There is a distinct trace of Japanese blood in many of the native tribes of the northwest coast, and we have too many modern instances of Japanese junks drifting upon the American coast, after floating for months at the mercy of the Pacific currents, to doubt the possibility of prehistoric5 visits of these people. What is known as the “black stream,” or Japan current, runs northward6 past the eastern coast of the Japanese Islands, then curves to the east and south, passing the west coast of America and moving toward the Sandwich Islands. This current, it is said, would carry a drifting vessel7 toward the American coast at the rate of ten miles a day.
The theory which supposes the people, or at least the civilization, of America to be of Egyptian origin is based upon analogies existing between the architecture, hieroglyphics8, and various customs of the two countries. But even where these analogies bear the test of close examination, they can scarcely be said to prove anything. In western Asia the Ph?nicians—those bold voyagers—and their children, the Carthagenians, are given the honor of settling America. The records of their travels show that they knew of a country lying far to the west. In the writings of Diodorus Siculus is an elaborate account of a wonderful island in the Atlantic Ocean, far beyond{19} the Pillars of Hercules, and many days’ journey from the coast of Africa. This happy land, fertile of soil, beautiful of scenery, and perfect of climate, was accidentally discovered by Ph?nician sailors, whose barque was driven thither9 by contrary winds. On their return they gave such glowing accounts of the new country that large colonies of Tyrians left their native land to settle there. This may have been America, but is more likely to have been the Canary Islands.
Volumes have been written to prove that America was settled by the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel.
In old Welsh annals there is an account of a colony established in the twelfth century by Madoc, one of the sons of Owen Gwynedd, prince of North Wales. After the death of this monarch10, his sons waged war against each other for the sovereignty. Madoc became disgusted with contention12, and determined13 to leave his native country and establish a kingdom of his own, as far away as possible from the quarreling of his brothers. He set sail, with what followers14 he could muster15, and for many months bore westward16. At length they came to a large and favorable country, and, having sailed for some distance along the coast, they found a landing-place to their liking17 and disembarked. Some years later, Madoc returned to Wales and persuaded a large{20} number of his countrymen to join the colony. Ten ships were fitted out with all manner of supplies, and many families set sail for the new land. Of their further adventures the records are silent.
An Irish discovery of America is also claimed. St. Patrick is said to have sent missionaries20 thither. There is every reason to believe that Irish sailors could have reached, by accident or otherwise, the shores of our continent, but there is no reason at all to believe that they did.
But these are all speculations21, fairy stories, myths. Coming down to sober facts, there are but two historical documents of real value bearing upon the discovery of America before Columbus. One of these documents is Chinese, the other Scandinavian.
The Chinese document is an extract from the official records, and sets forth23 the adventures of a Buddhist24 priest named Hwui Shin, the same being related by him after his return from a country lying very far to the eastward25. This country is claimed by some to have been Japan, but others claim that it was America. The weight of evidence certainly inclines toward the latter theory. The historian begins his account with the statement that, in order to reach the new continent, it is necessary to set out from the coast of the province Leao-tong, to the north of Peking, reaching Japan after a journey of twelve{21} thousand li—that is, about four thousand miles. Sailing northward seven thousand li, one reaches the kingdom of Wen-shin. Five thousand li eastward is the country of Ta-han. Twenty thousand li beyond is the new world—which the record names as the country of Fu-sang.
