The whole seed-sowing story is a fascinating one. Blindly, often thick as snow, the seeds go forth to seek their fortune,—to find a rooting-place. All are in danger, many are limited as to time, and the majority are restricted to a single effort. A few, however, have a complex and novel equipment and with this make a long, romantic, and sometimes an adventurous6 journey, colonizing7 at last some strange land far from the place of their birth. Commonly, however, this journey is brief, and usually after one short fall[Pg 292] or flight the seed comes to rest where it will sprout8 or perish. Generally it dies.
One autumn afternoon in southeastern Missouri, seated upon some driftwood on the shallow margin9 of the Mississippi, I discovered a primitive10 craft that was carrying a colony of adventurous tree seeds down the mighty11 river. As I watched and listened, the nuts pattered upon the fallen leaves and the Father of Waters purled and whispered as he slipped his broad yellow-gray current almost silently to the sea. Here and there a few broad-backed sandbars showed themselves above the surface, as though preparing to rise up and inquire what had become of the water.
This primitive craft was a log that drifted low and heavy, end on with the current. It was going somewhere with a small cargo12 of tree seeds. Upon a broken upraised limb of the log sat a kingfisher. As it drifted with the current, breezes upon the wooded hill-tops decorated the autumn air with deliberately13 falling leaves and floating winged seeds. The floating log pointed14 straight for a sand-bar upon which other logs[Pg 293] and snags were stranded15. I determined16, when it should come aground, to see the character of the cargo that it carried.
Now and then, as I sat there, the heavy round nuts like merry boys came bounding and rattling17 down the hillside, which rose from the water's edge. Occasionally as a nut dropped from the tree-top he struck a limb spring board and from this made a long leap outward for a roll down the hillside. These nuts were walnut18 and hickory; and like most heavy nuts they traveled by rolling, floating, and squirrel carriage.
One nut dropped upon a low limb, glanced far outward, and landed upon a log, from which it bounced outward and went bouncing down the hillside aplunk into the river. Slowly it rolled this way and that in the almost currentless water. At last it made up its mind, and, with the almost invisible swells19, commenced to float slowly toward the floating log out in the river. By and by the current caught it, carried it toward and round the sand-bar, to float away with the onsweep toward the sea. This nut may have been carried a few miles or a few hundred[Pg 294] before it went ashore20 on the bank of the river or landed upon some romantic island to sprout and grow. Seeds often are carried by rivers and then successfully planted, after many stops and advances, far from the parent tree.
The log hesitated as it approached the sand-bar, as if cautiously smelling with its big, rooty nose; but at last it swung round broadside, and sleepily allowed the current to put it to bed upon the sand. As a tree, this log had lived on the banks of the Mississippi or one of its tributaries21, in Minnesota. While standing22 it had for a time served as a woodpecker home. In one of the larger excavations23 made by these birds, I found some white pine cones24 and other seeds from the north that had been stored by bird or squirrel. A long voyage these seeds had taken; they may have continued the journey, landing at last to grow in sunny Tennessee; or they may have sunk to the bottom of the river or even have perished in the salt waters of the Gulf26.
In climbing up the steep hillside above the river, I found many nests of hickory and walnuts27 against the upper side of fallen logs. Upon the[Pg 295] level hill-top the ground beneath the tree was thickly covered with fallen nuts; only a few of these had got a tree's length away from the parent. Occasionally, however, a wind-gust used a long, slender limb as a sling28, and flung the attached nuts afar.
The squirrels were active, laying up a hoard29 of nuts for winter. Many a walnut, hickory, or butternut tree at some distant place may have grown from an uneaten or forgotten nut which the squirrels carried away.
The winged seeds are the ones that are most widely scattered30. These are grown by many kinds of trees. From May until midwinter trees of this kind are giving their little atoms of life to the great seed-sower, the wind. Most winged seeds have one wing for each seed and commonly each makes but one flight. Generally the lighter31 the seed and the higher the wind, the farther the seed will fly or be blown.
In May the silver maple32 starts the flight of winged seeds. This tree has a seed about the size of a peanut, provided with a one-sided wing as large as one's thumb. It sails away from the[Pg 296] tree, settling rapidly toward the earth with heavy end downward, whirling round and round as it falls. Red maple seeds ripen2 in June, but not until autumn does the hard maple send its winged ones forth from amid the painted leaves.
