Sometimes I venture to approach him with a plea for wildness, when he good-naturedly shakes a big mellow14 apple in my face, reiterating15 his favorite aphorism16, "Culture is an orchard9 apple; Nature is a crab17." Not all culture, however, is equally destructive and inappreciative. Azure18 skies and crystal waters find loving recognition, and few there be who would welcome the axe20 among mountain pines, or would care to apply any correction to the tones and costumes of mountain waterfalls. Nevertheless, the barbarous notion is almost universally entertained by civilized21 man, that there is in all the manufactures of Nature something essentially22 coarse which can and must be eradicated23 by human culture. I was, therefore, delighted in finding that the wild wool growing upon mountain sheep in the neighborhood of Mount Shasta was much finer than the average grades of cultivated wool. This FINE discovery was made some three months ago 1, while hunting among the Shasta sheep between Shasta and Lower Klamath Lake. Three fleeces were obtained—one that belonged to a large ram24 about four years old, another to a ewe about the same age, and another to a yearling lamb. After parting their beautiful wool on the side and many places along the back, shoulders, and hips25, and examining it closely with my lens, I shouted: "Well done for wildness! Wild wool is finer than tame!"
My companions stooped down and examined the fleeces for themselves, pulling out tufts and ringlets, spinning them between their fingers, and measuring the length of the staple26, each in turn paying tribute to wildness. It WAS finer, and no mistake; finer than Spanish Merino. Wild wool IS finer than tame.
"Here," said I, "is an argument for fine wildness that needs no explanation. Not that such arguments are by any means rare, for all wildness is finer than tameness, but because fine wool is appreciable27 by everybody alike—from the most speculative28 president of national wool-growers' associations all the way down to the gude-wife spinning by her ingleside."
Nature is a good mother, and sees well to the clothing of her many bairns—birds with smoothly29 imbricated feathers, beetles30 with shining jackets, and bears with shaggy furs. In the tropical south, where the sun warms like a fire, they are allowed to go thinly clad; but in the snowy northland she takes care to clothe warmly. The squirrel has socks and mittens31, and a tail broad enough for a blanket; the grouse32 is densely33 feathered down to the ends of his toes; and the wild sheep, besides his undergarment of fine wool, has a thick overcoat of hair that sheds off both the snow and the rain. Other provisions and adaptations in the dresses of animals, relating less to climate than to the more mechanical circumstances of life, are made with the same consummate34 skill that characterizes all the love work of Nature. Land, water, and air, jagged rocks, muddy ground, sand beds, forests, underbrush, grassy35 plains, etc., are considered in all their possible combinations while the clothing of her beautiful wildlings is preparing. No matter what the circumstances of their lives may be, she never allows them to go dirty or ragged36. The mole37, living always in the dark and in the dirt, is yet as clean as the otter38 or the wave-washed seal; and our wild sheep, wading39 in snow, roaming through bushes, and leaping among jagged storm-beaten cliffs, wears a dress so exquisitely40 adapted to its mountain life that it is always found as unruffled and stainless41 as a bird.
On leaving the Shasta hunting grounds I selected a few specimen42 tufts, and brought them away with a view to making more leisurely43 examinations; but, owing to the imperfectness of the instruments at my command, the results thus far obtained must be regarded only as rough approximations.