Perhaps we cannot do better than to present the original record, as translated by Professor S. Wells Williams:
“In the first year of the reign11, Yung-yuen, of the Emperor Tung Hw?n-han, of the Tsi dynasty (A.D. 499), a Shaman priest named Hwui Shin arrived at King-chau from the kingdom of Fu-sang. He related as follows:
“ ‘Fu-sang lies east of the kingdom of Ta-han more than twenty thousand li; it is also east of the Middle Kingdom (China). It produces many fu-sang trees, from which it derives26 its name. The leaves of the fu-sang resemble those of the tung tree. It sprouts27 forth like the bamboo, and the people eat the shoots. Its fruits resemble the pear, but it is red; the bark is spun28 into cloth for dresses and woven into brocade. The houses are made of planks29. There are no walled cities with gates. The (people) use characters and writing, making paper from the bark of the fu-sang. There are no mailed soldiers, for they do not carry on war. The law of the land prescribes a southern and a northern prison. Criminals convicted of light crimes are put into{22} the former, and those guilty of grievous offenses30 into the latter. Criminals, when pardoned, are let out of the southern prison, but those in the northern prison are not pardoned. Prisoners in the latter marry. Their boys become bondmen when they are eight years old and the girls bondwomen when nine years old. Convicted prisoners are not allowed to leave their prison while alive. When a nobleman (or an official) has been convicted of crime, the great assembly of the nation meets and places the criminal in a hollow (or pit); they set a feast, with wine, before him, and then take leave of him. If the sentence is a capital one, at the time they separate they surround (the body) with ashes. For crimes of the first grade the sentence involves only the person of the culprit; for the second it reaches the children and grandchildren; while the third extends to the seventh generation.
“ ‘The king of this country is termed yueh-ki; the highest rank of nobles is called tui-li; the next, little tui-li; and the lowest, no-cha-sha. When the king goes abroad, he is preceded and followed by drummers and trumpeters. The color of his robes varies with the years in the cycle containing the ten stems. It is azure31 in the first two years; in the second two years it is red; it is yellow in the third, white in the fourth, and black in the last two years. There are oxen with long horns, so long that they will hold{23} things—the biggest as much as five pecks. Vehicles are drawn32 by oxen, horses, and deer, for the people of that land rear deer just as the Chinese rear cattle, and make cream of their milk. They have red pears, which will keep a year without spoiling; water-rushes and peaches are common. Iron is not found in the ground, though copper33 is; they do not prize gold or silver, and trade is conducted without rent, duty, or fixed34 prices.
“ ‘In matters of marriage, it is the law that the (intending) son-in-law must erect35 a hut before the door of the girl’s house, and must sprinkle and sweep the place morning and evening for a whole year. If she then does not like him, she bids him depart; but if she is pleased with him they are married. The bridal ceremonies are, for the most part, like those of China. A fast of seven days is observed for parents at their death, five for grandparents, and three days for brothers, sisters, uncles, or aunts. Images to represent their spirits are set up, before which they worship and pour out libations morning and evening; but they wear no mourning or fillets. The successor of the king does not attend personally to government affairs for the first three years. In olden times they knew nothing of the Buddhist religion, but during the reign Ta-ming of the Emperor Hiao Wu-ti, of the Lung dynasty (A.D. 458), from Ki-pin five beggar priests went there. They traveled over{24} the kingdom, everywhere making known the laws, canons, and images of that faith. Priests of regular ordination36 were set apart among the natives, and the customs of the country became reformed.’ ”
There are several other narratives37 which relate to Fu-sang, or to countries near it in situation. This, of them all, seems to describe most truthfully a real country. Fu-sang may have been Japan, or it may have been Mexico. Hwui Shin’s account differs very widely in some of its details, from our knowledge of either.
All the literature of the subject of Chinese discoveries of America has been examined and reviewed in Mr. E. P. Vining’s excellent book, An Inglorious Columbus. Mr. Vining believes Fu-sang to be Mexico, and the fu-sang tree, in his view, is the maguey.
When we come to the Scandinavian records, we find much that is not only plausible39 but indisputable evidence of the validity of their claims. We know that the Scandinavian vikings, splendid old rascals40, in their many-oared galleys41, often sailed far out into the waters of the Atlantic. In the year 860, one of these glorious cut-throats, Naddoddr (pronounce it if you can!), was blown upon the coast of Iceland. In 876 a similar experience befell another viking, and he reported having seen in the distance the coast of an unknown shore.
In the year 981, Eric the Red, an outlaw42 of{25} Iceland, sailed in search of this coast, and, finding it, set a bad example to future real estate dealers43 by naming its bleak44 length Greenland.
Subsequent to this discovery, according to the sagas45 of Iceland, frequent visits to the south were made, and one Bjarni, distancing all previous explorers, found a fertile country to which he gave the name of Vinland. This was in the year 985, and, although the stories of these exploits are vague and untrustworthy enough in detail, there seems little doubt that Bjarni really visited the eastern coast of America at that date.
