He is no longer the roaring delegate of the “White Saloon,” but has developed the astuteness1 of the devil, the open sincerity2 of a saint.
Fight, fight, fight! Nothing but fight! And all this trying time, Bismarck suffered excruciating pains from his old rheumatic complaint.
He was irritable3, melancholy4 and jaundiced; sat up all night half-buried in his mounds6 of state papers; dictating7 telegrams, quarreling with callers, denouncing, adjusting, scheming; four o’clock found him in bed; he tossed about till seven, when he managed to get to sleep; and was not seen again till late in the afternoon. The situation was getting on the master’s nerves.
Enemies in the house of his friends spied on Bismarck, endeavored to poison the King against the doughty8 Minister. The Crown Prince, especially, who always had an aversion to Bismarck, despite the war-dog’s inestimable services to the House of Hohenzollern, now tried to pull the Pomeranian giant down.
To this end, the Prince dissassociated himself from Bismarck’s policy, avoided the great man at court. The situation passed rapidly from political to social objections on part of the Prince, who spread before the King the ruin of Hohenzollern if Bismarckian policies were longer pursued.
But the King would not give Bismarck up. In this regard, William was as cold as ice. He saw that should Bismarck be asked to go, at that time, the Liberals would be irresistibly[184] strengthened. The recoil11 of the mighty12 wave against kingcraft might even end by forcing abdication13 for the Prussian monarch14.
Instead of fearing the Liberal leaders, Bismarck despised their plots. The master knew enough of human nature to see clearly one great central fact. The fire-breathing Democrats16 would, at the hour of Prussia’s peril17, join with the hated system of Bismarck and march to glory. In defense18 of Prussia, Liberals, Socialists19 and political nonconformists of every description, would be carried off their feet. Then, Bismarck would be able to call on his very enemies to come forward and help him win the day.
And the old man, as usual, was absolutely correct. In the hour of danger how the Prussian Liberals fought! Like fiends they stood, took the murderous fire and went to their death singing, “I am a Prussian, will a Prussian be!”
The opportunity to test German National faith first came through the Holstein war, precipitated22 by Bismarck’s clever manipulation of events.
As well ask from what quarters of the globe the hurricane came which last night tore up the old oak tree. You can read a dozen fat volumes on the Holstein problem, and still you will not be convinced. Schleswig-Holsteiners in their rock-grit lands on the North Sea had their political troubles about the right of succession, and that sort of thing; the spit of land up there was aflame with war talk.
The Germans, as a people, wished Schleswig attached as a principality of the German Confederation, but Bismarck’s secret plan was to seize the territory for the gain of Prussia, a clean political theft of a huge estate. By pushing the Danes out of the Frankfort Diet—that antiquated24 political stuffed-club of Austria—the Emperor of the South would also be forced out of German affairs. In a few words, that was the play.
OppositionWhy, Bismarck lived by opposition25, grew fat on opposition. He is no longer the old roaring delegate of the “White Saloon,” in his blossom time. He has developed[185] the astuteness of the devil, the open sincerity of a saint. As a matter of fact, he now invited Austria “to co-operate,” in settling the complex Danish question; and the unsuspecting Emperor of the South, who was also playing a deep game of his own, decided26 to take a hand.
Throughout his long career, Bismarck was everlastingly27 trading in political advantages. Often there was a large element of imagination in his promises to pay, but he gained his point in the Holstein problem. He had to face: Dissension between the Prussian Chamber29 and the Government; the feeling in rival German states; the general distrust of Prussia and the hostility30 of Austria; finally, the jealousy31 of other powers.
Volumes have been written, learned decisions handed down on the complex rights of the warring houses of Schleswig-Holstein. There were mountains of precedents32 on this side or that, as you pleased. Bismarck’s plan was to annex34 the domain35 to Prussia and seize the harbor of Kiel, with all the accrued36 advantages to the Prussian monarch; and while the talk went on Bismarck man?uvered to enlist37 his old enemy, Austria, to make common cause in a clear way of plunder38, if ever there was one. Then, they swept the country with fire and sword, took it by the “divine right” of the strongest; and it fell out that Bismarck stacked the cards against Austria, as a gambler stacks them against the man on the other side of the table who is supposed to be his friend, in a gentleman’s game. Bismarck at a stroke thus won away Austria’s share.
After the conquest of the Holstein duchies, King William became more ambitious; henceforth the object of his life was the aggrandizement40 of Prussia, in Germany. Bismarck had given the King the taste of blood. The Iron Chancellor41 admits the fact. Here are Bismarck’s exact words, from his interviews with Dr. Busch: “The King’s frame of mind underwent a psychological change; he developed a taste for conquest.”
Bismarck laid the foundation in this way: He reminded the reluctant William of the glories of Hohenzollern; how[186] each Hohenzollern had added to the common family fortunes, ever-widening estates and power. He told William how King Fr: Wm. IV had acquired Hohenzollern and the Jande District; Fr: Wm. III, the Rhine Province; Fr: Wm. II, Poland; Fr: II, Silesia; Fr: Wm. I, Old Hinter Pomerania; the Great Elector, Further Pomerania, etc.; “and I encouraged the King to do likewise.”
Is it too much to say that in this great National crisis, Bismarck was more than servant of the KingIn many respects Bismarck was the King’s master. “If you only knew how I had to struggle to make the King go to war with Austria!” is a significant comment Bismarck once made in a moment of confidence.
It is a question whether he loved the King more, or himself less.
“My party consisted solely44 of the King and myself,” wrote Bismarck many years later, “and my only aim was the restoration and aggrandizement of the German Empire and the defense of monarchial45 authority.”
He always had a contempt for parliaments and for parties. This fact is so clear that we pass it without further comment. In short, Bismarck measures up to these lines in Tennyson:
“Ah, God! for a man with heart, head, hand Like some of the simple great ones gone Forever and ever by; One still strong man in a blatant46 land, Whatever they call him, what care I, Aristocrat47, democrat15, autocrat—”
However, in this world all things are relative; the finest coat has its reverse side, where the ugly seams show; and Bismarck is no exception. He has all the strong man’s virtues48, and vices9. Make the most of it.
