The first evening I concealed3 myself close to the beaver house by the edge of the pond. Just at sunset a large, aged4 beaver of striking, patriarchal appearance, rose in the water by the house and swam slowly, silently round the pond. He kept close to the shore and appeared to be scouting5 to see if an enemy lurked6 near. On completing the circuit of the pond, he climbed upon the end of a log that was thrust a few feet out into the water. Presently several other beaver appeared in the water close to the house. A few of these at once left the pond and nosed quietly about on the shore. The others swam[Pg 52] about for some minutes and then joined their comrades on land, where all rested for a time.
Meanwhile the aged beaver had lifted a small aspen limb out of the water and was squatted7 on the log, leisurely8 eating bark. Before many minutes elapsed the other beaver became restless and finally started up the slope in a runway. They traveled slowly in single file and one by one vanished amid the tall sedge. The old beaver slipped noiselessly into the water, and a series of low waves pointed10 toward the house. It was dark as I stole away in silence for the night, and Mars was gently throbbing11 in the black water.
This was an old beaver settlement, and the numerous harvests gathered by its inhabitants had long since exhausted12 the near-by growths of aspen, the bark of which is the favorite food of North American beaver, though the bark of willow13, cottonwood, alder14, and birch is also eaten. An examination of the aspen supply, together with the lines of transportation,—the runways, canals, and ponds,—indicated that this year's harvest would have to be brought a long distance. The place it would come from was[Pg 53] an aspen grove15 far up the slope, about a quarter of a mile distant from the main house, and perhaps a hundred and twenty feet above it. In this grove I cut three notches16 in the trunks of several trees to enable me to identify them whether in the garnered17 pile by a house or along the line of transportation to it.
The grounds of this colony occupied several acres on a terraced, moderately steep slope of a mountain moraine. Along one side rushed a swift stream on which the colonists18 maintained three but little used ponds. On the opposite side were the slope and summit of the moraine. There was a large pond at the bottom, and one or two small ponds, or water-filled basins, dotted each of the five terraces which rose above. The entire grounds were perforated with subterranean19 passageways or tunnels.
Beaver commonly fill their ponds by damming a brook20 or a river. But this colony obtained most of its water-supply from springs poured forth21 abundantly on the uppermost terrace, where the water was led into one pond and a number of basins. Overflowing22 from these, it[Pg 54] either made a merry, tiny cascade24 or went to lubricate a slide on the short slopes which led to the ponds on the terrace below. The waters from all terraces were gathered into a large pond at the bottom. This pond measured six hundred feet in circumference25. The crooked26 and almost encircling grass-grown dam was six feet high, and four hundred feet long. In its upper edge stood the main house, which was eighty feet high and forty feet in circumference. There was also another house on one of the terraces.
After notching27 the aspens I spent some time exploring the colony grounds and did not return to the marked trees until forty-eight hours had elapsed. Harvest had begun, and one of the largest notched28 trees had been felled and removed. Its gnawed29 stump30 was six inches in diameter and stood fifteen inches high. The limbs had been trimmed off, and a number of these lay scattered31 about the stump. The trunk, which must have been about eighteen feet long, had disappeared, cut into lengths of from three to six feet, probably, and started[Pg 55] toward the harvest pile. Wondering for which house these logs were intended, I followed, hoping to trace and trail them to the house, or find them en route. From the spot where they were cut, they had evidently been rolled down a steep, grassy32 seventy-foot slope, at the bottom of this dragged an equal distance over a level stretch among some lodge-pole pines, and then pushed or dragged along a narrow runway that had been cut through a rank growth of willows33. Once through the willows, they were pushed into the uppermost pond. They were taken across this, forced over the dam on the opposite side, and shot down a slide into the pond which contained the smaller house. Only forty-eight hours before, the little logs which I was following were in a tree, and now I expected to find them by this house. It was good work to have got them here so quickly, I thought. But no logs could be found by the house or in the pond! The folks at this place had not yet laid up anything for winter. The logs must have gone farther.