No attempt was made at colonization47; indeed, it is not recorded that the galleys of Bjarni stopped at the new land at all. The wind which had carried them thither changed suddenly, and they were borne back to Iceland, where it is safe to presume that they all got uproariously drunk, and did a great deal of bragging48 on the strength of their adventure.
The second voyage to the new country was made by Leif, son of Eric the Red, about the year 1000. He touched first a barren land covered with icy mountains which he named Helluland. Spreading sail again he turned the prow49 of his vessel southward until he reached a level country with trees and grassy50 slopes. This he called Markland. Two days sailing brought the vessel to an island at which the sailors disembarked, for the weather was warm and the{26} sight of land alluring51. They stayed here for a few hours and then steered52 for the mainland. A river flowed out from a lake, and in this lake they anchored, carried the luggage from the ship, and built themselves houses. It was the most beautiful, the most fertile land they had ever seen, and they resolved to spend the winter there. One of the boldest of them left his companions to the enjoyment53 of the salmon54 fishing in the river and lake, and devoted55 himself to exploring the surrounding country. He found quantities of wine-berries (probably grapes), and with these berries and with some wood they loaded their ship and set sail for Greenland.
Seven years later another expedition was fitted out with three ships, and under command of this same Leif. They sailed far to the southward and finally came to a promontory56, to the right of which lay a long, sandy beach. On this beach, or rather on a tongue of land that ran out from it, they found the keel of a ship. They called this point, Kjlarnes (Keel Cape57), and the beach, Furdustrandir (Long Strand).
When the expedition set out, King Olaf Tryggvason gave Lief two famous runners, a Scotch58 man and woman, named Haki and Hekja. These people were set on shore shortly after they had passed Furdustrandir, and ordered to run to the south, explore the country and return{27} in three days. At the end of the designated period they returned, the man bringing a bunch of wine-berries and the woman an ear of wheat. This was promising59, and the expedition voted to continue the southward course.
Coming to a bay in which was an island around which flowed rapid currents, they gave it the name of Straumey (Stream Island). The island was so covered with the nests of eider ducks that it was difficult to step without treading on the eggs. Here they resolved to tarry, and, unloading the vessels60, built habitations. Whether they stayed a long or a short time, and what adventures befell them, of good or evil, we know not.
A fuller record is that of Karlsefne, who with another hero, Snorro, and our old friend Bjarni, sailed southward a long time until they came to the river which ran out through the lake into the sea. The river was too shallow to allow the ships to enter without high water. Karlsefne sailed with his men into its mouth, and named the place Hop61. Here were found fields of wild wheat, and on the high ground wine-berries grew abundantly. The woods were full of game and the men found plenty of amusement for a fortnight. The only remarkable62 thing they saw was a number of skin boats filled with swart, ugly people who rowed near the shore and gazed in astonishment63 at the Northmen. They{28} had coarse hair, large, wild eyes and broad faces. They remained gazing at Karlsefne’s men for a little and then rowed away to the southward.
With these people the explorers soon established communication, trading red cloth, which the natives seemed to prefer to anything else, for skins and furs. They wished to purchase swords and spears, but these the Northmen refused to part with. As long as the red cloth held out their relations with the Skraelings, as they had named the natives, continued friendly. But one day, as the saga46 has it, while they were trafficking, a bull which Karlsefne had with him ran out of the wood and bellowed65 so fiercely that the Skraelings were frightened out of their wits, and fled in their skin boats, back to the southland.
Three weeks later great numbers of them returned, and, with loud cries, sprang on shore, prepared to do battle. Their weapons were slings66, and very uncomfortable weapons they proved to be, but the Northmen stood their ground valiantly67, until all of a sudden they saw the Skraelings raise on a pole something that looked like an air-filled bag of a blue color. They threw this at the enemy, and when it struck the ground it exploded violently. At this Karlsefne and his men retreated, never stopping until they gained a rocky stronghold, where they made{29} another stand, and at length succeeded in vanquishing68 the Skraelings.
