So late as the French Revolution, the Comté of this name belonged to Würtemberg, having passed over to that house by marriage in the fourteenth century. In 1792, however, it became amalgamated16 with the French Kingdom, and fortunately escaped annexation17 in the last Franco-German War. Protestantism early took root here, the Anabaptist Doctrine18 especially, and in the present day Montbéliard numbers several Protestant and only one Catholic church; the former belonging severally to the Reformed Church, the Lutheran, Anabaptists, also two or three so-called Oratoires, or Chapels19 of Ease, built and supported by private individuals. We find here the tables strangely turned, and in France the unique spectacle of four Protestant pastors20 to one Catholic priest! At one time the Protestant body numbered two-thirds of the entire population, now the proportion is somewhat less. This still strong Protestant leaven21, and the long infiltration22 of German manners and customs has doubtless greatly modified the character of the inhabitants, who, whether belonging to the one denomination23 or the other, live side by side harmoniously24.
We find a toleration here absolutely unknown in most parts of France, and a generally diffused25 enlightenment equally wanting where Catholicism dominates. Brittany and Franche-Comté (including the Departments of Le Doubs, Haute Sa?ne, and Jura), offer a striking contrast; in the first we find the priest absolute, and consequently superstition26, ignorance, dirt, and prejudice the prevailing27 order of the day; in the last we have a Protestant spirit of inquiry28 and rationalistic progress, consequently instruction making vast strides on every side, freedom from bigotry29, and freedom alike from degrading spiritual bondage30 and fanaticism31.
In the highly instructive map published by the French Minister of Instruction, Franche-Comté is marked white and Brittany black, thus denoting the antipodes of intellectual enlightenment and darkness to be found in the two countries. Here, indeed, we find ourselves in a wholly different world, so utterly32 has a spirit of inquiry revolutionized Eastern France, so long has her Western province been held in the grip of the priest. Furthermore, we have evidence of the zeal33 animating all classes with respect to education on every side, whilst it is quite delightful34 to converse35 with a Montbéliardais, no matter to which sect36 he belongs, so unprejudiced, instructed, and liberal-minded are these citizens of a town neither particularly important, flourishing, nor fortunate. For nine months Montbéliard had to support the presence of the enemy, and though the Prussian soldiery behaved very well here, the amiable, lively little town was almost ruined.
It is no less patriotic37 than enlightened; republican ideas being as firmly implanted here as any where in France. You see portraits of M. Thiers and Gambetta everywhere, and only good Republican journals on the booksellers' stalls. It would be interesting to know how many copies of the half-penny issue of La République Fran?aise are sold here daily; and whereas in certain parts of France the women read nothing except the Semaine Religieuse and the Petit Journal, here they read the high-class newspapers, reviews, and are conversant38 with what is going on in the political and literary world at home and abroad. Indeed, the contrast is amazing between female education, so called, in ultra-Catholic and ultra-Protestant France. In Brittany, where the young ladies are educated by the nuns39, you never see or hear of a book. The very name of literature is a dead letter, and the upper classes are no better instructed than the lower. In Franche-Comté, girls of all ranks are well educated, young ladies of fortune going in for their brevet, or certificate, as well as those who have their bread to win. They are often familiar with the German and English languages, and above all are thoroughly40 conversant with their own literature, as well as book-keeping, arithmetic, French history, elementary science, &c.
This little town of eight thousand inhabitants possesses an intellectual atmosphere in which it is possible to breathe. Wherever you go you find books in plenty and of the best kind, and this difference is especially noteworthy among women. I find the young ladies of Montbéliard as familiar with the works of Currer Bell and Mrs. Gaskell as among ourselves. Miss Yonge is also a favourite, and unlike a large class of novel-readers in England, standard works are not neglected by them for fiction. No matter at what time you enter the public library here, you are sure to find ladies of all ages coming to change their books, the contents of this library, be it remembered, consisting chiefly of French classics. The mingled41 homeliness42, diffusion43 of intelligence and aesthetic44 culture seen here, remind me of certain little German cities and towns. People living on very modest means find money for books, whereas in certain parts of France no such expenditure45 is ever thought of, whilst dress and outward show are much less considered.