It is a solemn fact that, in his unfailing loyalty50 to his country, Bismarck showed little consideration for men who[187] chanced to oppose his own principles—but what would you, pray?
Man at best is a curious animal; he indulges in great wars and he is capable of great mercies; he is all things by turn and nothing long; on the same day he loves and he hates, he commits crimes and he goes to church; he has his way and having it, is still dissatisfied.
And Bismarck was no exception.
He always expected absolute obedience51. “My ambassadors,” he once said to one of them, “must wheel round like non-commissioned officers, at a word of command, without knowing why.”
“There are indeed,” says Sir Spencer Walpole, “few things more remarkable52 in modern history than Bismarck’s determined53 disregard, from 1863 to 1866 of the decisions of Parliament and his readiness to stake his own life and that of his sovereign on the issue of the contest.”
This Holstein raid was justified54 as “statecraft,” but the gambler’s nerve and the gambler’s methods were behind it, from end to end; and Bismarck shuffled55 and cut and stacked, and if now and then some shrewd player caught the sleight56 of hand and protested, Bismarck coolly banged him over the head with a chair or flung a wine bottle at his head and threw him into the street to make off as best he might, smarting for revenge but not daring to raise a hand; for in his heart the defeated player realized that in a game of this kind the only thing to do is to take one’s medicine, “put up, pay up and shut up”—like the lesser57 known but equally discerning gamblers of old Mississippi steamboat days.
What were they fighting about in HolsteinAlas, who knows, except that Bismarck had his great German enterprise well under way. It was said, at the time, that Disraeli was “the only man in Europe who really understood the Holstein question,” but Disraeli was a British cynic on all[188] things German, and his explanations must be taken with a grain of salt. However, Disraeli used Bismarck as “Count Ferroll” in “Endymion.”
50
Bismarck sleeps surrounded by windrows of the dead; it was the moment he had awaited, all these years.
One fact should never be overlooked. Whether Bismarck talks to his countrymen of patriotism60 or of religious duties, through it all and behind it all, while framing constitutions and putting the ballot61 in every man’s hand, Bismarck always had something to draw to—and this something was the invincible62 Prussian army.
This Prussian army, together with Prussian dog-like discipline, made Bismarck’s plans possible.
Also, he everlastingly kept the substance of power for himself and his King; for, however much Bismarck from time to time made concessions63 to the Liberal side, Bismarck always nourished sentiments of royalty64, in the end deftly65 substituted the mailed fist for his talks on religious faith.
His war-dramas are always rich in strife66; but somehow, he makes them conclude in joy.
Realizing that the Austrian war could not much longer be put off, Bismarck’s great care was that there should be no powerful coalitions67 against Prussia.
We have spoken before of his closeness to Russia, and the means whereby Bismarck secured the Czar’s neutrality in the oncoming Austrian war. The King’s man next settled with Italy, behind the screen. He knew that she longed to come into possession of Venetian powers, held by Austria; Bismarck got after the Italian minister, Lamarmora; the bargain was this: A secret treaty promising68 Venetia to Italy; no separate peace to be made with Austria; the treaty not to be binding69 unless Prussia declared war within three months.[189]
Then Bismarck crossed over and proposed to Austria that Frankfort “reform” the Confederation. The lure70 to the Liberals was the promise of a National Convention elected by the people, to decide on a new Constitution; the solution carried the Holstein question, Bismarck averred71, “not as a piece of monarchial greed but as a National affair.”
Bavaria agreed provided Austria and Prussia would not attack each other.
At this, Bismarck promised to give to Italy the Venetian provinces, by peaceful arrangement—war or no war. But Italy wavered; she was afraid of Bismarck’s behind-the-screen policies.
Austria decided to increase her Venetian armaments, and Bismarck, quick as a cat, seized on this move of his old enemy as an act of “insincerity” in regard to peace.
Austria now replied by urging that the Holstein question be left to the Diet, despite the fact that Prussia had expressly denied the competency of Frankfort to settle questions affecting Prussia.
From this point events moved with rapidity toward war. Troops under Manteuffel marched into Holstein, alleging72 the Gastein treaty broken; Austrians retired73, but under protest, alleging that Prussia had violated Section 11 of the Acts of Confederation, which provided that members could not make war against each other; and Austria moved that the Confederation be mobilized, except Prussia. Bismarck thereupon played his trump74 card. “The Confederation is dissolved!” he thundered, and submitted a new draft of articles, leaving Austria out.
Germany was now in two hostile camps; on came the war.
Thus stood matters on the fateful June 1st, 1866, when the critical situation in the Danish country offered the match to touch off the powder magazines against Austria; startled Austria immediately called upon her beribboned, bejeweled Frankfort Parliament to declare war on Prussia for insolence75; and this is exactly what Bismarck wished to bring to pass; it was the moment he had awaited all these long years.[190]
Hanover and two other states were asked by telegraph to declare their intentions. The replies being unsatisfactory, Bismarck, with supreme76 daring worthy77 of Frederick the Great, orders von Roon and Moltke’s iron men forward. They poured like fiends into the surprised territories, overran them in a night, compelling the flight or capture of three kings.
“With God for King and Fatherland!” That old cry is again heard throughout the Prussian North country. Austria reckoned stupidly; she had thought Bismarck’s internal political dissensions would make it impossible for Prussia to rally her iron men in good order; but Bismarck knew that while Liberal leaders quarreled like dogs and cats over Prussian policies, still when beloved Prussia was in danger, all differences would be forgotten—and Prussia in a night would become an armed camp.