Shortly afterward69 the expedition returned to Greenland. Many other Northmen visited Vinland, according to the sagas, but no effort was made at colonization. It is a matter of conjecture70 as to the exact location of the country explored by them. Some writers believe it to have been Labrador, and others place it as far south as Rhode Island. The Skraelings, as they are described in the sagas, certainly resemble Esquimaux more nearly than Indians. But then we have no positive proof that the Northmen ever actually visited America at all. The presumption71 is that they did, but all matters of detail must necessarily remain doubtful, even if we accept their narratives in the main as true.
But whatever credit is to be given to the Asiatic, Norse, or other early discoverers of America, or whatever knowledge of this hemisphere may have been possessed72 by Europeans in classic times, to Christopher Columbus must be ascribed the honor of opening the Western World to actual settlement by civilized73 man. This illustrious man was born in 1436, in all but the lowest rank of life. His father was a woolcomber of Genoa. But the education of the lad was made as complete as the scanty74 means of his parents and the limited knowledge of that day would permit. At an early age he learned to read and write,{30} and obtained some knowledge of arithmetic, drawing, and painting. Then he was sent to the college at Pavia, one of the best institutions of learning of those times. Here he studied grammar and the Latin language; but his attention, fortunately for the world, was directed principally to studies bearing upon the maritime75 profession, which he intended to follow. He was instructed in geometry, astronomy, and navigation. Like many of the young men of Genoa, he had an irresistible76 inclination77 toward the sea. This was but natural, as that city was one of the chief ports of the world. Later in life, Columbus ascribed this inclination to a direct impulse from God, but this was only after his career had been crowned with such brilliant success.
Geography was at this time the fashionable fad78 of the day. The world was just beginning to recover the lost geographical79 knowledge, limited as it was, of the Greeks and Romans. Monks80 and churchmen were still splitting hairs over absurdly unimportant problems: How many angels could stand on the point of a needle? whether a lie, under certain circumstances, was not truth? whether black might not, in certain cases, be truly called white? and other questions of equal vitality81. But Arabian philosophers, at the same time, were measuring degrees of latitude82 and calculating the circumference83 of the earth. Their studies and achievements inevitably{31} found their way to the minds of many Christians85 in Europe, who, although detesting86 the religious creed87 of the Mohammedans, were able to see that their science was not to be despised. The works of Ptolemy and Strabo had also just come into popular circulation, and created as much of a sensation as any realistic novel of the present day. Prince Henry of Portugal had made voyages of important discovery along the African coast, and thus had inspired all the nations of Western Europe with the hope of lighting88 upon some yet unknown region of fabulous89 wealth.
All these circumstances made the time particularly fitting for the most important event of the ages since the Christian84 era. The hour had come and the man also. At fourteen years of age Columbus left the school at Pavia, and began the life of a sailor. This simply meant to cruise from one port of the Mediterranean90 Sea to another, half as a merchantman, half as a man-of-war. Every vessel was hourly exposed to the attacks of pirates, especially those of the Barbary States, or of the war vessels of hostile countries. In the midst of such dangers and difficulties Columbus spent his early years. But the coarseness, ignorance, and violence with which he was surrounded did not degrade his noble mind. He had within him the seeds of greatness, a fine tone of thought, an ardent92 imagination,{32} and a loftiness of aspiration93. Every leisure hour was spent in study and profitable observation, thus improving the too meagre educational advantages of his brief school life.
The year 1470 found Columbus at Lisbon, drawn thither with hundreds of other navigators and scientific men by the fame of Prince Henry’s discoveries. Strange tales were told of unexplored regions in the fiery94 South, where the rocks were red hot and the water of the ocean forever boiling. Even to these extravagant95 tales Columbus gave some heed96, but his thoughts were principally fixed on the possibility of finding a new world far to the west. Our hero was now in the prime of life, a tall, muscular man of commanding aspect. His light brown hair was already prematurely97 gray, and his expression of countenance98 was grave and scholarly. He was simple and abstemious99 in his diet, affable and engaging in his manners and a devout100 Roman Catholic. But under this exterior101 was concealed102 a nature of the most ardent enthusiasm, not less energetic than that of Peter the Hermit103 or Ignatius Loyola. His religious temperament104 led him often to the services of the Church, and it was there that he first met a lady of high rank who soon afterward became his wife. She was the daughter of Don Bartolomeo Monis de Palestrello, an Italian cavalier, one of Prince Henry’s most distinguished105 officers. The use of his father-in-law’s{33}
Image not available: THE LANDING OF COLUMBUS.