The seed of an ash tree is like a dart33. In the different ashes these are of different lengths, but all have two-edged wings which in calm weather dart the seed to the snowy earth; but in a lively wind they are tumbled and whirled about while being unceremoniously carried afar; this they do not mind, for at the first lull34 they right themselves and drop in good form to the earth.
Cottonwoods and willows36 send forth their seeds inclosed in a dainty puff37 or ball of silky cotton that is so light that the wind often carries it long distances. With the willow35 this device is so airy and dainty that it is easily entangled38 on twigs39 or grass and may never reach the earth. The willow seed, too, is so feeble that it will often perish inside twenty-four hours if it does not find a most favorable germinating-place. This makes but little difference to the willows, for they do not depend upon seeds for[Pg 297] extension but upon the breaking off of roots or twigs by various agencies; these pieces of roots or twigs often are carried miles by streams, and take root perhaps at the first place where they go around.
The seeds of the sycamore are in balls attached to the limbs by a slender twiglet. The winter winds beat and thump40 these balls against the limbs, thus causing the seeds to loosen and to drop a few at a time to the earth. Each seed is a light little pencil which at one end is equipped with a whorl of hairs,—a parachute which delays its fall and thus enables the wind to carry it away from the parent tree.
The conifers—the pines, firs, and spruces—have ingeniously devised and developed their winged seeds for wind distribution. Most of these seeds are light, and each is attached to a dainty feather or wing which is used on its commencement day. These wings are as handsome as insects' wings, dainty enough for fairies; they are purple, plain brown, and spotted41, and so balanced that they revolve42 or whirl, glinting in the autumn sun as they go on their adventurous[Pg 298] wind-blown flight to the earth. A high wind may carry them miles.
With the pines and spruces the cones open one or a few scales at a time, so that the seeds from each cone25 are distributed through many days. The firs, however, carry cones that when ripe often collapse43 in the wind. The entire filling of seeds are thus dropped at once and fill the air with flocks of merry, diving, glinting wings. A heavy seed-crop in a coniferous forest gives a touch of poetry to the viewless air.
The lodge-pole pine is one of the most patient and philosophical44 seed-sowers in the forest. It is a prolific45 seed-producer and has a remarkable46 hoarding47 characteristic,—that of keeping its cones closed and holding on to them for years. Commonly a forest fire kills trees without consuming them. With the lodge-pole the fire frequently burns off the needles, leaving the tree standing, but it melts the sealing-wax on the cones. Thus the fire releases these seeds and they fall upon a freshly fire-cleaned soil,—a condition for them most favorable.
Although the cherry is without wings or a[Pg 299] flying-machine of its own, it is rich enough to employ the rarest transportation in the world. With attractively colored and luscious48 pulp49 it hires many beautiful birds to carry it to new scenes. On the wings of the mockingbird and the hermit50 thrush,—what a happy and romantic way in which to seek the promised land!
Many kinds of pulp-covered seeds that are attractive and delicious when ripe are unpleasant to the taste while green; this protective measure guards them against being sown before they are ready or ripe. The instant persimmons are ripe, the trees are full of opossums which disseminate51 the ready-to-grow seeds; but Mr. 'Possum avoids the green and puckery52 persimmons!
The big tree is one of the most fruitful of seed-bearers. In a single year one of these may produce some millions of fertile seeds. These mature in comparatively small cones and, each seed being light as air, they are sometimes carried by high winds across ridges53 and ravines before being dropped to the earth.
The honey locust55 uses a peculiar device to[Pg 300] secure wind assistance in pushing afar its long, purplish pods with their heavy beanlike seeds. This pod is not only flattened56 but crooked57 and slightly twisted. Dropping from the tree in midwinter, it often lands upon crusted snow. Here on windy days it becomes a kind of crude ice-boat and goes skimming along before the wind; with its flattened, twisted surface it ever presents a boosting-surface to the breeze.
The ironwood tree launches its seeds each seated in the prow58 of a tiny boat, which floats or careers away upon the invisible ocean of air, sinking, after a rudderless voyage, to the earth. The attachment59 to some seeds is bladder- or balloon-like; tied helplessly to this, the seed is cast forth briefly60 to wander with the wandering winds.