Bismarck, that memorable78 Thursday night, June 14th, 1866, spent the long hours pacing up and down under the oaks in the beautiful garden of the Minister of Foreign Affairs; in deep thought, he awaited the mobilization order from the King.
Von Moltke, old Roon and Bismarck hold whispered consultations79 in which Bismarck is so sure of himself that his mind at times wanders off war to chatty anecdotes80. “This afternoon, in the antechamber of the King,” says Bismarck, “I was so weary I fell asleep on the sofa. Is not this garden fineSuppose we take a look at the old trees in the park, behind the palace?”
Berlin rang with the patriotic81 “I am a Prussian, know’st thou not my colors?” and in unnumbered thousands the multitudes pressed around the palace. On the night of the 29th came the news by telegraph—“First blood for Prussia!” Berlin goes fairly insane with patriotic joy.
Bismarck leaves the palace at two in the morning; his stern expression contrasts strangely with the frenzied82 faces in the crowd; never did the great man’s inherent poise83 show more clearly, by contrast. The crowds are singing Luther’s[191] hymn84, “Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott”—“A fortress85 firm in our God.” The King comes out on the balcony and returns thanks. Never-ending cries of triumph force Bismarck to say a few words from the window of his hotel in the Wilhelms-strasse. It is a squally, rain-bespattered night, with the tempest near at hand, but the mobs will not go home. Suddenly, Bismarck raises his hand, shouts congratulations, ends by inviting86 a salute87 for the King and Prussia.
That very instant a peal88 of thunder rumbles89 over the city, and a trail of forked lightning splits the midnight skies. “The very heavens salute Prussia!” cries Bismarck—and the mobs go wild again.
Bismarck and his King are off to the front. At Sichrow they see the corpse-strewn field of glory; 5,000 bodies in all the agonizing90 attitudes of sudden death are there before the master.
William and Otto pass to the field hospital. The wounded beg for cigars, and Bismarck writes his wife, “Send cigars by the thousand, by each courier; also forward copies of the ‘Kreutzzeitung.’” This is the official Bismarckian political organ. So you see, he spreads his political propaganda, even in the face of death.
Otto winds up his letter with this surprising request, under date, July 2, Jitschen, “Send me a French novel to read, but only one at a time.”
Then came Sadowa, July 3d. The “Red” Prince Charles assigns his troops to battle line at dawn, amidst fog and rain. At 9, the King and Bismarck appear on the bloody91 field. Bismarck rides his tall roan mare92 “Verada,” rechristened “Sadowa.”
In thunder and smoke the battle goes burning on. For hours the result is in doubt. All depends on the second battle line, but where is the Crown PrinceWill he arrive in time?
The vast artillery93 duel94 began early and lasted many hours. At the height of the battle, old King William asked for a cigar, and when the box was brought took a long time to select one, to his fancy. Bismarck regarded it as a good[192] sign! “If he can bother about the best cigar, the battle cannot be lost,” was Bismarck’s mental comment.
At last, the Austrians began giving way.
In joy, the King took from his neck his own Iron Cross and hung it on Bismarck’s neck.
Moltke came up, bright and happy, with these words: “Your Majesty95 has not only won the battle, but the whole campaign.”
It was true; the great Austrian war was practically now won, and in three short weeks!
Sadowa, or Koeniggraetz as the Germans call it, is one of the great battles of history. There were 445,000 men engaged; Austria lost 30,000 and 1,147 officers.
Bismarck, on his tall roan, was eighteen hours in the saddle; neither man nor faithful beast had food or drink, except that the horse, standing96 now and again among the windrows of corpses97, ate corn-tops and nibbled98 at leaves. That night, Bismarck slept by the roadside, without straw, a carriage cushion under his head. The rain beat down in a drizzle99, and for miles the smoke hung like a pall100. Bismarck’s rheumatic pains, his weakness from loss of food, wore him down.
At last, the course of nature can no farther go; and the master falls into a deep sleep—surrounded by windrows of the dead.
At dawn, as he stood up, half-dead from exhaustion101, against the lowering skies he saw the vultures ready to pick the bones that Glory had provided in this phase of the terrifying story of German Unity21.
The hour of victory again proved Bismarck’s astuteness. The fire-breathers around the King urged that the Prussians march on Vienna and lay the city in waste; Austria could not prevent; she was prostrate102; but Bismarck said no; and as usual, he had an object. Part of his far-seeing plan was to take advantage of this psychological moment to conclude secret treaties with the smaller states, as allies of Prussia, in case of future wars. It was the forerunner103 of his last great work, many years later, the Triple Alliance.
51[193]
Alas58, poor human nature! The rejected stone now becomes the foundation of the palace wall! Otto von Bismarck is justified at last.
It goes to show that the right man can bring about any idea, whether to do it makes it necessary to turn Time’s clock backward or forward.
Bismarck is magnificent because his extraordinary political work inspired and carried a new National faith that forced men to bow, often against their will, to the logic42 of his own gigantic mind.
Bismarck is magnificent because, too, when the tiger strife was ended, he who had been despised as the arch tyrant104 of his time, was now seen to be the one strong man of his land, who had brought an unwilling105 people peace, happiness and prosperity.
After the Austrian war the deputies whom Bismarck had fought granted immunity106 to Bismarck for those four turbulent years of unconstitutional rule; the overjoyed people readily forgave him for exacting107 12,000,000 thalers for the secret war chest.
The millions who had looked on him as a madman now hailed him as little under the stature108 of a demigod, loaded him with estates, gold, diamonds, medals, stocked his cellars with the choicest vintages, sent him train-loads of presents, thousands of felicitations on parchments done up with blue ribbons, threw up their hats in frenzy109 only to see his rattling110 old coach pass along the streets of Berlin; and in the National excitement to do something or say something that nobody had ever thought of, became as children to the extent of offering presents to Bismarck’s dogs.
Also, in the grand distribution of Austrian prize money, Bismarck was awarded $300,000. With this unexpected good fortune he bought Varzin estate in Pomerania.