THE LANDING OF COLUMBUS.
fine collection of maps and charts was of great service to Columbus, who now gave his attention to geographical studies more thoroughly106 than ever. He talked or corresponded with all the learned men of the day. He began to trace charts of his own, correcting the popular errors and traditions by the aid of his own greater knowledge and experience. Rumor107, inspired by the stories of early adventures, had studded the far western ocean with wondrous108 islands, on one of which seven Christian bishops109, fleeing from Pagan persecution110, had founded seven splendid cities. There were tales of a lofty mountainous country to be seen on clear days far to the westward from the Canary Islands. Plato had told of the ancient continent of Atlantis, which had been sunk beneath the waves of the ocean. Marco Polo, the Venetian adventurer, had told of the great wealth of the East Indies, which he said could be reached by sailing westward from Europe.
However much he discounted the more extravagant of these tales, Columbus was deeply impressed by them all. He became well convinced that far to the west there lay an unexplored region, probably a part of the East Indies, and he believed, with an intense religious zeal111, that God had specially91 commissioned him to discover and explore it. Thereupon he consecrated112 the whole of his remaining life to the{34} execution of this task. No hazard, nor obstacle, nor disappointment for a moment daunted113 him. He first applied114 to the Portuguese116 Court, stating the grounds of his belief in the existence of an undiscovered country in the western ocean, and asking for the means of ascertaining117 the truth of it. His proposition was received with indifference118, and finally rejected under the influences of jealousy119 and intrigue120. Then he returned to his native Genoa, and there sought the same aid and encouragement; but Genoa was already declining under the stress of domestic discord121 and foreign war, and was unable to do anything for him.
The fortunes of Columbus were now at a low ebb122. He had exhausted123 his private means, and was in actual destitution124. Downcast and disappointed, often begging his food from door to door, he made his way on foot from Genoa to the Court of Spain. Leading his little son by the hand, he one day approached the Spanish capital, and asked for bread and water at a convent door. The prior saw him, talked with him, became interested in him and his schemes, and offered to introduce him at Court. Thus Columbus obtained an interview with Cardinal125 Mendoza, the chief minister and confidential126 adviser127 of the King and Queen, Ferdinand and Isabella. The Cardinal was a man of extensive information and liberal mind, who perceived at once the{35} value of Columbus’s theories and commended them to the sovereigns. The King, also, was apparently128 a good judge of men, and appreciated the character and ability of Columbus. But he was not willing to embark18 hastily in so great an enterprise as that proposed. He first called together a council of all the most learned astronomers129 and geographers130 in his kingdom, and to them referred Columbus, with his maps and charts and theories.
This council met at Salamanca. It was entirely131 composed of friars, priests, and monks, who monopolized132 all the learning, both secular133 and religious, of that age. Some were men of large and philosophic134 minds; others, narrow bigots; but all were imbued135 with the notion that geographical discovery had reached its limits long before. In the presence of this learned body, Columbus, a simple seaman136, strong in nothing save the energy of his convictions and the fire of his enthusiasm, had to appear to defend a scheme which to them must have appeared the dream of a madman. The difficulties of his position may be guessed from the nature of some of the objections made to his undertaking137. His mathematical propositions and demonstrations138 were met with quotations139 from the Book of Genesis, the Psalms140, the Prophets, the Epistles, the Gospels, and half a dozen of the Fathers of the Church. When he argued that the earth{36} was spherical141, his opponents quoted one of the Psalms, where the heavens are said to be extended like a hide. Some members of the council, for the sake of argument, would admit the rotundity of the earth, but denied the possibility of circumnavigating it, first, because of the intolerable heat of the torrid zone, and second, because it would take at least three years to accomplish the voyage, in which time the explorers would die of hunger, it being impossible to carry provisions sufficient for so long a time. Still others said that if a ship did reach India, she could never return, for the roundness of the globe would place a hill in her way, up which the strongest wind could not blow her.