Naturally, this diffusion of culture raises the tone of conversation and society generally, and its influence is seen in various ways. Music is cultivated assiduously, not only by women of the better ranks, but by both sexes of all, especially among the work-people. The Musical Society of Montbéliard consists of a very respectable orchestra indeed, and is composed of amateurs, mostly young men, recruited from the working as well as middle classes. This Society gives open-air concerts on Sunday afternoons, and one evening in the week, to the great delectation of the multitude, who upon these occasions turn out of doors en masse to enjoy the music and the company of their neighbours. The "Société d'émulation" is another instance of the stimulus46 given to scientific, literary, and artistic47 pursuits by a Protestant spirit of inquiry. This Society was founded in 1852 by a few savants, in order to develope the public taste for science, art, and letters.
It now numbers two hundred and forty-three members, and has been instrumental in founding a museum containing upwards48 of eighty thousand archaeological specimens50, besides botanical, and geological, and other collections. It is particularly rich in this first respect, few provincial51 museums having such complete illustrations of the pre-historic and also Gallo-Roman periods. The flint, bronze, and iron epochs are here largely represented, some of the large leaf-shaped flint instruments being particularly beautiful specimens. The excavations52 at Mandeure—a short drive from Montbéliard—the Epomanduoduum of the Romans—have afforded a precious collection of interesting objects, pottery53, small bronze groups of figures, ornaments54, terra-cottas, &c.; at Mandeure are to be seen the ruins of the ancient city, amphitheatre, baths, tombs, the vestiges55 of a temple, and other remains56; but excavations are still going on under the direction of the learned President of the "Société d'émulation," M. Fabre, and further treasure-trove is looked for.
This charming little museum, so tastefully arranged in the old Halles, by M. Fabre, is open on Sunday afternoon on payment of two sous, but in order to promote a love of science among the young, schools are admitted gratuitously57, and within the last ten weeks of summer thirty-nine teachers, and seven hundred and forty-eight pupils of both sexes, had availed themselves of the privilege. During the Prussian occupation in 1870-71, a sum of 323,950 francs was exacted from the town, and the museum and library, after being valued at a considerable sum, were seized as pledges of payment. Seals were set on the collections, and Prussian soldiery guarded the treasures which had been collected with so much zeal and sacrifice. The sum was not paid, but the library and museum were not forfeited59, to the satisfaction of all.
There is a charming little Theatre also at the back of the H?tel-de-Ville, where occasional representations by good Parisian companies are given. The decorations are by the hand of one of the artists who decorated the Grand Opera in Paris. He happened to be at Montbéliard, and, taking a kindly60 interest in the town, offered to do it for a nominal61 price. Years passed and the promise was forgotten, but, on being reminded of it, the artist, with true French chivalry63, redeemed64 his word, and the decorations of the Montbéliard Theatre are really a magnificent monument of artistic liberality. Montbéliard is as sociable65 as it is advanced, and one introductory letter from a native of the friendly little town, long since settled in Paris, opened all hearts to me. Everyone is helpful, agreeable, and charming. My evenings are always spent at one pleasant house or another, where music, tea, and conversation lend wings to the cheerful hours. The custom of keeping the veillée, familiar to readers of the gifted Franc-Comtois writer, Charles Nodier, is common here among all classes, people quitting their homes after their early supper—for, according to German habit, we dine at noon and sup at seven here—to enjoy the society of their neighbours.
Delightful recollections did I carry away of many a veillée, and of one in particular, where a dozen friends and their English guest assembled in the summer-house of a suburban66 garden, there to discuss art, music, literature, and politics, over ices and other good things despatched from the town. We had looked forward to a superb moonlight night with poetic67 effects of river, chateau68, and bridges flooded in silvery light—we had torrents69 of rain instead, being threatened with what is a phenomenon of no rare occurrence here, namely, an inundation70. Situated71 on the confluence72 of two rivers, the Allaine and the Lusine, Montbéliard is a quaint, and homely73 little Venice in miniature, sure to be flooded once or twice a year, when people have to pay visits and carry on their daily avocation74 in miniature gondolas75.