As already stated, the clothing of our wild sheep is composed of fine wool and coarse hair. The hairs are from about two to four inches long, mostly of a dull bluish-gray color, though varying somewhat with the seasons. In general characteristics they are closely related to the hairs of the deer and antelope44, being light, spongy, and elastic45, with a highly polished surface, and though somewhat ridged and spiraled, like wool, they do not manifest the slightest tendency to felt or become taggy. A hair two and a half inches long, which is perhaps near the average length, will stretch about one fourth of an inch before breaking. The diameter decreases rapidly both at the top and bottom, but is maintained throughout the greater portion of the length with a fair degree of regularity46. The slender tapering47 point in which the hairs terminate is nearly black: but, owing to its fineness as compared with the main trunk, the quantity of blackness is not sufficient to affect greatly the general color. The number of hairs growing upon a square inch is about ten thousand; the number of wool fibers49 is about twenty-five thousand, or two and a half times that of the hairs. The wool fibers are white and glossy50, and beautifully spired51 into ringlets. The average length of the staple is about an inch and a half. A fiber48 of this length, when growing undisturbed down among the hairs, measures about an inch; hence the degree of curliness may easily be inferred. I regret exceedingly that my instruments do not enable me to measure the diameter of the fibers, in order that their degrees of fineness might be definitely compared with each other and with the finest of the domestic breeds; but that the three wild fleeces under consideration are considerably52 finer than the average grades of Merino shipped from San Francisco is, I think, unquestionable.
When the fleece is parted and looked into with a good lens, the skin appears of a beautiful pale-yellow color, and the delicate wool fibers are seen growing up among the strong hairs, like grass among stalks of corn, every individual fiber being protected about as specially53 and effectively as if inclosed in a separate husk. Wild wool is too fine to stand by itself, the fibers being about as frail54 and invisible as the floating threads of spiders, while the hairs against which they lean stand erect55 like hazel wands; but, notwithstanding their great dissimilarity in size and appearance, the wool and hair are forms of the same thing, modified in just that way and to just that degree that renders them most perfectly56 subservient57 to the well-being58 of the sheep. Furthermore, it will be observed that these wild modifications59 are entirely60 distinct from those which are brought chancingly into existence through the accidents and caprices of culture; the former being inventions of God for the attainment61 of definite ends. Like the modifications of limbs—the fin19 for swimming, the wing for flying, the foot for walking—so the fine wool for warmth, the hair for additional warmth and to protect the wool, and both together for a fabric62 to wear well in mountain roughness and wash well in mountain storms.
The effects of human culture upon wild wool are analogous63 to those produced upon wild roses. In the one case there is an abnormal development of petals64 at the expense of the stamens, in the other an abnormal development of wool at the expense of the hair. Garden roses frequently exhibit stamens in which the transmutation to petals may be observed in various stages of accomplishment65, and analogously66 the fleeces of tame sheep occasionally contain a few wild hairs that are undergoing transmutation to wool. Even wild wool presents here and there a fiber that appears to be in a state of change. In the course of my examinations of the wild fleeces mentioned above, three fibers were found that were wool at one end and hair at the other. This, however, does not necessarily imply imperfection, or any process of change similar to that caused by human culture. Water lilies contain parts variously developed into stamens at one end, petals at the other, as the constant and normal condition. These half wool, half hair fibers may therefore subserve some fixed67 requirement essential to the perfection of the whole, or they may simply be the fine boundary-lines where and exact balance between the wool and the hair is attained68.
I have been offering samples of mountain wool to my friends, demanding in return that the fineness of wildness be fairly recognized and confessed, but the returns are deplorably tame. The first question asked, is, "Now truly, wild sheep, wild sheep, have you any wool?" while they peer curiously69 down among the hairs through lenses and spectacles. "Yes, wild sheep, you HAVE wool; but Mary's lamb had more. In the name of use, how many wild sheep, think you, would be required to furnish wool sufficient for a pair of socks?" I endeavor to point out the irrelevancy70 of the latter question, arguing that wild wool was not made for man but for sheep, and that, however deficient71 as clothing for other animals, it is just the thing for the brave mountain-dweller that wears it. Plain, however, as all this appears, the quantity question rises again and again in all its commonplace tameness. For in my experience it seems well-nigh impossible to obtain a hearing on behalf of Nature from any other standpoint than that of human use. Domestic flocks yield more flannel72 per sheep than the wild, therefore it is claimed that culture has improved upon wildness; and so it has as far as flannel is concerned, but all to the contrary as far as a sheep's dress is concerned. If every wild sheep inhabiting the Sierra were to put on tame wool, probably only a few would survive the dangers of a single season. With their fine limbs muffled73 and buried beneath a tangle74 of hairless wool, they would become short-winded, and fall an easy prey75 to the strong mountain wolves. In descending76 precipices77 they would be thrown out of balance and killed, by their taggy wool catching78 upon sharp points of rocks. Disease would also be brought on by the dirt which always finds a lodgment in tame wool, and by the draggled and water-soaked condition into which it falls during stormy weather.