Such were the absurd notions held by the foremost scholars of those days. It is needless here to recount such arguments further, or the arguments, now familiar to every school-boy, used by Columbus in support of his theory. It is enough to say that he was treated with incredulity, suspicion, and contempt, and narrowly escaped being condemned142 for heresy143. After a long consultation144 the assembly broke up without arriving at any decision. Then the war with the Moors145 of Granada absorbed the attention of the Court for several years and exhausted its financial resources. But after years of weary waiting the wish of Columbus was granted. Queen Isabella pledged some of her jewels and in other ways{37} raised a sufficient sum to equip his expedition. In the month of April, 1492, an agreement was drawn up making him Viceroy and Governor-General of all the lands he might discover and placing a number of ships and men at his disposal. On the morning of August 3d, 1492, he and his 120 comrades embarked19 in three small ships, the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria, and set sail from the little port of Palos, in Andalusia, on the most important voyage in history.
In a few days the expedition reached the Canary Islands, the then western boundary of the known world. Beyond this all was speculation22. And of all the members of the expedition Columbus alone had unquestioning faith in the object of the enterprise. Many of the sailors believed, when they had lost sight of the European shore, that they were doomed146 to inevitable147 destruction. Thus doubting and murmuring they sailed onward148 week after week. At one time their discontent and fears culminated149 in actual mutiny, and they proposed to put Columbus in irons or throw him overboard and return, if possible, to Europe. But he alternately calmed their discontent by promises of rich rewards and awakened150 their fears by threats of immediate151 punishment. Thus for two months he kept them in hand. Then as they again grew desperate and bade fair to defy his authority altogether, indications of land not far ahead began{38} to appear. Birds hitherto unknown were seen flying above the waves and wheeling about the ships, and plants and bits of wood were seen in the water. Then the branch of a tree bearing red berries, and a curiously152 carved instrument, were picked up. These things inspired even the common sailors with hope that they were indeed approaching a shore.
At last, on October 8th, 1492, after sixty-five days of navigation on unknown seas, they discovered land. It was not the American continent, but one of the Bahama Islands, to which Columbus reverently153 gave the name of St. Salvador. It was inhabited by Indians who received the strangers kindly154. Columbus formally took possession of the country in the name of the Christian religion and the King and Queen of Spain. And thus the dream of his youth was fulfilled and the ambition of his manhood was accomplished155. The Western World was discovered. Subsequently he visited Cuba, Jamaica, Hayti, Porto Rico, and other islands, but did not reach the main land until his third voyage, when he visited Venezuela. He named the islands the West Indies, supposing them to be a part of the great East Indian Archipelago.
In the month of April, 1493, he returned to the Spanish Court. The City of Barcelona was ablaze156 with flags and the air was vocal157 with the roar of artillery158, while all the bells of the{39} churches rang peals159 of triumph in his honor. Years before Columbus had come thither on foot and in rags, begging his bread. Now he rode the streets in more than royal pomp, crowned with the admiration160 and acclaim161 of all the populace. Seven natives of the Western World marched in his train, and there was an almost endless display of gold and gems162, of carven idols163 and sculptured masks, of birds and beasts and reptiles164, of trees and plants and fruits. Above all waved two banners, one that of Spain which he had unfurled above the new continent, and the other the admiral’s flag bearing in golden letters the inscription165,
Por Castilla y por Leon
Nuevo Mundo hallo Colon,[A]
or, For Castile and Leon Columbus has discovered a new world.
Thus he came to the Court where the King and Queen awaited him, and was greeted by them as their equal. There, seated among the nobles of Spain, he gave a brief account of the most striking events of his voyage. The sovereigns listened to him with profound emotion and then fell on their knees to give thanks to God for so great an achievement. For the time being no honor was too great to bestow166 upon Columbus. He was commissioned to make other voyages to the New World and to take possession{40} of all lands there in the name of Spain. Yet it was only a few years after that that the memory of his splendid services was outweighed167 by the malice168 of his foes169. He was actually arrested, imprisoned170 and loaded with irons, and at the end died in disgrace and neglect, at Valladolid, May 20th, 1506.