Of late years, his unpopularity has been made clear in a thousand ways, some harmless, others bloodthirsty; his very[194] life was demanded more than once, by assassins. But now all had changed.
It is related that a German professor, in Greece, caught out after dark was beset111 by bandits.
“Who are you?” they inquired menacingly.
“I am a German.”
“Who is your king?”
“The King of Prussia!”
“Ah! Then you are Bismarck!”
And the robbers pulled off their hats and ran headlong in the night.
In America, shops sold Bismarck pipes, Bismarck cravats112, Bismarck hairbrushes, and one came across such advertisements as this: “What is the difference between Jones’ paste and Prince BismarckAnswer, there is no difference, because each sticks so fast that once either gets a hold it is impossible to get away from it.”
After Koeniggraetz, the growing sense of German nationality impressed itself in a thousand joyful113 ways.
In Spain, lucifer matches bore on the boxes this doggerel114:
Als Wilhelm wirkt und Bismarck span Gott hatte seine Freude dran.
Or, “As William worked and Bismarck spun115, God had his joy thereon.”
The fashionable world dressed in Bismarck brown; ironclads bore his name; in Paraguay the “Citizen Bismarck” ran up and down the river; Bismarck, South Dakota; Bismarck and von Moltke streets; huge Bismarck strawberries—and what more you please.
The Brandenburg Cuirassiers made him drink out of a silver tankard, holding a level quart of champagne116; Bismarck, at the officers’ revel117, put the goblet118 to his lips and drained the draught119 in a few long gulps120.
“Another!” cried the National hero.
“Alas,” sighed a dyspeptic Frenchman, who heard of it, “champagne and smoke agree with him—happy man![195]”
Whenever the Chancellor was out, on foot or on horseback, the news ran like wildfire through Berlin! Offices were emptied, clerks stood in windows, the public uncovered and cheered.
The German colony of Constantinople sent him a sword of honor; thousands begged his photograph, autograph, or lock of his hair; brewer121 George Pschorr, at great cost, sent thirty-three gallons of beer in a carved cask weighing 500 pounds, with solid silver tankards—veritable gems122 of art.
Carried away by the general excitement, an inmate123 of the almshouse put his name down for $5, on a public list, and when confronted with his utter inability to pay, replied:
“When the time comes for paying I shall ask them to let me off with so many days in jail! So many marks, so many days!”
A little town in the Black Forest offered a huge patriotic scroll124 composed of bottles of raspberry brandy, with handsome labels, bordered with the German colors, red, white and black; a Bavarian organ builder forwarded a huge organ; the inhabitants of Stanaitschen, a gigantic whip; plovers’ eggs came from the people of Jever; the King of Prussia made Bismarck a Count, presented him with a rich domain; and in the general excitement, the Chancellor’s famous dog Tyras was honored with a magnificent blanket with his initials worked in gold, in the four corners, costly125 collars to match—and a sofa;—also this explanatory poem:
“Tyras, sei huebsch, artig und gut126, Sei es by Tag, sei es by Nacht! Bewache unsern Kanzler gut: Dan wird als Praeset dir dies Kanapé gebracht.”
Or, “Tyras, be good, gentle and kind; all day long and through the night watch over our Chancellor faithfully;—and this gift of a sofa you’ll receive.”
But this was only the beginning. At the Universal Exposition in the jewelers’ section, one day a tall stranger was inspecting the beautiful display, and one of the exhibitors, bowing politely, asked the stranger to accept a magnificent diamond[196] ring. “Your Highness knows very well that he cannot deceive me! I respect your Highness’ desire to remain incognito127, but your fame has preceded you!”
In vain the stranger protested. The ring was passed, the exhibitor was highly pleased, the stranger offered a card, “Alexander Schnabel, Bavaria.” The exhibitor still smiled, saying, “I respect your Highness’ incognito!” The stranger then quickly disappeared in the crowd. What is that shouting over yonder“Hurrah128 for Count Bismarck! He comes! He comes!” In a moment, the diamond merchant saw it all. He had been cruelly deceived, and furthermore had deceived himself!
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Strange superstition129 ingrained in this Bismarck mind; what ikon do you believe in, as you urge to duty and glory?
In this life, each man has, secretly or openly, some ikon against which to charge, by way of explanation, his personal history.
In the story of Bismarck many ikons have been used by many writers, to account for the puzzle of this great man’s complex career.
Some call it ambition; others will power; others destiny. Certainly, in his long and adventurous130 career Bismarck was often close to death.
Now Bismarck himself always had his own peculiar131 ikon. He called it God. His speeches for many years before Sadowa, his protests in behalf of his King, as against the rising tide of Liberalism, always contained amidst thunders of political consequence, the name God as the one explanation of Bismarck’s history and Bismarck’s ultimate victory.
If that be true—and it is not for us to say yes or no, for we are reporting the man as he is and not the way we think he should be—then God was at the bloody field of Sadowa, on the side of the 221,000 Germans, armed with needle-guns, and not on the side of the 224,000 Austrians, armed with old-fashioned muzzle-loaders;—and the clash of[197] 445,000 men with tens of thousands left dead on the field, was the final expression of the will of God.
Thus reasoned Bismarck, and surely he should be the best authority on the conclusions of his own mindAs a matter of fact, Bismarck’s profound belief that God was on his side but shows Bismarck’s excess of faith—the faith that moves mountains.
It has been said by eminent132 historians that Bismarck as the Unifier133 of Germany had in his mind’s eye, for many years, the dream of Empire; and the statement is either true or false.
These writers call Bismarck the man with the vision, the seer, the German patriot59 who saw in an early dream the stirring plan to which he was to devote his long and arduous134 life.
You are familiar with the painting by LaFarge, depicting135 the boy Napoleon, in the school yard at Brien, walking to one side, by himselfOn his youthful brow is already an air of strange preoccupation, that cloud of ambition, as an outward sign that the boy’s imagination is bodying forth39 the heroic deeds of the man, many years hence.