It takes, however, more than minor15 misfortunes such as these to damp French geniality76 and good nature, and when our soirée came to an end, everyone returned home well fortified77 with umbrellas, cloaks, and goloshes in the best possible humour. Sometimes these veillées will be devoted78 to declamation79 and story-telling, one or two of the party reading aloud a play or poem, or reciting for the benefit of the rest. In the bitter winter nights this sociable custom is not laid aside, even ladies with their lanterns braving the snow in order to enjoy a little society. Music is the chief out-of-door recreation during the summer months, the military band of the garrison80 largely contributing to the general amusement.
It is astonishing how French good-humour and light-heartedness help to lighten the hardest lot! We find the hours of toil81 enormously long here, and economies practised among the better classes of which few English people have any conception. Yet life is made the best of, and everything in the shape of a distraction82 is seized upon with avidity. Although eminently83 a Protestant town, shops are open all day long on Sundays, when more business seems to be done than at any other time. The shutters84 are no sooner put up, however, than everyone goes out for a walk or a visit, and gets as much enjoyment85 as he can.
Only the rich and exceeding well-to-do people keep servants, others content themselves with a charwoman who comes in for two hours a day, and is paid ten or twelve francs a month, many ladies, by birth and education, living on small means, doing all the lighter86 household work, marketing87, &c., themselves, whilst the small shopkeeping class, who with us must invariably have a wretched drudge88, called a maid-of-all-work, never dream of getting anyone to cook or clean for them. As a matter of course, all this is done by the family, no matter how well educated may be its members. We must always bear in mind that the general well-being89 and easy circumstances of the French middle classes is greatly owing to their freedom from shams90. Toil is not regarded as a degradation91, and the hateful word "gentility" is not found in their vocabulary. Thus it comes about that you find a mixture of homeliness, comfort, and solidity of fortune, rarely the case in England. Take my landlady92 as an example, a charming person, who keeps a straw-hat and umbrella shop, whose sister is a repasseuse, or clear-starcher, and whose married brother has also a hat-shop next door. These people do all the work that is to be done themselves, yet in similar circumstances in England would be sure to have maids-of-all-work, nursery-maids, and the rest of it. They have plenty of good furniture, supplies of household and personal linen93 that would set up a shop, and the children of the brother receive the best possible education he can obtain for them. The elder girl has just returned from Belfort with her first diploma, and is to be sent to Germany to learn German. She has, nevertheless, acquired a knowledge of what all women should know, can cook, clean, cut out and make clothes, &c., and, when she becomes herself a wife and mother, will doubtless exercise all these accomplishments94 in order to give her children as good an education as she possesses herself. All the family have laid by ample savings95.
More might be said about the easy intercourse96 and geniality of this little town, did space permit. I will pass on to add that though extremely picturesque97, with its flower-gardens running down to the water's edge, tiny bridges, hanging roofs, curling rivers, and lastly circling green hills and superb old chateau crowning all, there is little here to detain the tourist. The case is very different with those travellers who are bent98 upon studying French life under its various aspects, for they will find at Montbéliard a wholly new phase. Much in domestic life reminds us of South Germany, yet no place is more eminently French. The type of physiognomy is frank and animated99, fair, and even red hair is common, whilst the stature100 is above the average, and the general physique gives an idea of strength, character, and health. The Montbéliardins are courteous101, but proud and prone102 rather to bestow103 than accept favours. Amiability104 and real goodness of heart especially characterize them.
As a seat of some special manufactures, musical-boxes and clocks being among the chief, it possesses importance; there are also cotton mills, tanneries, foundries, &c. The fabrication of clocks by machinery105 is a curious process, the precision and apparent intelligence of the machines being as agreeable to contemplate106 as the reverse is humiliating: namely, the spectacle of men, women, and children being converted into automatons107 by unremitting mechanical labour. The length of the day's work here is prodigious108, consisting of twelve sometimes fourteen hours, and the occupation extremely unwholesome, owing to the smell of the oil and the perpetual noise of machinery. The pay is low, beginning at three francs and reaching to four or four and a half a day. We may blame the artizan class for improvidence109, insobriety, and many other failings, but none who calmly compare the life of a clock-maker, for instance, condemned110 to spend twelve hours of the twenty-four in this laborious111, unwholesome, and ill-remunerated labour, with that of the better classes, can wonder at his discontent. If he seeks to better his position by means of strikes, socialistic schemes, or other violent means, at least we must grant that it is only natural, till some other should offer themselves.