On the opposite side of this pond I found where the logs had been dragged across the[Pg 56] broad dam and then heaved into a long, wet slide which landed them in a small, shallow harbor in the grass. From this point a canal about eighty feet long ran around the brow of the terrace and ended at the top of a long slide which reached to the big pond. This canal was new and probably had been dug especially for this harvest. For sixty feet of its length it was quite regular in form and had an average width of thirty inches and a depth of fourteen. The mud dug in making it was piled evenly along the lower side. Altogether it looked more like the work of a careful man with a shovel34 than of beaver without tools. Seepage35 and overflow23 water from the ponds above filled and flowed slowly through it and out at the farther end, where it swept down the long slide into the big pond. Through this canal the logs had been taken one by one. At the farther end I found the butt-end log. It probably had been too heavy to heave out of the canal, but tracks in the mud indicated that there was a hard tussle36 before it was abandoned.
A BEAVER CANAL A BEAVER CANAL
Length 334 feet, average depth 15 inches, average width 26 inches
The pile of winter supplies was started. Close [Pg 57] to the big house a few aspen leaves fluttered on twigs37 in the water; evidently these twigs were attached to limbs or larger pieces of aspen that were piled beneath the surface. Could it be that the aspen which I had marked on the mountainside a quarter of a mile distant so short a time before, and which I had followed over slope and slide, canal and basin, was now piled on the bottom of this pond? I waded38 out into the water, prodded39 about with a pole, and found several smaller logs. Dragging one of these to the surface, I found there were three notches on it.
Evidently these heavy green tree cuttings had been sunk to the bottom simply by the piling of other similar cuttings upon them. With this heavy material in the still water a slight contact with the bottom would prevent the drifting of accumulating cuttings until a heavy pile could be formed. However, in deep or swift water I have noticed that an anchorage for the first few pieces was secured by placing these upon the lower slope of the house or against the dam.[Pg 58]
Scores of aspens were felled in the grove where the notched ones were. They were trimmed, cut into sections, and limbs, logs, and all taken over the route of the one I had followed, and at last placed in a pile beside the big house. This harvest gathering40 went on for a month. All about was busy, earnest preparation for winter. The squirrels from the tree-tops kept a rattling41 rain of cones42 on the leaf-strewn forest floor, the cheery chipmunk43 foraged44 and frolicked among the withered45 leaves and plants, while aspens with leaves of gold fell before the ivory sickles46 of the beaver. Splendid glimpses, grand views, I had of this strange harvest-home. How busy the beavers47 were! They were busy in the grove on the steep mountainside; they tugged48 logs along the runways; they hurried them across the water-basins, wrestled49 with them in canals, and merrily piled them by the rude house in the water. And I watched them through the changing hours; I saw their shadowy activity in the starry50, silent night; I saw them hopefully leave home for the harvest groves51 in the serene52 twilight53, and I watched[Pg 59] them working busily in the light of the noonday sun.
Most of the aspens were cut off between thirteen and fifteen inches above the ground. A few stumps54 were less than five inches high, while a number were four feet high. These high cuttings were probably made from reclining trunks of lodged55 aspens which were afterward56 removed. The average diameter of the aspens cut was four and one half inches at the top of the stump. Numerous seedlings57 of an inch diameter were cut, and the largest tree felled for this harvest measured fourteen inches across the stump. This had been laid low only a few hours before I found it, and a bushel of white chips and cuttings encircled the lifeless stump like a wreath. In falling, the top had become entangled58 in an alder thicket59 and lodged six feet from the ground. It remained in this position for several days and was apparently60 abandoned; but the last time I went to see it the alders61 which upheld it were being cut away. Although the alders were thick upon the ground, only those which had upheld the aspen had[Pg 60] been cut. It may be that the beaver which felled them looked and thought before they went ahead with the cutting.
Why had this and several other large aspens been left uncut in a place where all were convenient for harvest? All other neighboring aspens were cut years ago. One explanation is that the beaver realized that the tops of the aspens were entangled and interlocked in the limbs of crowding spruces and would not fall if cut off at the bottom. This and one other were the only large ones that were felled, and the tops of these had been recently released by the overturning of some spruces and the breaking of several branches on others. Other scattered large aspens were left uncut, but all of these were clasped in the arms of near-by spruces.