Do not believe it! It is only a poetic136 fancy, not human life. Plans such as Bismarck met and carried forth, empires such as Napoleon founded are not placed constructively137 before one in a vision, nor are the complex ramifications138 attendant upon their ultimate achievement a matter of pre-vision.
It is only the small mind that plans down to the hair’s breadth. Your truly great man, like Bismarck or Napoleon, takes up life as he finds it, and little by little learns the business of compelling other men to do his bidding; and always in this there is a large element left to the hazard of the die; or to use Bismarck’s own phrase just before Sadowa, “Now we shall see how the god of battle rolls the iron dice5!” Your great man rides forth to the battle, prepared to take instant advantage of circumstances as they may rise.
Bismarck’s idea of United Germany, at least the idea he always gave to the public, was that the thing might be done, with and through the power of God.
The word God appears and reappears in connection with his[198] plan; in his messages, speeches, dispatches, and in his private letters, he calls on God. I am not here to say that Bismarck had religious visions. I take it that he never heard mysterious voices or saw ghostly forms, but instead was an intensely human man who fought out his life even as you fight out yours—with the powers with which you are endowed, and for such ends as seem worth the price, to you. The religious faith learned at his mother’s knee, made Bismarck’s life-work a sacred vocation139. He believed that he was chosen by God to educate, guide and discipline the German people.
53
“My dear professor, whoever has once looked into the breaking eye of a dying warrior140 on the battlefield, will pause ere he begins war.”
And now we meet Bismarck back in Berlin wearing his Koeniggraetz military cross, suspended by a ribbon around the collar of his plain blue Prussian uniform. But the great strain of the years is beginning to show. For one thing Bismarck’s eyes are failing; he uses a glass as he muses141 over his mounds of state papers; his face is lined with deep marks; care has done its work; our Otto is now bald, obese142 and stiff-jointed, much more so than his 54 years might seem to call for. In making speeches he does not speak as boldly, as directly as in days of yore. He stops, hesitates, stammers143, but manages to hold the crowd.
You see he has a world of things on his mind; the under-play of the great political game absorbs his very life. What, pray, about this subconscious144 impression, that everybody has about an impending145 war with FranceBismarck, as deep as the sea, is still seemingly as open as a child.
One day, a famous professor made the fateful inquiry146 as had hundreds of journalists—and this time Bismarck replied, “My dear professor, whoever has once looked into the breaking eye of a dying warrior on the battlefield, will pause ere he begins a war.”
So much for the astuteness of the man with the iron cross. He is indeed no longer learning the game.[199]
Already Bismarck was thinking of great armaments against France; for she was now demanding territorial147 compensations, as between Prussia and Austria. We find in the “Revue Modern,” August, 1865, this striking interview with Bismarck, by the French writer, Vilbort:
“About 10 p. m. we were in the study of the Premier148, when M. Benedette, the French Ambassador, is announced. ‘Will you take a cup of tea in the salon149?’ M. de Bismarck said to me, ‘I will be yours in a moment.’ Two hours passed away; midnight struck; one o’clock. Some twenty persons, his family and intimate friends, awaited their host.
“The tiny cloud on the horizon as yet had no name, but this cloud hung to the west across the Rhine.
“At last he appeared, with a cheerful face and a smile upon his lips. Tea was taken; there was smoking and beer, in German fashion. Conversation turned, pleasantly or seriously, on Germany, Italy and France. Rumors150 of a war with France were then current for the tenth time in Berlin. At the moment of my departure, I said: ‘M. le Ministre, will you pardon me a very indiscreet questionDo I take war or peace with me back to Paris?’ M. de Bismarck replied, with animation151: ‘Friendship, a lasting28 friendship with France! I entertain the firmest hope that France and Prussia, in the future, will represent the dualism of intelligence and progress.’ Nevertheless, it seemed to us that at these words we surprised a singular smile on the lips of a man who is destined152 to play a distinguished153 part in Prussian politics, the Privy154 Councillor Baron155 von ——. We visited him the next morning, and admitted to him how much reflection this smile had caused us. ‘You leave for France tonight,’ he replied; ‘well, give me your word of honor to preserve the secret I am about to confide43 to you until you reach ParisEre a fortnight is past we shall have war on the Rhine, if France insists upon her territorial demands. She asks of us what we neither will nor can give. Prussia will not cede33 an inch of German soil; we cannot do so without raising the whole of Germany against us, and, if it be necessary, let it rise against France rather than ourselves.’”
The treasonable speech of the Baron did not, however, bear[200] fruit “in a fortnight,” but Bismarck knew the great political game well, and everything served him in his German undertakings156. We shall see.
54
The curtain falls in triumph on another spirited act in the great drama “Germania.”
The political fruits of Sadowa may be summed up in a few sentences. We clear the air for the grand finale, at the palace of the French kings at Versailles, four years later.
By the Prague treaty, August 23, 1866, Austria consented to the reconstruction157 of the Federation23 and retired from the scene.
Bismarck saw that the large states beyond the River Main,—Bavaria, Wuertemberg, Baden and South-Hesse, were not yet ready for his new North German Confederation; but he would bring them in—somehow—later! As for Hanover, Hesse-Cassel, Frankfort, and Schleswig-Holstein, they were now mapped with Prussia, their crime being this, that they had opposed Prussia in a half-hearted way, before Sadowa.
Bismarck now set up his popular Prussian Constitution. Wonder of wonders! Really, it differed not in essentials from the hated Liberal Constitution that he had assailed158 so vigorously in 1848. Also, up to 1866, the Unifier of Germany had as we have seen always appeared as an opponent of the National German party. When, however, he had become its leader, through the great politico-military struggle, he brought about the results vainly fought for by the patriots159 in the revolution of 1848. The distinction was that in the Revolutionary days, the King would have been obliged to stoop to the gutter160 for a “people’s crown,” whereas now he need do no such humiliating thing. The two wars had proven William monarch “by Divine right.”