No dogma taught by the present civilization seems to form so insuperable an obstacle in the way of a right understanding of the relations which culture sustains to wildness as that which regards the world as made especially for the uses of man. Every animal, plant, and crystal controverts79 it in the plainest terms. Yet it is taught from century to century as something ever new and precious, and in the resulting darkness the enormous conceit80 is allowed to go unchallenged.
I have never yet happened upon a trace of evidence that seemed to show that any one animal was ever made for another as much as it was made for itself. Not that Nature manifests any such thing as selfish isolation81. In the making of every animal the presence of every other animal has been recognized. Indeed, every atom in creation may be said to be acquainted with and married to every other, but with universal union there is a division sufficient in degree for the purposes of the most intense individuality; no matter, therefore, what may be the note which any creature forms in the song of existence, it is made first for itself, then more and more remotely for all the world and worlds.
Were it not for the exercise of individualizing cares on the part of Nature, the universe would be felted together like a fleece of tame wool. But we are governed more than we know, and most when we are wildest. Plants, animals, and stars are all kept in place, bridled82 along appointed ways, WITH one another, and THROUGH THE MIDST of one another—killing and being killed, eating and being eaten, in harmonious83 proportions and quantities. And it is right that we should thus reciprocally make use of one another, rob, cook, and consume, to the utmost of our healthy abilities and desires. Stars attract one another as they are able, and harmony results. Wild lambs eat as many wild flowers as they can find or desire, and men and wolves eat the lambs to just the same extent.
This consumption of one another in its various modifications is a kind of culture varying with the degree of directness with which it is carried out, but we should be careful not to ascribe to such culture any improving qualities upon those on whom it is brought to bear. The water-ousel plucks moss84 from the riverbank to build its nest, but is does not improve the moss by plucking it. We pluck feathers from birds, and less directly wool from wild sheep, for the manufacture of clothing and cradle-nests, without improving the wool for the sheep, or the feathers for the bird that wore them. When a hawk85 pounces86 upon a linnet and proceeds to pull out its feathers, preparatory to making a meal, the hawk may be said to be cultivating the linnet, and he certainly does effect an improvement as far as hawk-food is concerned; but what of the songster? He ceases to be a linnet as soon as he is snatched from the woodland choir87; and when, hawklike88, we snatch the wild sheep from its native rock, and, instead of eating and wearing it at once, carry it home, and breed the hair out of its wool and the bones out of its body, it ceases to be a sheep.
These breeding and plucking processes are similarly improving as regards the secondary uses aimed at; and, although the one requires but a few minutes for its accomplishment, the other many years or centuries, they are essentially alike. We eat wild oysters89 alive with great directness, waiting for no cultivation90, and leaving scarce a second of distance between the shell and the lip; but we take wild sheep home and subject them to the many extended processes of husbandry, and finish by boiling them in a pot—a process which completes all sheep improvements as far as man is concerned. It will be seen, therefore, that wild wool and tame wool—wild sheep and tame sheep—are terms not properly comparable, nor are they in any correct sense to be considered as bearing any antagonism91 toward each other; they are different things. Planned and accomplished92 for wholly different purposes.
