incentive53 to secure his services. Hudson was invited to Amsterdam to confer with the directors of the Dutch East India Company. He went and there met the Amsterdam directors of the Dutch East India Company. The Amsterdam directors thought favorably of securing Hudson’s services for the Dutch East India Company—at all events to prevent him from entering any other service and it is said they asked him to come to them a year later for employment as a matter of that importance could be acted on only by the Council of Seventeen. This was to postpone54 the matter, much to Hudson’s disappointment and detriment55—ending, possibly, in mere22 talk. The Dutch East India Company was then the most 28 prosperous of the East India companies and was really more anxious to prevent any other company from discovering a new all-water route (the company had resolved to do that at any cost) than to find one themselves. However, the Amsterdam directors did not hoodwink Hudson by their excuse for delay, which would bind56 him for a year and leave them free. A former director of the Dutch East India Company, who thought he had been ill treated by the company, resigned, became a bitter opponent of the company and resided in Paris. He told Hudson of the duplicity and purpose of the Amsterdam directors in holding him in suspense57. The then French King, Henry IV, felt chagrined58 that France, through oversight59 or neglect, had not in any due proportion, considering her dignity and importance, shared in the India trade and that her expeditions to Canada had not proved a success, determined60 to seek and obtain an experienced navigator to take command of a well-equipped expedition in quest of the best all-water route to India. The French King was advised to communicate with James Lemaire, a Dutch navigator of great wealth and residing in 29 Paris. He did so and Lemaire knew Hudson and named him as the best man for the position.
Governments employ a secret service to keep a close watch upon other governments and to report promptly what they are doing and contemplating61. King Henry learned about Henry Hudson’s conference with the Amsterdam directors of the Dutch East India Company who wanted to bind him to wait a year before engaging again in a voyage of discovery for India and then come to them for employment.
The French King gave orders that Hudson be engaged at once on most liberal terms in the service of France, but the Amsterdam directors learned of his decision and without any further delay entered on the 8th of January, 1609, in a contract with Hudson which resulted in the Dutch claim of New Netherlands instead, perhaps, of extended French claims in the New World. This contract has been very sharply commented upon as being very illiberal62 in the compensation stated for the services and great risk that Hudson was to undergo; that while clear in terms it was not in perfect good faith for as it claimed to be an act of the Dutch East India Company and was 30 signed by only two of the directors of the Amsterdam chamber who had no authority to bind the company in such a matter and that therefore it was voidable if for any reason the company so desired. It might have been merely an inexpensive scheme to prevent Hudson from entering any other employ. Then, too, it appeared singular that either the Amsterdam directors or Hudson should want to attempt the northeastern route which so often had resulted in failure before our Hudson’s time and that Hudson himself as a master had signally failed in two expeditions and probably before that while as a mariner63 in the employ of the Muscovy Company. It seemed as though Hudson who, after commanding two searches for the Muscovy Company wanted greater freedom in the pursuit and so asked of that company. The belief on the part of some was that there was a secret agreement or understanding between the contracting parties that Hudson might, or was really, to ignore the contract which was given to the public as a blind. While subsequent events gave color, plausibility64 to these thoughts, they were merely conjectures65, for it is most remarkable66 that there has so little 31 documentary evidence been found about a man whose name appears so often and so prominently in North America. Hudson’s last voyage was for three wealthy Englishmen, viz.: Sir Thomas Smythe, Sir Dudley Digges and John Wolstenholme. Doubtless very much of Hudson’s writings were not made public—probably publication at that time was forbidden, fearing that rival navigators would thereby67 gain some information to their advantage and to the detriment of Hudson’s employers. Then, too, it has been thought and said that if Hudson’s writings had been published in full some things would have been revealed that at least some of the contracting parties were anxious to conceal68. Although nearly 300 years have passed and the public has not been fully69 enlightened on this subject there still remains70 the belief that Hudson’s writings about his contracts for searching for an all-water and shorter route to India will yet be discovered and published. To engage in any great and hazardous71 undertaking72 there must be some adequate motive73. Considering the high demands and promises made to bold and skillful navigators (perhaps in compensation, rank, and authority none comparable 32 with the case of Christopher Columbus) it is scarcely presumable that Henry Hudson entered the service of the Dutch East India Company merely for the paltry74 sum named in that contract and in a route which he himself on two occasions or more had found impracticable—presumably impossible. Henry Hudson, a bold and experienced navigator, well posted in the discoveries made by maritime75 discoverers especially in the New World; in the discoveries in geography, geometry, and in possession of the latest and best maps of the world, surely had some strong motive, presumably a worthy76 ambition to become a discoverer of a new all-water route to India, and in his journal he told of his desire to seek that route by sailing westward when his instructions were distinct and positive to sail north and east.
If, then, such were the views and purposes of Hudson when he made the contract (which is quoted herein) with the Amsterdam directors of the Dutch East India Company, let us see, if we may, the real and principal motives77 actuating that company, so powerful, so dominant78 in the Netherlands, to engage Hudson by contract and whether either party was not going to live up to it in good 33 faith or whether the strong presumption79 is that it was merely a blind to deceive rivals and that there was another and very different secret agreement.
Charles V, German Emperor, was born at Ghent, Flanders, 1500. He was the eldest80 son of Philip, Archduke of Austria, and of Joanna, the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. Philip’s parents were the Emperor Maximilian and Marie, daughter and heiress of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. On the death of his grandfather, Ferdinand, in 1516, Charles took possession of the throne of Spain by the title of Charles I.