It was the habit of these colonists to transfer a tree to the harvest pile promptly62 after cutting it down. But one morning I found logs on slides and in canals, and unfinished work in the grove, as though everything had been suddenly dropped in the night when work was at its height. Coyotes had howled freely during the night, but[Pg 61] this was not uncommon63. In going over the grounds I found the explanation of this untidy work in a bear track and numerous wolf tracks, freshly moulded in the muddy places.
After the bulk of the harvest was gathered, I went one day to the opposite side of the moraine and briefly64 observed the methods of the Island beaver colony. The ways of the two colonies were in some things very different. In the Spruce Tree Colony the custom was to move the felled aspen promptly to the harvest pile. In the Island Colony the custom was to cut down most of the harvest before transporting any of it to the pile beside the house. Of the one hundred and sixty-two trees that had been felled for this harvest, one hundred and twenty-seven were still lying where they fell. However, the work of transporting was getting under way; a few logs were in the pile beside the house, and numerous others were scattered along the canals, runways, and slides between the house and the harvest grove.
There was more wasted labor65, too, in the Island Colony. This was noticeable in the at[Pg 62]tempts that had been made to fell limb-entangled trees that could not fall. One five-inch aspen had three times been cut off at the bottom. The third cut was more than three feet from the ground, and was made by a beaver working from the top of a fallen log. Still this high-cut aspen refused to come down and there it hung like a collapsed66 balloon entangled in tree-tops.
Before the white man came it is probable that beaver did most of their work in the day-time. But at present, except in the most remote localities, day work is perilous67. Prowling hunters have compelled most beaver to work at night. The Spruce Tree Colony was an isolated68 one, and occasionally its members worked and even played in the sunshine. Each day I secluded69 myself, kept still, and waited; and on a few occasions watched them as they worked in the light.
One windy day, just as I was unroping myself from the shaking limb of a spruce, four beaver were plodding70 along in single file beneath. They had come out of a hole between[Pg 63] the roots of the spruce. At an aspen growth about fifty feet distant they separated. Though they had been closely assembled, each appeared utterly71 oblivious72 of the presence of the others. One squatted on the ground by an aspen, took a bite of bark out of it and ate leisurely. By and by he rose, clasped the aspen with fore9 paws and began to bite chips from it systematically73. He was deliberately74 cutting it down. The most aged beaver waddled75 near an aspen, gazed into its top for a few seconds, then moved away about ten feet and started to fell a five-inch aspen. The one rejected was entangled at the top. Presently the third beaver selected a tree, and after some trouble to get comfortably seated, or squatted, also began cutting. The fourth beaver disappeared and I did not see him again. While I was looking for this one the huge, aged beaver whose venerable appearance had impressed me the first evening appeared on the scene. He came out of a hole beneath some spruces about a hundred feet distant. He looked neither to right nor to left, nor up nor down, as he ambled76 toward the aspen growth. When[Pg 64] about halfway77 there he wheeled suddenly and took an uneasy survey of the open he had traversed, as though he had heard an enemy behind. Then with apparently stolid78 indifference79 he went on leisurely, and for a time paused among the cutters, which did nothing to indicate that they realized his presence. He ate some bark from a green limb on the ground, moved on, and went into the hole beneath me. He appeared so large that I afterward measured the distance between the two aspens where he paused. He was not less than three and a half feet long and probably weighed fifty pounds. He had all his toes; there was no white spot on his body; in fact, there was neither mark nor blemish80 by which I could positively81 identify him. Yet I feel that in my month around the colony I beheld82 the patriarch of the first evening in several scenes of action.