Illustrative examples bearing upon this interesting subject may be multiplied indefinitely, for they abound93 everywhere in the plant and animal kingdoms wherever culture has reached. Recurring94 for a moment to apples. The beauty and completeness of a wild apple tree living its own life in the woods is heartily95 acknowledged by all those who have been so happy as to form its acquaintance. The fine wild piquancy96 of its fruit is unrivaled, but in the great question of quantity as human food wild apples are found wanting. Man, therefore, takes the tree from the woods, manures and prunes97 and grafts98, plans and guesses, adds a little of this and that, selects and rejects, until apples of every conceivable size and softness are produced, like nut galls99 in response to the irritating punctures100 of insects. Orchard apples are to me the most eloquent101 words that culture has ever spoken, but they reflect no imperfection upon Nature's spicy102 crab. Every cultivated apple is a crab, not improved, BUT COOKED, variously softened103 and swelled104 out in the process, mellowed105, sweetened, spiced, and rendered pulpy106 and foodful, but as utterly107 unfit for the uses of nature as a meadowlark killed and plucked and roasted. Give to Nature every cultured apple—codling, pippin, russet—and every sheep so laboriously108 compounded—muffled Southdowns, hairy Cotswolds, wrinkled Merinos—and she would throw the one to her caterpillars109, the other to her wolves.
It is now some thirty-six hundred years since Jacob kissed his mother and set out across the plains of Padan-aram to begin his experiments upon the flocks of his uncle, Laban; and, notwithstanding the high degree of excellence110 he attained as a wool-grower, and the innumerable painstaking111 efforts subsequently made by individuals and associations in all kinds of pastures and climates, we still seem to be as far from definite and satisfactory results as we ever were. In one breed the wool is apt to wither112 and crinkle like hay on a sun-beaten hillside. In another, it is lodged113 and matted together like the lush tangled114 grass of a manured meadow. In one the staple is deficient in length, in another in fineness; while in all there is a constant tendency toward disease, rendering115 various washings and dippings indispensable to prevent its falling out. The problem of the quality and quantity of the carcass seems to be as doubtful and as far removed from a satisfactory solution as that of the wool. Desirable breeds blundered upon by long series of groping experiments are often found to be unstable116 and subject to disease—bots, foot rot, blind staggers, etc.—causing infinite trouble, both among breeders and manufacturers. Would it not be well, therefore, for some one to go back as far as possible and take a fresh start?
The source or sources whence the various breeds were derived117 is not positively118 known, but there can be hardly any doubt of their being descendants of the four or five wild species so generally distributed throughout the mountainous portions of the globe, the marked differences between the wild and domestic species being readily accounted for by the known variability of the animal, and by the long series of painstaking selection to which all its characteristics have been subjected. No other animal seems to yield so submissively to the manipulations of culture. Jacob controlled the color of his flocks merely by causing them to stare at objects of the desired hue119; and possibly Merinos may have caught their wrinkles from the perplexed120 brows of their breeders. The California species (Ovis montana) 2 is a noble animal, weighing when full-grown some three hundred and fifty pounds, and is well worthy121 the attention of wool-growers as a point from which to make a new departure, for pure wildness is the one great want, both of men and of sheep.