The linden, or basswood, tree uses a monoplane for buoyancy. The basswood attaches or suspends a number of seeds by slender threads to the centre of a leaf; in autumn when this falls it resists gravity for a time and ofttimes with its clinging cargo alights far from the tree which sent it forth.[Pg 301]
Burr- or hook-covered seeds may become attached to the backs of animals and thus be transported afar. One day in Colorado I disturbed a black bear in some willows more than a mile from the woods; as he ran over a grassy61 ridge54 three or four pine cones that had been hooked and entangled in his hair went spinning off. Seeds sometimes are internationally distributed by becoming attached by some sticky substance—pitch or dried mud—to the legs or feathers of birds. Cottonwood seed often has a long ride, though generally a fruitless one, by alighting in the hair of some animal. Sometimes a cone or nut becomes wedged between the hoofs62 of an animal and is carried about for days; taken miles before it is dropped, it grows a lone63 tree far from the nearest grove64.
Though the witch-hazel is no longer invested with eerie65 charms, it still has its own peculiar way of doing things. It chooses to bloom alone in the autumn, just at the time its seeds are ripe and scattering66. Assisted by the frost and the sun, it scatters67 its shotlike seeds with a series of snappy little explosions which fling them twelve[Pg 302] to twenty feet from the capsule in which they ripen.
The mangrove68 trees of Florida germinate69 their seeds upon the tree and then drop little plants off into the water; here winds and currents may move them hither and yon as they blindly explore for a rooting-place.
The cocoanut tree covers its nuts with a kind of "excelsior" which prevents their breaking upon the rocks. This also facilitates the floating and transportation of the nut in the sea. When the breakers have flung it upon rocks or broken reefs, here its fibrous covering helps it cling until the young roots grow and anchor it securely.
Thus endlessly during all the seasons of the year the trees are sowing their ripened seed and sending them forth, variously equipped, blindly to seek a place in which they may live, perpetuate70 the species, and extend the forest.
It is well that nature sows seeds like a spendthrift. So many are the chances against the seed, so numerous are the destroying agencies, so few are the places in reach that are unoc[Pg 303]cupied, that perhaps not more than one seed in a million ever germinates71, and hardly one tree in a thousand that starts to grow ever attains72 maturity73. Through sheer force of numbers and continuous seed-scattering, the necessarily random methods of nature produce results; and where opportunity opens, trees promptly74 extend their holdings or reclaim75 a territory from which they have been driven.
Many times I have wandered through the coniferous forests in the mountains when the seeds were ripe and fluttering thick as snowflakes to the earth. Visiting ridges, slopes, and ca?ons, I have watched the pines, firs, and spruces closing a year's busy, invisible activity by merrily strewing76 the air and the earth with their fruits,—seeding for the centuries to come. One breathless autumn day I looked up into the blue sky from the bottom of a ca?on. The golden air was as thickly filled with winged seeds as a perfect night with stars. A light local air-current made a milky77 way across this sky. Myriads78 of becalmed and suspended seeds were fixed79 stars. Some of the seeds, each with a filmy wing,[Pg 304] hurried through elliptical orbits like comets as they settled to the earth; while innumerable others, as they came rotating down, were revolving80 through planetary orbits in this seed-sown field of space. Now and then a number of cones on a fir tree collapsed81 and precipitated82 into space a meteoric83 shower of slow-descending seeds and a hurried zigzag84 fall of heavier scales. Occasionally on a ridge-top a few of the lighter seeds would come floating upward through an air-chimney as though carried in an invisible smoke-column.
One windy day I crossed the mountains when a gale85 was driving millions of low-flying seeds before it. Away they swept down the slope, to whirl widely and flutter over the gulch86 where the wind-current dashed against the uprising mountain beyond. Most of the seeds were flung to the earth along the way or dropped in the bottom of the gulch; a few, however, were carried by the swift uprushing current up and across the mountain and at last scattered on the opposite side.