ASPENS CUT BY BEAVER ASPENS CUT BY BEAVER
Sixty-seven minutes after the second beaver began cutting he made a brief pause; then he suddenly thudded the ground with his tail, hurriedly took out a few more chips, and ran away, with the other two beaver a little in [Pg 65] advance, just as his four-inch aspen settled over and then fell. All paused for a time close to the hole beneath me, and then the old beaver returned to his work. The one that had felled his tree followed closely and at once began on another aspen. The other beaver, with his aspen half cut off, went into the hole and did not again come out. By and by an old and a young beaver came out of the hole. The young one at once began cutting limbs off the recently felled aspen, while the other began work on the half-cut tree; but he ignored the work already done, and finally severed83 the trunk about four inches above the cut made by the other. Suddenly the old beaver whacked84 the ground and ran, but at thirty feet distant he paused and nervously85 thumped86 the ground with his tail, as his aspen slowly settled and fell. Then he went into the hole beneath me.
This year's harvest was so much larger than usual that it may be the population of this colony had been increased by the arrival of emigrants87 from a persecuted88 colony down in the valley. The total harvest numbered four hun[Pg 66]dred and forty-three trees. These made a harvest pile four feet high and ninety feet in circumference. A thick covering of willows was placed on top of the harvest pile,—I cannot tell for what reason unless it was to sink all the aspen below reach of the ice. This bulk of stores together with numerous roots of willow and water plants, which in the water are eaten from the bottom of the pond, would support a numerous beaver population through the days of ice and snow.
On the last tour through the colony everything was ready for the long and cold winter. Dams were in repair and ponds were brimming over with water, the fresh coats of mud on the houses were freezing to defy enemies, and a bountiful harvest was home. Harvest-gathering is full of hope and romance. What a joy it must be to every man or animal who has a hand in it! What a satisfaction, too, for all dependent upon a harvest, to know that there is abundance stored for all the frosty days!
The people of this wild, strange, picturesque89 colony had planned and prepared well. I wished[Pg 67] them a winter unvisited by cruel fate or foe90, and trusted that when June came again the fat and furry91 young beaver would play with the aged one amid the tiger lilies in the shadows of the big spruce trees.
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1
beaver
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| n.海狸，河狸 | |
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primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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scouting
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| 守候活动，童子军的活动 | |
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lurked
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| vi.潜伏，埋伏（lurk的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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7
squatted
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| v.像动物一样蹲下( squat的过去式和过去分词 )；非法擅自占用（土地或房屋）；为获得其所有权；而占用某片公共用地。 | |
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leisurely
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| adj.悠闲的；从容的，慢慢的 | |
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fore
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| adv.在前面；adj.先前的；在前部的；n.前部 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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throbbing
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| a. 跳动的,悸动的 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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willow
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| n.柳树 | |
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alder
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| n.赤杨树 | |
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grove
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| n.林子，小树林，园林 | |
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notches
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| n.（边缘或表面上的）V型痕迹( notch的名词复数 )；刻痕；水平；等级 | |
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garnered
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| v.收集并（通常）贮藏（某物），取得，获得( garner的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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subterranean
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| adj.地下的，地表下的 | |
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brook
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| n.小河，溪；v.忍受，容让 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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overflowing
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| n. 溢出物,溢流 adj. 充沛的，充满的 动词overflow的现在分词形式 | |
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overflow
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| v.(使)外溢，(使)溢出；溢出，流出，漫出 | |
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cascade
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| n.小瀑布，喷流；层叠；vi.成瀑布落下 | |
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circumference
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| n.圆周，周长，圆周线 | |
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crooked
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| adj.弯曲的；不诚实的，狡猾的，不正当的 | |
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notching
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| adj.多级的（指继电器）n.做凹口，开槽v.在（某物）上刻V形痕( notch的现在分词 )；赢得；赢取；获得高分 | |
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notched
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| a.有凹口的，有缺口的 | |
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gnawed
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| 咬( gnaw的过去式和过去分词 )； （长时间） 折磨某人； （使）苦恼； （长时间）危害某事物 | |
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stump
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| n.残株，烟蒂，讲演台；v.砍断，蹒跚而走 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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grassy
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| adj.盖满草的；长满草的 | |
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willows
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| n.柳树( willow的名词复数 )；柳木 | |
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shovel
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| n.铁锨，铲子，一铲之量；v.铲，铲出 | |
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seepage
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| n.泄漏 | |
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tussle
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| n.&v.扭打，搏斗，争辩 | |
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twigs
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| 细枝，嫩枝( twig的名词复数 ) | |
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waded
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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prodded