It is to be hoped that the hours of labour will soon be shortened in a part of France so advanced in other respects, and meantime artizans here are better off than elsewhere. All round the town you find so-called cités ouvrières, built on the model of those of Mulhouse; little streets of cheerful cottages, each with its bit of flower and vegetable-garden, where at least the workman has something to call a home after his day's labour. These artizan quarters are well or ill-kept, of course, according to the thrift112 or slovenliness113 of the tenants114; some are charming, but at their worst they are a vast improvement upon the close, ill-ventilated quarters to be found in towns. They are also much cheaper, about £5 a year being charged for both house and garden, whereas, even in a little town like Montbéliard, accommodation is dear and difficult to be had. In fact, without these villages the question of house-room would be as much of a problem here for the workman as among our own rural population; no doubt the heads of firms who have built cheerful and ornamental115 little rows of English-like cottages for their workpeople were actuated at the same time chiefly by philanthropic motives116, but they found it absolutely necessary to take some steps in the matter.
Various efforts are being made to raise the status of the mechanic by means of lectures, reading-rooms, and recreation, but, whilst the hours of labour remain what we find them, little good can be effected. A devoted lady, who has spent her whole life in her native town, has done much for the female part of the manufacturing population by means of free night-schools, free library, chiefly for the young, Sunday afternoon classes for the teaching of cutting-out and needle-work, and recreation combined, gratuitous58 laundries, and other philanthropic schemes. These efforts of Mademoiselle Rosalie Morel, a lay-woman, have been seconded by those of a Protestant deaconess in another direction, the latter devoting herself to nursing and the teaching of hygiene117 and sanitary118 science. In the matter of cleanliness, therefore, these good people are not left in the dark as in benighted119 Brittany, where dirt is not preached against as it ought to be in the pulpit. Mademoiselle Morel's free laundries, in other words a scheme set on foot for the purpose of teaching the poorest classes what clean linen should be, have doubtless effected much good, and on the whole cleanliness is the rule here, and the public hot and cold baths much frequented by all.
In spite, however, of the animation120 and bonhomie of this little town, there is a dark side to social life, and in the train of intemperance121 and unthrift among the manufacturing population, we find squalor and immorality122. After several weeks' sojourn123 in that Utopia of all socialistic dreamers—a land without a beggar!—I found myself here, once more, in the domains124 of mendicity, though it is not to be found to any great extent. The custom of putting out infants to nurse is, fortunately, unfrequent in these parts, and, as a natural consequence, infant mortality is not above the average. The cités ouvrières are to be thanked for this, and the nearness of the home to the factory enables the baby to be brought to its mother for nourishment125, and in our visit to the clock manufactory before spoken of, we saw mothers nursing their infants on the spot. Nearer Paris, you constantly encounter infants three day's old being dispatched with their foster-mother into some country place, there to be brought up by hand, in other words, to die; but here it is not so. We find on a small scale at Montbéliard that contrast between wealth and poverty seen in England, but wholly absent from the rural districts of France. The aristocracy of the place here is composed of the wealthy manufacturing class, and by little and little Parisian luxuries are finding their way into this remote region. Until within quite recent date, for instance, there was no such thing as a stand for hackney carriages here; now it has become the fashion to take drives in fine weather. In our walks and drives in the neighbourhood, we encounter handsome waggonettes and open carriages with a pair of horses, rarely seen in the purely126 agricultural districts.