However, a blaze of aristocratic honors at the hands of King William pleased Bismarck more than he was willing to admit. Count Bismarck, one night, when the people came with the torchlights, sounded the old German keynote in a new way, as follows:[201]
“We have always belonged to each other as Germans—we have ever been brothers—but we were unconscious of it. In this country, too, there were different races: Schleswigers, Holsteiners, and Lauenburgers; as, also, Mecklenburgers, Hanoverians, Luebeckers, and Hamburgers exist, and they are free to remain what they are, in the knowledge that they are Germans—that they are brothers. And here in the North we should be doubly aware of it, with our Platt Deutsch, which stretches from Holland to the Polish frontier; we were also conscious of it, but have not proclaimed it until now. But that we have again so joyfully161 and vividly162 been able to recognize our German descent and solidarity—for that we must thank the man whose wisdom and energy have rendered this consciousness a truth and a fact, in bringing our King and Lord a hearty163 cheer. Long live His Majesty, our most gracious King and Sovereign, William the First!”
A cheer resounded164 throughout the castle-yard.
The new Constitution gave to the people manhood suffrage165 and a popular Assembly. The King of Prussia was made President of the new Federation, but not its sovereign. Prussia ruled in her own way, henceforth, but the fiction of the King, as President, served to steady the minor166 disgruntled German princelings, who were led to believe that their councils were still reckoned with in great affairs. However, the voting was so arranged that Prussia controlled, off-hand, 17 out of 48 units in the new political Confederation—and in a pinch Bismarck could rely on having the desired majority.
Some say that Bismarck was influenced by the socialist20 Lasalle to make concessions to the people, of a piece with the concessions which in ’48 Bismarck had fought because they sprang from revolutionists; but the liberal aspects of the new Constitution served to place the great dream of German Unity on a firmer basis than would otherwise have been possible. Bismarck was learning this: To try to choke the current of public opinion is folly167; the wise man, instead, aims to direct the waters to his own advantage.
The North German Confederation comprised 22 states and Bismarck was made Chancellor. The Constitution was[202] adopted February 24th, 1867. For all practical purposes, the German Empire was now a fact.
But more work was still to be done, by way of bloody Gravelotte, Metz, Mar-la-Tour, St. Privat, Woerth, Spichern Heights, Sedan, and the Siege of Paris.
Corpses, corpses everywhere, lying in windrows miles long!
55
The master uses the masses as the gardener utilizes168 manure169—fertilizing the soil with blood and bones!
Bismarck knows that to demand in an emphatic170 way is the surest way of receiving. He is always studying men, looking ahead to the time of the inevitable171 French war. He is asking himself, concerning various monarchs172 of adjacent nations, opposed to Prussia: “On which side will he be?” “Is he weak?” “Can he be relied on to stand on my side?” “Is he dangerous?” “Will he take a bribe173?” “At any rate, give him what he wants—but let me do it in such a way that he thinks he is forcing us to do what he wants, whereas we know how to make him actually demand our own terms!”
Thus Bismarck without histronic talent, with his piping voice and his prohibitory bulk for heroic theater-roles, is at heart the great actor-manager of his time. Instead of creating parts, he deals them out.
He goes through this world during these trying times finding the best men to do his own bidding in the coming war. And when he is hissed174 down by those who will not acknowledge his right he breaks their power by defying them—as the hurricane scatters175 the clouds, nor asks permission.
They say that had he lost the Austrian war, he would have gone to the gallows176. Can a Man of Destiny lose?
A new era is dawning. The old worn-out system for a disunited Germany of 39 jealous states is to be swept away.
For thirty years he dreamed of the inevitable German union, had his visions of that glory. He was greater than himself in those black hours before the Parliament, for four long years thundering for his side;—with public opinion flat[203] against him, and with mutterings on part of angry mobs that would bring the rope and hang Bismarck to the highest tree.
Throughout Germany, distressed177 as her people had been for years past by political and social miseries178, a growing consciousness of brotherhood179, blood and language was at last about to be politically realized.
Even Napoleon the Little, political fool that he was in many respects, at least had one idea that showed his common sense. However, in his day he was laughed out of court for his “theory of nationality,” that is to say, he believed that people speaking a common language and living in contiguous territory, have an inalienable right to a common flag.
Now that is precisely180 what German poets had in mind, in their romantic way, when for well-nigh 100 years past they had been dreaming of a united Fatherland—
Fuer Heim und Herd181, fuer Weib und Kind Fuer jedes treue Gut—
Or, in other words, a man’s house is his castle and if men will not fight for their hearthstones, then they will soon have no hearthstones.
For home and hearth182, for wife and child— These things we prize the most; And fight to keep them undefiled By foreign ruffian host. For German Right, for German Speech, For German household ways, For German homesteads, all and each Strike men, through battle’s blaze! Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah, Germania!
The words, “Auf, Deutschland, auf, und Gott mit dir!”—“To arms, Germany, and God be with thee!” is a National hymn breathing the solemn thought that Germans are not slaves—
Old feuds183, old hates are dashed aside All Germany is one! [204]
Bismarck’s work, raw as it may seem in many respects, was consecrated184 to the great central idea that the German race is one, or as the poet Freiligrath puts it in one of his stirring lines, “Das deutsche Volk ist Eins!”
The whole thing comes down to the inner meaning of the word “patriotism.” Tolstoi calls patriotism a frightful185 vice10; Washington regarded patriotism as a virtue49 of virtues.
Take your choice.
He is even now brooding over the element necessary for the perpetuation186 of a free and United Germany. He reads his Bible and prepares for the French war.
Bismarck used the masses as the gardener uses manure. The blood of the peasantry manured the ground, out of which was to grow the harvest.