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| v.刺，戳( prod的过去式和过去分词 )；刺激；促使；（用手指或尖物）戳 | |
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gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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rattling
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| adj. 格格作响的, 活泼的, 很好的 adv. 极其, 很, 非常 动词rattle的现在分词 | |
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cones
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| n.（人眼）圆锥细胞；圆锥体( cone的名词复数 )；球果；圆锥形东西；（盛冰淇淋的）锥形蛋卷筒 | |
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chipmunk
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| n.花栗鼠 | |
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foraged
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| v.搜寻（食物），尤指动物觅（食）( forage的过去式和过去分词 )；（尤指用手）搜寻（东西） | |
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45
withered
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| adj. 枯萎的，干瘪的，（人身体的部分器官）因病萎缩的或未发育良好的 动词wither的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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46
sickles
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| n.镰刀( sickle的名词复数 ) | |
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beavers
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| 海狸( beaver的名词复数 )； 海狸皮毛； 棕灰色； 拼命工作的人 | |
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tugged
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| v.用力拉，使劲拉，猛扯( tug的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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49
wrestled
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| v.（与某人）搏斗( wrestle的过去式和过去分词 )；扭成一团；扭打；（与…）摔跤 | |
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starry
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| adj.星光照耀的, 闪亮的 | |
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51
groves
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| 树丛，小树林( grove的名词复数 ) | |
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serene
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| adj. 安详的，宁静的，平静的 | |
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twilight
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| n.暮光，黄昏；暮年，晚期，衰落时期 | |
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54
stumps
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| （被砍下的树的）树桩( stump的名词复数 )； 残肢； （板球三柱门的）柱； 残余部分 | |
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lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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seedlings
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| n.刚出芽的幼苗( seedling的名词复数 ) | |
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entangled
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| adj.卷入的；陷入的；被缠住的；缠在一起的v.使某人（某物/自己）缠绕，纠缠于（某物中），使某人（自己）陷入（困难或复杂的环境中）( entangle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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thicket
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| n.灌木丛，树林 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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alders
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| n.桤木( alder的名词复数 ) | |
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promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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briefly
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| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
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labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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collapsed
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| adj.倒塌的 | |
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perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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isolated
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| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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secluded
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| adj.与世隔绝的；隐退的；偏僻的v.使隔开，使隐退( seclude的过去式和过去分词) | |
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plodding
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| a.proceeding in a slow or dull way | |
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utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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oblivious
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| adj.易忘的，遗忘的，忘却的，健忘的 | |
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systematically
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| adv.有系统地 | |
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deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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waddled
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| v.（像鸭子一样）摇摇摆摆地走( waddle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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ambled
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| v.（马）缓行( amble的过去式和过去分词 )；从容地走，漫步 | |
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halfway
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| adj.中途的，不彻底的，部分的；adv.半路地，在中途，在半途 | |
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stolid
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| adj.无动于衷的，感情麻木的 | |
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indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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blemish
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| v.损害；玷污；瑕疵，缺点 | |
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positively
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| adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实 | |
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beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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severed
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| v.切断，断绝( sever的过去式和过去分词 )；断，裂 | |
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whacked
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| a.精疲力尽的 | |
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nervously
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| adv.神情激动地，不安地 | |
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thumped
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| v.重击， （指心脏）急速跳动( thump的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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emigrants
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| n.（从本国移往他国的）移民( emigrant的名词复数 ) | |
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persecuted
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| （尤指宗教或政治信仰的）迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的过去式和过去分词 )； 烦扰，困扰或骚扰某人 | |
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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furry
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| adj.毛皮的；似毛皮的；毛皮制的 | |
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