In every way, habits of life have become modified by the rapid rise of a commercial aristocracy; and, as a natural consequence, we find much more social distinction than in those parts of France where no such class exists. Yet a stranger, who should study French manners and customs for the first time, would find the principle of equality existing in a degree unknown in England. Can anything be more absurd than the differences of rank that divide the population of our provincial towns? The same thing is seen in the country, where the clergyman holds aloof127 from the village doctor, the farmer from the shopkeeper, both these from the village schoolmaster, and where, indeed, everybody thinks himself better than his neighbour.
We have, in English provincial towns, schools for the professional classes, schools for the children of farmers, of wholesale128 shopkeepers, of small retail129 tradesmen; lastly, schools for the "people," and you no more expect to find a rich man's child attending the latter than a chimney-sweep's son at the Grammar School. In French country towns all this is simplified by the école Communale, at which boys and girls respectively, no matter what their parents' calling or means, receive precisely131 the same education; after the école Communale, comes the Collége, where a liberal education is afforded to boys, and pupils study for the examination of Bachelier-ès-Lettres et Sciences, but are not prepared as at the Lycées for the "Doctorate-in-Law." There is no other school here for primary instruction of both sexes but the Communal130 School, Protestant and Catholic, whither all the children, rich and poor, patrician132 and prolétaire, go as a matter of course. The politeness of the French working-classes may be partly accounted for in the association of all ranks in early life. Convent, or other schools, for young ladies, do not exist at Montbéliard, and those who study for the first and second diploma are generally prepared at Belfort and Besan?on, where the examinations are held.
There is also here an école Normale, training school for teachers; also a Protestant training school, noted133 for its excellence134. On the whole, for a town of eight thousand inhabitants, Montbéliard must be considered rich in educational and intellectual resources.
Much of the farming in these parts is tenant-farming on a fair scale, i.e., fifty to two or three hundred acres. In the case of small peasant properties, which, of course, exist also, the land is usually not divided on the death of the father, the eldest135 son purchasing the shares of his brothers and sisters. More on the subject of agriculture will be said further on, there being nothing particularly striking about the two tenant-farms I visited with friends in the immediate136 proximity137 of the town. The first, though not a model farm, is considered a good specimen49 of farming on a large scale, the size being two hundred and fifty acres, hired at a rental138 of fifty francs per hectare, or about a pound per acre. The premises139 are large and handsome, and cleanly, according to a French agricultural standard, and, as usual, with a large heap of manure140 drying up in the sun. Here we found thirty-five splendid Normandy and other cows, entirely141 kept for milking, the milk being all sent to Montbéliard, with a small number of bullocks, horses and pigs. The land looks poor, and gives no evidence of scientific farming, though very few improvements are made, new agricultural methods and implements142 introduced, and thus the resources of the land developed. The farmer's wife and daughters were all hard at work, and the farmer busy with his men in the fields. Close to the farm-house, which we found spacious and comfortable, is the handsome villa13 of the owner, who has thus an opportunity of seeing for himself how things go. If tenant-farming does not pay in England, it certainly can only do so in France by means of a laboriousness143 and economy of which we have hardly an idea. Work, indeed, means one thing with us, and quite another with our French neighbour.
It is on market-day that the country folks and their wares are to be seen to the best advantage; and housekeepers144 supply themselves with butter, fruit, vegetables and haberdashery, all being very cheap; peaches sixpence a pound, melons two or three sous each, and so on in proportion. One fruit may puzzle strangers, it is the red berry of the cultivated service berry tree, and makes excellent preserve. In spite, however, of the low prices of garden and orchard145 produce, everyone complains that the cost of living has greatly risen even here since the war, and that many provisions are as dear as in Paris. Yet, as far as I can judge, Montbéliard is still a place in which, if you cannot live on nothing a year, you can live on next to nothing, and not uncomfortably either.
And now, before turning "to fresh fields and pastures new," a word must be said about the illustrious name that will ever be linked with Montbéliard. Many a hasty traveller alights at the railway station for the purpose of seeing the noble monument of David d'Angers, and the antiquated146 humble147 dwelling148 bearing the proud inscription149:
"Ici naquit George Cuvier."