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1
astuteness
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| n.敏锐；精明；机敏 | |
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sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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irritable
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| adj.急躁的；过敏的；易怒的 | |
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melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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dice
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| n.骰子；vt.把（食物）切成小方块，冒险 | |
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mounds
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| 土堆，土丘( mound的名词复数 )； 一大堆 | |
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dictating
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| v.大声讲或读( dictate的现在分词 )；口授；支配；摆布 | |
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doughty
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| adj.勇猛的，坚强的 | |
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vices
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| 缺陷( vice的名词复数 )； 恶习； 不道德行为； 台钳 | |
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vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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recoil
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| vi.退却，退缩，畏缩 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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abdication
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| n.辞职；退位 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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democrat
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| n.民主主义者，民主人士；民主党党员 | |
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democrats
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| n.民主主义者，民主人士( democrat的名词复数 ) | |
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peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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socialists
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| 社会主义者( socialist的名词复数 ) | |
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socialist
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| n.社会主义者；adj.社会主义的 | |
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unity
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| n.团结，联合，统一；和睦，协调 | |
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precipitated
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| v.（突如其来地）使发生( precipitate的过去式和过去分词 )；促成；猛然摔下；使沉淀 | |
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federation
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| n.同盟，联邦，联合，联盟，联合会 | |
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antiquated
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| adj.陈旧的，过时的 | |
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opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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everlastingly
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| 永久地，持久地 | |
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lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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precedents
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| 引用单元； 范例( precedent的名词复数 )； 先前出现的事例； 前例； 先例 | |
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33
cede
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| v.割让，放弃 | |
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annex
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| vt.兼并，吞并；n.附属建筑物 | |
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domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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accrued
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| adj.权责已发生的v.增加( accrue的过去式和过去分词 )；（通过自然增长）产生；获得；（使钱款、债务）积累 | |
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enlist
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| vt.谋取(支持等)，赢得；征募；vi.入伍 | |
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plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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aggrandizement
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| n.增大，强化，扩大 | |
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41
chancellor
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| n.(英)大臣；法官；(德、奥)总理；大学校长 | |
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42
logic
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| n.逻辑(学)；逻辑性 | |
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43
confide
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| v.向某人吐露秘密 | |
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solely
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| adv.仅仅，唯一地 | |
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monarchial
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| 国王的，帝王风度的 | |
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46
blatant
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| adj.厚颜无耻的；显眼的；炫耀的 | |
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47
aristocrat
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| n.贵族，有贵族气派的人，上层人物 | |
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48
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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49
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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50
loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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51
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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52
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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53
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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54
justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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55
shuffled
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| v.洗（纸牌）( shuffle的过去式和过去分词 )；拖着脚步走；粗心地做；摆脱尘世的烦恼 | |
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56
sleight
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| n.技巧，花招 | |
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lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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58
alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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59
patriot
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| n.爱国者，爱国主义者 | |
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patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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61
ballot
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| n.（不记名）投票，投票总数，投票权；vi.投票 | |
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62
invincible
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| adj.不可征服的，难以制服的 | |
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63
concessions
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| n.（尤指由政府或雇主给予的）特许权( concession的名词复数 )；承认；减价；（在某地的）特许经营权 | |
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64
royalty
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| n.皇家，皇族 | |
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deftly
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| adv.灵巧地，熟练地，敏捷地 | |
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66
strife
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| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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67
coalitions
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| 结合体，同盟( coalition的名词复数 )； （两党或多党）联合政府 | |
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promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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69
binding
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| 有约束力的，有效的，应遵守的 | |
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70
lure
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| n.吸引人的东西，诱惑物；vt.引诱，吸引 | |
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71
averred
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| v.断言( aver的过去式和过去分词 )；证实；证明…属实；作为事实提出 | |
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72
alleging
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| 断言，宣称，辩解( allege的现在分词 ) | |
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73
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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74
trump
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| n.王牌，法宝；v.打出王牌，吹喇叭 | |
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75
insolence
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| n.傲慢；无礼；厚颜；傲慢的态度 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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consultations
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| n.磋商（会议）( consultation的名词复数 )；商讨会；协商会；查找 | |
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anecdotes
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| n.掌故，趣闻，轶事( anecdote的名词复数 ) | |
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81
patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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82
frenzied
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| a.激怒的；疯狂的 | |
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83
poise
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| vt./vi. 平衡，保持平衡；n.泰然自若，自信 | |
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84
hymn
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| n.赞美诗，圣歌，颂歌 | |
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85
fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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inviting
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| adj.诱人的，引人注目的 | |
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87
salute
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| vi.行礼，致意，问候，放礼炮；vt.向…致意，迎接，赞扬；n.招呼，敬礼，礼炮 | |
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88
peal
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| n.钟声；v.鸣响 | |
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rumbles
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| 隆隆声，辘辘声( rumble的名词复数 ) | |
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agonizing
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| adj.痛苦难忍的；使人苦恼的v.使极度痛苦；折磨(agonize的ing形式) | |
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91
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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92
mare
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| n.母马，母驴 | |
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93
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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94
duel
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| n./v.决斗；(双方的)斗争 | |
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majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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corpses
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| n.死尸，尸体( corpse的名词复数 ) | |
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nibbled
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| v.啃，一点一点地咬（吃）( nibble的过去式和过去分词 )；啃出（洞），一点一点咬出（洞）；慢慢减少；小口咬 | |
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99
drizzle
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| v.下毛毛雨；n.毛毛雨，蒙蒙细雨 | |
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100
pall
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| v.覆盖，使平淡无味；n.柩衣，棺罩；棺材；帷幕 | |
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101
exhaustion
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| n.耗尽枯竭，疲惫，筋疲力尽，竭尽，详尽无遗的论述 | |
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102
prostrate