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1
woe
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| n.悲哀，苦痛，不幸，困难；int.用来表达悲伤或惊慌 | |
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thicket
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| n.灌木丛，树林 | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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subjugation
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| n.镇压，平息，征服 | |
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bog
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| n.沼泽；室...陷入泥淖 | |
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reclamation
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| n.开垦；改造；（废料等的）回收 | |
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rosy
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| adj.美好的，乐观的，玫瑰色的 | |
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foam
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| v./n.泡沫，起泡沫 | |
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orchard
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| n.果园，果园里的全部果树，(美俚)棒球场 | |
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orchards
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| （通常指围起来的）果园( orchard的名词复数 ) | |
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benevolent
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| adj.仁慈的，乐善好施的 | |
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whatsoever
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| adv.（用于否定句中以加强语气）任何；pron.无论什么 | |
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chaos
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| n.混乱，无秩序 | |
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mellow
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| adj.柔和的；熟透的；v.变柔和；(使)成熟 | |
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reiterating
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| 反复地说，重申( reiterate的现在分词 ) | |
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aphorism
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| n.格言，警语 | |
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crab
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| n.螃蟹，偏航，脾气乖戾的人，酸苹果；vi.捕蟹，偏航，发牢骚；vt.使偏航，发脾气 | |
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azure
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| adj.天蓝色的，蔚蓝色的 | |
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fin
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| n.鳍；(飞机的)安定翼 | |
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axe
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| n.斧子；v.用斧头砍，削减 | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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essentially
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| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
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eradicated
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| 画着根的 | |
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ram
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| (random access memory)随机存取存储器 | |
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hips
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| abbr.high impact polystyrene 高冲击强度聚苯乙烯，耐冲性聚苯乙烯n.臀部( hip的名词复数 )；[建筑学]屋脊；臀围（尺寸）；臀部…的 | |
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staple
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| n.主要产物，常用品，主要要素，原料，订书钉，钩环；adj.主要的，重要的；vt.分类 | |
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appreciable
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| adj.明显的，可见的，可估量的，可觉察的 | |
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speculative
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| adj.思索性的，暝想性的，推理的 | |
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smoothly
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| adv.平滑地，顺利地，流利地，流畅地 | |
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beetles
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| n.甲虫( beetle的名词复数 ) | |
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mittens
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| 不分指手套 | |
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grouse
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| n.松鸡；v.牢骚，诉苦 | |
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densely
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| ad.密集地；浓厚地 | |
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consummate
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| adj.完美的；v.成婚；使完美 [反]baffle | |
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grassy
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| adj.盖满草的；长满草的 | |
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ragged
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| adj.衣衫褴褛的，粗糙的，刺耳的 | |
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mole
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| n.胎块；痣；克分子 | |
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otter
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| n.水獭 | |
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wading
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的现在分词 ) | |
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exquisitely
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| adv.精致地；强烈地；剧烈地；异常地 | |
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stainless
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| adj.无瑕疵的，不锈的 | |
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specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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leisurely
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| adj.悠闲的；从容的，慢慢的 | |
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antelope
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| n.羚羊；羚羊皮 | |
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elastic
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| n.橡皮圈，松紧带；adj.有弹性的；灵活的 | |
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46
regularity
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| n.规律性，规则性；匀称，整齐 | |
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47
tapering
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| adj.尖端细的 | |
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48
fiber
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| n.纤维，纤维质 | |
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49
fibers
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| 光纤( fiber的名词复数 )； （织物的）质地； 纤维，纤维物质 | |
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50
glossy
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| adj.平滑的；有光泽的 | |
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51
spired
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| v.（教堂的） 塔尖，尖顶( spire的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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52
considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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53
specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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54
frail
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| adj.身体虚弱的；易损坏的 | |
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erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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56
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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subservient
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| adj.卑屈的，阿谀的 | |
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58
well-being
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| n.安康，安乐，幸福 | |
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59
modifications
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| n.缓和( modification的名词复数 )；限制；更改；改变 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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61
attainment
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| n.达到，到达；［常pl.］成就，造诣 | |
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62
fabric