The bronze statue of the great anatomist stands out in bold relief before the H?tel-de-Ville, the profile being turned towards the house in which he first saw the light, the full face fronting the large Protestant Church built in 1602, a century and a half before his birth. The proximity is a happy one, for was it not by virtue150 of Protestantism, no matter how imperfectly manifested, that Cuvier was enabled to pursue his inquiries151 with such magnificent results? Two centuries before, he might, like Galileo, have had to choose between martyrdom or scientific apostasy152. The great Montbéliardais—whose brain weighed more than that of any human being ever known—is represented with a pen in one hand, a scroll153 in the other, on which is drawn154 the anatomy155 of the human frame. He wears the long, full frock coat of the period, its ample folds having the effect of drapery. David d'Angers has achieved no nobler work than this statue.
The College of Montbéliard, called after its greatest citizen, was founded a few years ago, and is one of the first objects seen on quitting the railway station of the Rue62 Cuvier.
English tourists do not often turn aside from the Swiss route to visit the quieter beauties of the Department of the Doubs, and residents here regret the absence of travellers, which, of course, tells upon the hotels. No one has a word to say in favour of anything we are likely to meet with on our journey throughout the length or breadth of Franche Comté. When it is as much of a recreation ground with us as Switzerland, doubtless everything will change, but nothing daunted156 we pursue our journey. The only way to see this country to perfection is to hire a carriage for the day, and retain it as long as you please. The railway does not penetrate157 into the most picturesque regions, and the diligence is slow and inconvenient158. Accordingly, having had an itinerary159 written out for us by friends who had gone over every inch of the ground, mostly on foot, I set off with an enterprising lady, a native of these parts, for a few days' drive in the most romantic scenery of the Doubs, southward of Montbéliard, and in the direction of Switzerland. So well is the road marked out for us that we want neither "Joanne" nor "Murray," and we have, moreover, procured the services of a coachman who has been familiarized with the country by thirty years' experience. Thus far, therefore, we have nothing to desire but fine weather, which has been very rare since my arrival; tempests, showers, and downpours being the order of the day. However, choosing one morning of unusual promise, we start off at seven o'clock, prepared for the best or the worst; a description of the superb pine-forests and romantic valleys of the Doubs being reserved for the next chapter.
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1 quaint | |
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adj.热情友好的;衷心的;尽情的,纵情的 | |
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3 procured | |
v.(努力)取得, (设法)获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 );拉皮条 | |
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4 lodging | |
n.寄宿,住所;(大学生的)校外宿舍 | |
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adj.广阔的,宽敞的 | |
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6 refinement | |
n.文雅;高尚;精美;精制;精炼 | |
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7 essentially | |
adv.本质上,实质上,基本上 | |
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8 amiable | |
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10 wares | |
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11 lodgers | |
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13 villa | |
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17 annexation | |
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18 doctrine | |
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19 chapels | |
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26 superstition | |
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29 bigotry | |
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32 utterly | |
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41 mingled | |
混合,混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 ); 混进,与…交往[联系] | |
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42 homeliness | |
n.简朴,朴实;相貌平平 | |
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43 diffusion | |
n.流布;普及;散漫 | |
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44 aesthetic | |
adj.美学的,审美的,有美感 | |
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45 expenditure | |
n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出;使用,消耗 | |
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46 stimulus | |
n.刺激,刺激物,促进因素,引起兴奋的事物 | |
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47 artistic | |
adj.艺术(家)的,美术(家)的;善于艺术创作的 | |
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48 upwards | |
adv.向上,在更高处...以上 | |
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49 specimen | |
n.样本,标本 | |
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50 specimens | |
n.样品( specimen的名词复数 );范例;(化验的)抽样;某种类型的人 | |
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51 provincial | |
adj.省的,地方的;n.外省人,乡下人 | |