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| v.拜倒，平卧，衰竭；adj.拜倒的，平卧的，衰竭的 | |
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103
forerunner
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| n.前身，先驱（者），预兆，祖先 | |
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104
tyrant
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| n.暴君，专制的君主，残暴的人 | |
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105
unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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106
immunity
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| n.优惠；免除；豁免，豁免权 | |
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107
exacting
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| adj.苛求的，要求严格的 | |
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108
stature
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| n.（高度）水平，（高度）境界，身高，身材 | |
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109
frenzy
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| n.疯狂，狂热，极度的激动 | |
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110
rattling
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| adj. 格格作响的, 活泼的, 很好的 adv. 极其, 很, 非常 动词rattle的现在分词 | |
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111
beset
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| v.镶嵌；困扰，包围 | |
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112
cravats
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| n.（系在衬衫衣领里面的）男式围巾( cravat的名词复数 ) | |
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113
joyful
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| adj.欢乐的，令人欢欣的 | |
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114
doggerel
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| n.拙劣的诗，打油诗 | |
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115
spun
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| v.纺，杜撰，急转身 | |
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116
champagne
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| n.香槟酒；微黄色 | |
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117
revel
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| vi.狂欢作乐，陶醉；n.作乐，狂欢 | |
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118
goblet
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| n.高脚酒杯 | |
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119
draught
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| n.拉，牵引，拖；一网（饮，吸，阵)；顿服药量，通风；v.起草，设计 | |
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120
gulps
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| n.一大口（尤指液体）( gulp的名词复数 )v.狼吞虎咽地吃，吞咽( gulp的第三人称单数 )；大口地吸（气）；哽住 | |
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121
brewer
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| n. 啤酒制造者 | |
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122
gems
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| growth； economy； management； and customer satisfaction 增长 | |
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123
inmate
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| n.被收容者；(房屋等的)居住人；住院人 | |
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124
scroll
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| n.卷轴，纸卷；(石刻上的)漩涡 | |
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125
costly
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| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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126
gut
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| n.[pl.]胆量；内脏；adj.本能的；vt.取出内脏 | |
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127
incognito
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| adv.匿名地；n.隐姓埋名；adj.化装的，用假名的，隐匿姓名身份的 | |
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128
hurrah
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| int.好哇，万岁，乌拉 | |
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129
superstition
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| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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130
adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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131
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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132
eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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133
unifier
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| 联合者，统一者，使一致的人（或物）； 通代 | |
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134
arduous
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| adj.艰苦的，费力的，陡峭的 | |
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135
depicting
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| 描绘，描画( depict的现在分词 )； 描述 | |
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136
poetic
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| adj.富有诗意的，有诗人气质的，善于抒情的 | |
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137
constructively
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| ad.有益的，积极的 | |
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138
ramifications
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| n.结果，后果( ramification的名词复数 ) | |
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139
vocation
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| n.职业，行业 | |
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140
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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141
muses
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| v.沉思，冥想( muse的第三人称单数 )；沉思自语说（某事） | |
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142
obese
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| adj.过度肥胖的，肥大的 | |
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143
stammers
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| n.口吃，结巴( stammer的名词复数 )v.结巴地说出( stammer的第三人称单数 ) | |
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144
subconscious
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| n./adj.潜意识(的)，下意识(的) | |
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145
impending
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| a.imminent, about to come or happen | |
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146
inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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147
territorial
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| adj.领土的，领地的 | |
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148
premier
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| adj.首要的；n.总理，首相 | |
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149
salon
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| n.[法]沙龙；客厅；营业性的高级服务室 | |
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150
rumors
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| n.传闻( rumor的名词复数 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷v.传闻( rumor的第三人称单数 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷 | |
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151
animation
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| n.活泼，兴奋，卡通片／动画片的制作 | |
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152
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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153
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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154
privy
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| adj.私用的；隐密的 | |
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155
baron
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| n.男爵；(商业界等)巨头，大王 | |
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156
undertakings
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| 企业( undertaking的名词复数 )； 保证； 殡仪业； 任务 | |
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157
reconstruction
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| n.重建，再现，复原 | |
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158
assailed
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| v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
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159
patriots
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| 爱国者，爱国主义者( patriot的名词复数 ) | |
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160
gutter
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| n.沟，街沟，水槽，檐槽，贫民窟 | |
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161
joyfully
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| adv. 喜悦地, 高兴地 | |
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162
vividly
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| adv.清楚地，鲜明地，生动地 | |
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163
hearty
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| adj.热情友好的；衷心的；尽情的，纵情的 | |
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164
resounded
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| v.（指声音等）回荡于某处( resound的过去式和过去分词 )；产生回响；（指某处）回荡着声音 | |
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165
suffrage
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| n.投票，选举权，参政权 | |
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166
minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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167
folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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168
utilizes
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| v.利用，使用( utilize的第三人称单数 ) | |
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169
manure
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| n.粪，肥，肥粒；vt.施肥 | |
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170
emphatic
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| adj.强调的，着重的；无可置疑的，明显的 | |
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171
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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172
monarchs
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| 君主，帝王( monarch的名词复数 ) | |
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173
bribe
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| n.贿赂；v.向…行贿，买通 | |
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174
hissed
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| 发嘶嘶声( hiss的过去式和过去分词 )； 发嘘声表示反对 | |
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175
scatters
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| v.（使）散开， （使）分散，驱散( scatter的第三人称单数 )；撒 | |
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176
gallows
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| n.绞刑架，绞台 | |
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177
distressed
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| 痛苦的 | |
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178
miseries
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| n.痛苦( misery的名词复数 )；痛苦的事；穷困；常发牢骚的人 | |
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179
brotherhood
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| n.兄弟般的关系，手中情谊 | |
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180
precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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181
herd
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| n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起 | |
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182
hearth
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| n.壁炉炉床，壁炉地面 | |
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183
feuds
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| n.长期不和，世仇( feud的名词复数 ) | |
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184
consecrated
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| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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185
frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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186
perpetuation
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| n.永存，不朽 | |
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