The discovery made by Columbus was followed up by the Spaniards with the greatest enthusiasm. Within twenty years the four largest of the West Indian Islands were the seats of flourishing colonies, while as yet other nations were contenting themselves with occasional voyages of discovery along the coasts of the continent. The great fertility of the soil, the mildness of the climate, but above all the finding of gold and precious stones, kept the Spaniards alive to the importance of their new possessions and encouraged immigration. Columbus himself made four voyages to the New World, discovering, in his third voyage, the South American continent near the mouth of the Orinoco River, and reaching in his fourth, Honduras and the coast to the south of this region. He never knew what a great discovery he had made and to his death rested under the delusion171 that he had found the eastern shore of Asia.
In 1499 Alonzo de Ojeda, who had previously172 accompanied Columbus to the new country, made a voyage on his own account and explored{41} four hundred leagues of the coast of South America. With him sailed Amerigo Vespucci, who afterward made three independent voyages to America and wrote the first account of it; this was published in 1507, and popular prejudice has supposed that his name came thus to be given to the New World.
At the recent Congress of Americanists in Paris, this point was discussed with much warmth. M. Jules Marcon asserted that Vespucci’s name was Alberico instead of Amerigo, and that he changed it after the new continent was named. The true derivation of the name America is Amerique, that being the Indian name of a range of mountains in Central America. Still, some historians declare that very range of mountains to have been called Amerisque, and it is true that in the Florentine language Alberico and Amerigo are identical. Then there is extant a map of the world prepared by one Vallescu of Majorca in 1490, on the back of which is a note to the effect that the map was purchased for one hundred and twenty ducats in gold by Amerigo Vespucci, the merchant. This proves that even if his name was not Amerigo, he sometimes wrote it so.
Other voyagers were Pedro Alonzo Nigno and Vincent Pinzon, the latter being the first Spaniard to cross the equinoctial line. He discovered the mouth of the Amazon River and from there{42} sailed north to the Carribean Sea and the Gulf173 of Mexico. In the same year (1499), Diego Lope explored the coast of South America far to the southwest.
The discovery and conquest of Mexico and Peru followed. The New World became the Mecca of every reckless and adventurous174 spirit in Europe. Ojeda sailed under a grant from the King of Spain to found a colony at San Sebastian, and with him went Francisco Pizarro, who thus made the first step in his adventurous career. The colony at San Sebastian was abandoned, and on the return voyage one vessel foundered175. The other, commanded by Pizarro, reached Carthagena, where it was met by a fleet conveying men and provisions to the colony. On one of these ships was the adventurer Balboa, who had smuggled176 himself on board to escape his creditors177. Learning that the colony toward which they were sailing had been deserted178, Balboa proposed going to Darien, which coast he had already visited. The proposal met with favor and a new town was founded under the name of Santa Maria de la Antigua del Darien. Trouble began immediately, as usual. The man who had brought the fleet thither, Encisco, a lawyer of San Domingo, was imprisoned and Balboa was made alcade of the colony.