On the death of Maximilian in 1519 Charles was elected German Emperor and crowned October 22, 1519, at Aix-la-Chapelle and received from the Pope the title of Roman Emperor, making him the most powerful monarch81 in Europe. A zealous Catholic, he aimed to nullify the doctrine82 taught by the reformer Martin Luther and to compel the Hollanders, the Netherlanders, to express their faith and belief in Ignatius Loyola, the reputed founder45 of the Society of Jesus—the Jesuits. It was not 34 Loyola but Torquemada, whose name, as the Chief Inquisitor, became a by-word and reproach. Justin Winsor, a high authority, said that Carlyle said, “Those Dutch are a strong people. They raised their land out of a marsh83 and went on for a long time breeding cows and making cheese and might have gone with their cows and cheese till doomsday. But Spain comes over and says, ‘We want you to believe in Ignatius.’ The Dutch replied, ‘We are very sorry, but we cannot.’ ‘God, but you must,’ said Spain, and went about it with guns and swords to make the Dutch believe in Ignatius.” Thus began a religious war (usually the fiercest and most unrelenting) which, with some cessation of hostilities84, lasted for nearly seventy years, down to 1648, when the independence of the Dutch Republic was acknowledged and it had become one of the foremost, if not really the foremost, power in Europe.
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1
ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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longitude
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| n.经线，经度 | |
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latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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accomplishment
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| n.完成，成就，（pl.）造诣，技能 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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inadequate
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| adj.(for,to)不充足的，不适当的 | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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superstitious
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| adj.迷信的 | |
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lyric
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| n.抒情诗，歌词；adj.抒情的 | |
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perpetuated
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| vt.使永存（perpetuate的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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investigators
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| n.调查者，审查者( investigator的名词复数 ) | |
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geographers
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| 地理学家( geographer的名词复数 ) | |
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illustrating
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| 给…加插图( illustrate的现在分词 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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blazoned
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| v.广布( blazon的过去式和过去分词 )；宣布；夸示；装饰 | |
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chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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whatsoever
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| adv.（用于否定句中以加强语气）任何；pron.无论什么 | |
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outfit
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| n.（为特殊用途的）全套装备，全套服装 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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discretion
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| n.谨慎；随意处理 | |
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prosecute
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| vt.告发；进行；vi.告发，起诉，作检察官 | |
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stipulated
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| vt.& vi.规定；约定adj.[法]合同规定的 | |
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equity
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| n.公正，公平，（无固定利息的）股票 | |
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tenor
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| n.男高音（歌手），次中音（乐器），要旨，大意 | |
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subscribed
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| v.捐助( subscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；签署，题词；订阅；同意 | |
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commemorate
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| vt.纪念，庆祝 | |
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confluence
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| n.汇合，聚集 | |
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provincial
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| adj.省的，地方的；n．外省人，乡下人 | |
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evoked
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| [医]诱发的 | |
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influential
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| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
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legislative
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| n.立法机构，立法权；adj.立法的，有立法权的 | |
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rendezvous
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| n.约会，约会地点，汇合点；vi.汇合，集合；vt.使汇合，使在汇合地点相遇 | |
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Portuguese
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| n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语 | |
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advantageous
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| adj.有利的；有帮助的 | |
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geographical
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| adj.地理的；地区(性)的 | |
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atlas
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| n.地图册，图表集 | |
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Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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founders
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| n.创始人( founder的名词复数 ) | |
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esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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deflected
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| 偏离的 | |
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consternation
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| n.大为吃惊，惊骇 | |
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50
obstructed
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| 阻塞( obstruct的过去式和过去分词 )； 堵塞； 阻碍； 阻止 | |
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51
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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52
rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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incentive
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| n.刺激；动力；鼓励；诱因；动机 | |
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postpone
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| v.延期，推迟 | |
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detriment
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| n.损害；损害物，造成损害的根源 | |
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bind
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| vt.捆，包扎；装订；约束；使凝固；vi.变硬 | |
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suspense
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| n.（对可能发生的事）紧张感，担心，挂虑 | |
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chagrined
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| adj.懊恼的，苦恼的v.使懊恼，使懊丧，使悔恨( chagrin的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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oversight
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| n.勘漏，失察，疏忽 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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contemplating
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| 深思，细想，仔细考虑( contemplate的现在分词 )； 注视，凝视； 考虑接受（发生某事的可能性）； 深思熟虑，沉思，苦思冥想 | |
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illiberal
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| adj.气量狭小的，吝啬的 | |
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mariner
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| n.水手号不载人航天探测器，海员，航海者 | |
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plausibility
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| n. 似有道理, 能言善辩 | |
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conjectures
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| 推测，猜想( conjecture的名词复数 ) | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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hazardous
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| adj.(有)危险的，冒险的；碰运气的 | |
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undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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paltry
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| adj.无价值的，微不足道的 | |
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maritime
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| adj.海的，海事的，航海的，近海的，沿海的 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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dominant
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| adj.支配的，统治的；占优势的；显性的；n.主因，要素，主要的人(或物)；显性基因 | |
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presumption
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| n.推测，可能性，冒昧，放肆，[法律]推定 | |
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eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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marsh
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| n.沼泽，湿地 | |
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hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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