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| n.织物，织品，布；构造，结构，组织 | |
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63
analogous
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| adj.相似的；类似的 | |
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64
petals
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| n.花瓣( petal的名词复数 ) | |
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65
accomplishment
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| n.完成，成就，（pl.）造诣，技能 | |
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analogously
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| adv.类似地，近似地 | |
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67
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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68
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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69
curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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irrelevancy
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| n.不恰当，离题，不相干的事物 | |
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deficient
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| adj.不足的，不充份的，有缺陷的 | |
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flannel
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| n.法兰绒；法兰绒衣服 | |
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muffled
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| adj.（声音）被隔的；听不太清的；（衣服）裹严的；蒙住的v.压抑，捂住( muffle的过去式和过去分词 )；用厚厚的衣帽包着（自己） | |
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tangle
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| n.纠缠；缠结；混乱；v.(使)缠绕；变乱 | |
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prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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77
precipices
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| n.悬崖，峭壁( precipice的名词复数 ) | |
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catching
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| adj.易传染的，有魅力的，迷人的，接住 | |
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79
controverts
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| v.争论，反驳，否定( controvert的第三人称单数 ) | |
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conceit
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| n.自负，自高自大 | |
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81
isolation
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| n.隔离，孤立，分解，分离 | |
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82
bridled
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| 给…套龙头( bridle的过去式和过去分词 )； 控制； 昂首表示轻蔑（或怨忿等）； 动怒，生气 | |
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83
harmonious
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| adj.和睦的，调和的，和谐的，协调的 | |
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moss
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| n.苔，藓，地衣 | |
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85
hawk
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| n.鹰，骗子；鹰派成员 | |
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86
pounces
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| v.突然袭击( pounce的第三人称单数 )；猛扑；一眼看出；抓住机会（进行抨击） | |
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choir
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| n.唱诗班，唱诗班的席位，合唱团，舞蹈团；v.合唱 | |
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88
hawklike
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89
oysters
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| 牡蛎( oyster的名词复数 ) | |
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90
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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antagonism
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| n.对抗，敌对，对立 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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abound
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| vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于 | |
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recurring
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| adj.往复的，再次发生的 | |
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heartily
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| adv.衷心地，诚恳地，十分，很 | |
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piquancy
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| n.辛辣，辣味，痛快 | |
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prunes
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| n.西梅脯，西梅干( prune的名词复数 )v.修剪（树木等）( prune的第三人称单数 )；精简某事物，除去某事物多余的部分 | |
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grafts
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| 移植( graft的名词复数 )； 行贿； 接穗； 行贿得到的利益 | |
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galls
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| v.使…擦痛( gall的第三人称单数 )；擦伤；烦扰；侮辱 | |
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punctures
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| n.（尖物刺成的）小孔( puncture的名词复数 )；（尤指）轮胎穿孔；（尤指皮肤上被刺破的）扎孔；刺伤v.在（某物）上穿孔( puncture的第三人称单数 )；刺穿（某物）；削弱（某人的傲气、信心等）；泄某人的气 | |
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eloquent
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| adj.雄辩的，口才流利的；明白显示出的 | |
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spicy
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| adj.加香料的；辛辣的，有风味的 | |
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103
softened
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| （使）变软( soften的过去式和过去分词 )； 缓解打击； 缓和； 安慰 | |
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104
swelled
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| 增强( swell的过去式和过去分词 )； 肿胀； （使）凸出； 充满（激情） | |
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105
mellowed
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| （使）成熟( mellow的过去式和过去分词 )； 使色彩更加柔和，使酒更加醇香 | |
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106
pulpy
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| 果肉状的，多汁的，柔软的； 烂糊； 稀烂 | |
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107
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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108
laboriously
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| adv.艰苦地；费力地；辛勤地；（文体等）佶屈聱牙地 | |
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109
caterpillars
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| n.毛虫( caterpillar的名词复数 )；履带 | |
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excellence
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| n.优秀，杰出，(pl.)优点，美德 | |
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111
painstaking
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| adj.苦干的；艰苦的，费力的，刻苦的 | |
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112
wither
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| vt.使凋谢，使衰退，(用眼神气势等)使畏缩；vi.枯萎，衰退，消亡 | |
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113
lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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114
tangled
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| adj. 纠缠的，紊乱的 动词tangle的过去式和过去分词 | |
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115
rendering
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| n.表现，描写 | |
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116
unstable
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| adj.不稳定的，易变的 | |
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117
derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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118
positively
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| adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实 | |
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119
hue
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| n.色度；色调；样子 | |
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120
perplexed
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| adj.不知所措的 | |
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121
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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