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52 excavations | |
n.挖掘( excavation的名词复数 );开凿;开凿的洞穴(或山路等);(发掘出来的)古迹 | |
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53 pottery | |
n.陶器,陶器场 | |
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54 ornaments | |
n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 );点缀;装饰品;首饰v.装饰,点缀,美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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55 vestiges | |
残余部分( vestige的名词复数 ); 遗迹; 痕迹; 毫不 | |
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56 remains | |
n.剩余物,残留物;遗体,遗迹 | |
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57 gratuitously | |
平白 | |
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58 gratuitous | |
adj.无偿的,免费的;无缘无故的,不必要的 | |
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59 forfeited | |
(因违反协议、犯规、受罚等)丧失,失去( forfeit的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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60 kindly | |
adj.和蔼的,温和的,爽快的;adv.温和地,亲切地 | |
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61 nominal | |
adj.名义上的;(金额、租金)微不足道的 | |
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62 rue | |
n.懊悔,芸香,后悔;v.后悔,悲伤,懊悔 | |
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63 chivalry | |
n.骑士气概,侠义;(男人)对女人彬彬有礼,献殷勤 | |
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64 redeemed | |
adj. 可赎回的,可救赎的 动词redeem的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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65 sociable | |
adj.好交际的,友好的,合群的 | |
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66 suburban | |
adj.城郊的,在郊区的 | |
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67 poetic | |
adj.富有诗意的,有诗人气质的,善于抒情的 | |
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68 chateau | |
n.城堡,别墅 | |
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69 torrents | |
n.倾注;奔流( torrent的名词复数 );急流;爆发;连续不断 | |
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70 inundation | |
n.the act or fact of overflowing | |
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71 situated | |
adj.坐落在...的,处于某种境地的 | |
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72 confluence | |
n.汇合,聚集 | |
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73 homely | |
adj.家常的,简朴的;不漂亮的 | |
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74 avocation | |
n.副业,业余爱好 | |
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75 gondolas | |
n.狭长小船( gondola的名词复数 );货架(一般指商店,例如化妆品店);吊船工作台 | |
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76 geniality | |
n.和蔼,诚恳;愉快 | |
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77 fortified | |
adj. 加强的 | |
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78 devoted | |
adj.忠诚的,忠实的,热心的,献身于...的 | |
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79 declamation | |
n. 雄辩,高调 | |
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80 garrison | |
n.卫戍部队;驻地,卫戍区;vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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81 toil | |
vi.辛劳工作,艰难地行动;n.苦工,难事 | |
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82 distraction | |
n.精神涣散,精神不集中,消遣,娱乐 | |
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83 eminently | |
adv.突出地;显著地;不寻常地 | |
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84 shutters | |
百叶窗( shutter的名词复数 ); (照相机的)快门 | |
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85 enjoyment | |
n.乐趣;享有;享用 | |
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86 lighter | |
n.打火机,点火器;驳船;v.用驳船运送;light的比较级 | |
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87 marketing | |
n.行销,在市场的买卖,买东西 | |
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88 drudge | |
n.劳碌的人;v.做苦工,操劳 | |
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89 well-being | |
n.安康,安乐,幸福 | |
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90 shams | |
假象( sham的名词复数 ); 假货; 虚假的行为(或感情、言语等); 假装…的人 | |
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91 degradation | |
n.降级;低落;退化;陵削;降解;衰变 | |
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92 landlady | |
n.女房东,女地主 | |
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93 linen | |
n.亚麻布,亚麻线,亚麻制品;adj.亚麻布制的,亚麻的 | |
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94 accomplishments | |
n.造诣;完成( accomplishment的名词复数 );技能;成绩;成就 | |
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95 savings | |
n.存款,储蓄 | |
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96 intercourse | |
n.性交;交流,交往,交际 | |
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97 picturesque | |
adj.美丽如画的,(语言)生动的,绘声绘色的 | |
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98 bent | |
n.爱好,癖好;adj.弯的;决心的,一心的 | |
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99 animated | |
adj.生气勃勃的,活跃的,愉快的 | |
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100 stature | |
n.(高度)水平,(高度)境界,身高,身材 | |
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101 courteous | |
adj.彬彬有礼的,客气的 | |
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102 prone | |
adj.(to)易于…的,很可能…的;俯卧的 | |
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103 bestow | |
v.把…赠与,把…授予;花费 | |
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104 amiability | |
n.和蔼可亲的,亲切的,友善的 | |
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105 machinery | |