When the last seed of the year has fallen, how thickly the woodland regions are sown broad[Pg 305]cast with seeds! Only a few of these will have landed in a hospitable87 place. The overwhelmingly majority fell in the water to drown or on rock ledges88 or other places to starve or wither89. The few fortunate enough to find unoccupied and fertile places will still have to reckon with devouring90 insects and animals. How different may be the environment of two seedlings91 sprung from seeds grown on the selfsame tree! On their commencement day two little atoms of life may be separated by the wind: one finds shelter and fertile earth; the other roots in a barely livable place on the cold, stormbeaten heights of timber-line. Both use their inherent energy and effort to the utmost. One becomes a forest monarch92; the other a dwarf93, uncouth94 and ugly.
点击
收听单词发音
收听单词发音 |
1
ripened
|
|
| v.成熟，使熟( ripen的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
2
ripen
|
|
| vt.使成熟；vi.成熟 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
3
forth
|
|
| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
4
random
|
|
| adj.随机的；任意的；n.偶然的(或随便的)行动 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
5
peculiar
|
|
| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
6
adventurous
|
|
| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
7
colonizing
|
|
| v.开拓殖民地，移民于殖民地( colonize的现在分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
8
sprout
|
|
| n.芽，萌芽；vt.使发芽，摘去芽；vi.长芽，抽条 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
9
margin
|
|
| n.页边空白；差额；余地，余裕；边，边缘 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
10
primitive
|
|
| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
11
mighty
|
|
| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
12
cargo
|
|
| n.(一只船或一架飞机运载的)货物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
13
deliberately
|
|
| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
14
pointed
|
|
| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
15
stranded
|
|
| a.搁浅的，进退两难的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
16
determined
|
|
| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
17
rattling
|
|
| adj. 格格作响的, 活泼的, 很好的 adv. 极其, 很, 非常 动词rattle的现在分词 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
18
walnut
|
|
| n.胡桃，胡桃木，胡桃色，茶色 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
19
swells
|
|
| 增强( swell的第三人称单数 )； 肿胀； （使）凸出； 充满（激情） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
20
ashore
|
|
| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
21
tributaries
|
|
| n. 支流 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
22
standing
|
|
| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
23
excavations
|
|
| n.挖掘( excavation的名词复数 )；开凿；开凿的洞穴（或山路等）；（发掘出来的）古迹 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
24
cones
|
|
| n.（人眼）圆锥细胞；圆锥体( cone的名词复数 )；球果；圆锥形东西；（盛冰淇淋的）锥形蛋卷筒 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
25
cone
|
|
| n.圆锥体，圆锥形东西，球果 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
26
gulf
|
|
| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
27
walnuts
|
|
| 胡桃（树）( walnut的名词复数 )； 胡桃木 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
28
sling
|
|
| vt.扔；悬挂；n.挂带；吊索，吊兜；弹弓 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
29
hoard
|
|
| n./v.窖藏，贮存，囤积 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
30
scattered
|
|
| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
31
lighter
|
|
| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
32
maple
|
|
| n.槭树，枫树，槭木 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
33
dart
|
|
| v.猛冲，投掷；n.飞镖，猛冲 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
34
lull
|
|
| v.使安静，使入睡，缓和，哄骗；n.暂停，间歇 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
35
willow
|
|
| n.柳树 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
36
willows
|
|
| n.柳树( willow的名词复数 )；柳木 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
37
puff
|
|
| n.一口(气)；一阵(风)；v.喷气，喘气 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
38
entangled
|
|
| adj.卷入的；陷入的；被缠住的；缠在一起的v.使某人（某物/自己）缠绕，纠缠于（某物中），使某人（自己）陷入（困难或复杂的环境中）( entangle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
39
twigs
|
|
| 细枝，嫩枝( twig的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
40
thump
|
|
| v.重击，砰然地响；n.重击，重击声 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
41
spotted
|
|
| adj.有斑点的，斑纹的，弄污了的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
42
revolve
|
|
| vi.(使)旋转；循环出现 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
43
collapse
|
|
| vi.累倒；昏倒；倒塌；塌陷 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
44
philosophical
|
|
| adj.哲学家的，哲学上的，达观的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