n.(总称)机械,机器;机构 | |
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106 contemplate | |
vt.盘算,计议;周密考虑;注视,凝视 | |
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107 automatons | |
n.自动机,机器人( automaton的名词复数 ) | |
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108 prodigious | |
adj.惊人的,奇妙的;异常的;巨大的;庞大的 | |
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109 improvidence | |
n.目光短浅 | |
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110 condemned | |
adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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111 laborious | |
adj.吃力的,努力的,不流畅 | |
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112 thrift | |
adj.节约,节俭;n.节俭,节约 | |
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113 slovenliness | |
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114 tenants | |
n.房客( tenant的名词复数 );佃户;占用者;占有者 | |
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115 ornamental | |
adj.装饰的;作装饰用的;n.装饰品;观赏植物 | |
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116 motives | |
n.动机,目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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117 hygiene | |
n.健康法,卫生学 (a.hygienic) | |
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118 sanitary | |
adj.卫生方面的,卫生的,清洁的,卫生的 | |
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119 benighted | |
adj.蒙昧的 | |
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120 animation | |
n.活泼,兴奋,卡通片/动画片的制作 | |
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121 intemperance | |
n.放纵 | |
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122 immorality | |
n. 不道德, 无道义 | |
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123 sojourn | |
v./n.旅居,寄居;逗留 | |
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124 domains | |
n.范围( domain的名词复数 );领域;版图;地产 | |
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125 nourishment | |
n.食物,营养品;营养情况 | |
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126 purely | |
adv.纯粹地,完全地 | |
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127 aloof | |
adj.远离的;冷淡的,漠不关心的 | |
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128 wholesale | |
n.批发;adv.以批发方式;vt.批发,成批出售 | |
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129 retail | |
v./n.零售;adv.以零售价格 | |
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130 communal | |
adj.公有的,公共的,公社的,公社制的 | |
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131 precisely | |
adv.恰好,正好,精确地,细致地 | |
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132 patrician | |
adj.贵族的,显贵的;n.贵族;有教养的人;罗马帝国的地方官 | |
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133 noted | |
adj.著名的,知名的 | |
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134 excellence | |
n.优秀,杰出,(pl.)优点,美德 | |
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135 eldest | |
adj.最年长的,最年老的 | |
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136 immediate | |
adj.立即的;直接的,最接近的;紧靠的 | |
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137 proximity | |
n.接近,邻近 | |
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138 rental | |
n.租赁,出租,出租业 | |
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139 premises | |
n.建筑物,房屋 | |
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140 manure | |
n.粪,肥,肥粒;vt.施肥 | |
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141 entirely | |
ad.全部地,完整地;完全地,彻底地 | |
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142 implements | |
n.工具( implement的名词复数 );家具;手段;[法律]履行(契约等)v.实现( implement的第三人称单数 );执行;贯彻;使生效 | |
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143 laboriousness | |
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144 housekeepers | |
n.(女)管家( housekeeper的名词复数 ) | |
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145 orchard | |
n.果园,果园里的全部果树,(美俚)棒球场 | |
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146 antiquated | |
adj.陈旧的,过时的 | |
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147 humble | |
adj.谦卑的,恭顺的;地位低下的;v.降低,贬低 | |
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148 dwelling | |
n.住宅,住所,寓所 | |
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149 inscription | |
n.(尤指石块上的)刻印文字,铭文,碑文 | |
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150 virtue | |
n.德行,美德;贞操;优点;功效,效力 | |
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151 inquiries | |
n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 );疑问;探究;打听 | |
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152 apostasy | |
n.背教,脱党 | |
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153 scroll | |
n.卷轴,纸卷;(石刻上的)漩涡 | |
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154 drawn | |
v.拖,拉,拔出;adj.憔悴的,紧张的 | |
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155 anatomy | |
n.解剖学,解剖;功能,结构,组织 | |
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156 daunted | |
使(某人)气馁,威吓( daunt的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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157 penetrate | |
v.透(渗)入;刺入,刺穿;洞察,了解 | |
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158 inconvenient | |
adj.不方便的,令人感到麻烦的 | |
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159 itinerary | |
n.行程表,旅行路线;旅行计划 | |
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