45
prolific
|
|
| adj.丰富的，大量的；多产的，富有创造力的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
46
remarkable
|
|
| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
47
hoarding
|
|
| n.贮藏；积蓄；临时围墙；囤积v.积蓄并储藏（某物）( hoard的现在分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
48
luscious
|
|
| adj.美味的；芬芳的；肉感的，引与性欲的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
49
pulp
|
|
| n.果肉，纸浆；v.化成纸浆，除去...果肉，制成纸浆 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
50
hermit
|
|
| n.隐士，修道者；隐居 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
51
disseminate
|
|
| v.散布；传播 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
52
puckery
|
|
| adj.易皱的；弄皱的；缩拢的；起褶的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
53
ridges
|
|
| n.脊( ridge的名词复数 )；山脊；脊状突起；大气层的)高压脊 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
54
ridge
|
|
| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
55
locust
|
|
| n.蝗虫；洋槐，刺槐 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
56
flattened
|
|
| [医]（水）平扁的，弄平的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
57
crooked
|
|
| adj.弯曲的；不诚实的，狡猾的，不正当的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
58
prow
|
|
| n.(飞机)机头，船头 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
59
attachment
|
|
| n.附属物，附件；依恋；依附 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
60
briefly
|
|
| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
61
grassy
|
|
| adj.盖满草的；长满草的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
62
hoofs
|
|
| n.（兽的）蹄，马蹄( hoof的名词复数 )v.（兽的）蹄，马蹄( hoof的第三人称单数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
63
lone
|
|
| adj.孤寂的，单独的；唯一的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
64
grove
|
|
| n.林子，小树林，园林 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
65
eerie
|
|
| adj.怪诞的；奇异的；可怕的；胆怯的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
66
scattering
|
|
| n.[物]散射；散乱，分散；在媒介质中的散播adj.散乱的；分散在不同范围的；广泛扩散的；（选票）数量分散的v.散射(scatter的ing形式)；散布；驱散 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
67
scatters
|
|
| v.（使）散开， （使）分散，驱散( scatter的第三人称单数 )；撒 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
68
mangrove
|
|
| n.(植物)红树，红树林 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
69
germinate
|
|
| v.发芽；发生；发展 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
70
perpetuate
|
|
| v.使永存，使永记不忘 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
71
germinates
|
|
| n.（使）发芽( germinate的名词复数 )v.（使）发芽( germinate的第三人称单数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
72
attains
|
|
| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的第三人称单数 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
73
maturity
|
|
| n.成熟；完成；(支票、债券等)到期 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
74
promptly
|
|
| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
75
reclaim
|
|
| v.要求归还，收回；开垦 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
76
strewing
|
|
| v.撒在…上( strew的现在分词 )；散落于；点缀；撒满 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
77
milky
|
|
| adj.牛奶的，多奶的；乳白色的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
78
myriads
|
|
| n.无数，极大数量( myriad的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
79
fixed
|
|
| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
80
revolving
|
|
| adj.旋转的，轮转式的；循环的v.（使）旋转( revolve的现在分词 )；细想 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
81
collapsed
|
|
| adj.倒塌的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
82
precipitated
|
|
| v.（突如其来地）使发生( precipitate的过去式和过去分词 )；促成；猛然摔下；使沉淀 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
83
meteoric
|
|
| adj.流星的，转瞬即逝的，突然的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
84
zigzag
|
|
| n.曲折，之字形；adj.曲折的，锯齿形的；adv.曲折地，成锯齿形地；vt.使曲折；vi.曲折前行 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
85
gale
|
|
| n.大风，强风，一阵闹声（尤指笑声等） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
86
gulch
|
|
| n.深谷，峡谷 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
87
hospitable
|
|
| adj.好客的；宽容的；有利的，适宜的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
88
ledges
|
|
| n.（墙壁，悬崖等）突出的狭长部分( ledge的名词复数 )；（平窄的）壁架；横档；（尤指）窗台 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
89
wither
|
|
| vt.使凋谢，使衰退，(用眼神气势等)使畏缩；vi.枯萎，衰退，消亡 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
90
devouring
|
|
| 吞没( devour的现在分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
91
seedlings
|
|
| n.刚出芽的幼苗( seedling的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
92
monarch
|
|
| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
93
dwarf
|
|
| n.矮子，侏儒，矮小的动植物；vt.使…矮小 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
94
uncouth
|
|
| adj.无教养的，粗鲁的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
| 欢迎访问英文小说网 |