The natives of Darien viewed their visitors with anything but favor, and endeavored by{43} strategy to induce them to move on. They represented the neighboring district of Coyba to be much richer in gold and provisions than their own, and Pizarro, with only six men, went on an exploring expedition. The natives were found to be hostile, and on one occasion the Spaniards were surrounded by four hundred warriors179, with whom they had a very bloody180 battle. One hundred and fifty natives were killed, many more wounded, while the Spaniards all escaped with their lives, one man only being too badly hurt to fly. Retreating to Santa Maria, they reported their misfortune, and it is to the credit of Balboa that he obliged them to return and bring back their wounded companion. Coyba was conquered, and an alliance formed with its ruler. Adjacent to it was a range of mountains, at the foot of which was a very rich and highly civilized country called Comagre. The chief invited the Spaniards to his domain181, treated them with hospitality, and astonished them with the splendor182 of his possessions. His palace was a wonderful structure of wood, divided into many apartments. In one of these chambers183, the dried and embalmed184 bodies of the chieftain’s ancestors, clothed in cotton robes, richly embroidered185 with gold and precious stones, were suspended from the walls. A large amount of gold and seventy slaves were presented to the Spaniards. One-fifth of the gold was set apart{44} for the King, and over the remainder the Christians held such a dispute that the savages186 were aghast. Finally the young chieftain scornfully remarked that if they were so greedy for gold, he could direct them to a country where it was more common than iron was in their land. “When you have passed this range of mountains,” he continued, “you will behold187 another ocean, on which are vessels only inferior to those which brought you hither, equipped with sails and oars64, but navigated188 by people naked like ourselves.” Undoubtedly189 the chief alluded190 to Peru. This certain proof of the existence of another ocean filled Balboa with delight. He imagined that the country described formed a part of the vast region of the East Indies. Preparations for the enterprise were immediately begun, but in the midst of it all Balboa was summoned to court to answer the charges brought against him by Encisco. Instead of obeying the command, however, he determined to effect the passage to the South Sea before his successor could arrive from Spain. The Isthmus191 of Darien is only sixty miles in breadth, but a chain of mountains, a continuation of the Andes, runs through its whole extent. Its valleys are marshy192 and unhealthy, being inundated193 by rains which prevail nearly two-thirds of the year. These marshes194 are even more impenetrable than the forests which cover the mountains, and to{45} this day the crossing is not much easier than it was then.
No man but Balboa could have accomplished it. He was not any more courageous195 than his followers, but he possessed great powers of magnetism196 as well as prudence197, sagacity, and amiability198; in a word, he had genius, the genius of leadership. His soldiers were his children. He wished to bear the heaviest burdens himself; his post in battle was the most dangerous of all; his endurance surpassed that of the strongest men. His army consisted of one hundred and ninety Spaniards, one thousand Indians, useful to carry baggage, and some fierce blood-hounds.
Balboa set forth on the 1st of September, 1513. The journey was estimated to be of six days’ duration, but it was only after twenty-five days of desperate fighting, and of struggles with disease and fatigue199, that they reached the summit of the mountain from which Balboa had been informed the great ocean could be seen.
Commanding his army to halt, Balboa advanced alone to the apex200 and there beheld201 the South Sea stretching before him in boundless202 extent. Amid great exultation203 he took formal possession of land and sea, cutting the king’s name on trees and erecting204 crosses and mounds205 of stones as records thereof.
Leaving the greater part of his men where they were, Balboa proceeded with eighty Spaniards,{46} and under the guidance of a friendly chief, toward the coast. Arriving at the borders of one of the vast bays, he rushed into the ocean with drawn sword and called upon the witnesses to observe that he possessed it in the name of Spain.
He now wished to make conquest of the countries to the south, which the natives declared to be a great and wealthy empire, but having too few men to attempt the enterprise, he returned to Darien, carrying with him a treasure valued at nearly half a million of dollars—the largest treasure yet collected in America. He sent messengers to Spain, but before these arrived Don Pedrarias Davila had been sent out to supersede206 him in command. The King, however, in consideration of his services, sent letters appointing Balboa Adelantado or Admiral. The enormous project of conveying ship-building material across the Isthmus was accomplished, and two brigantines were constructed. Adverse207 weather and other misfortunes prevented the Spaniards from reaching Peru, and Pedrarias recalled Balboa to Darien. Balboa obeyed, never dreaming of the treachery awaiting him. He was seized and imprisoned, and finally condemned to death by the jealous Pedrarias, and the sentence was carried out in spite of the protests of the colonists208.
The conquest of Peru was afterward accomplished{47} by Pizarro, who, while he was as able a man as Balboa, was much more cruel and unscrupulous. Three years later Magellan entered the South Sea, after sailing around the southern extremity209 of the continent. It was Magellan who gave this ocean the name Pacific, in recognition of the fine weather he encountered in crossing it. His fleet reached the islands of the Indian Archipelago, and returned to Europe by way of the Cape of Good Hope, thus completing the first circumnavigation of the globe.
In the same year which witnessed the unjust execution of Balboa (1517), the northern coast of Yucatan was explored, and also the southern coast of Mexico. Instead of encountering naked savages, the explorers were surprised to find well-clad and highly civilized people, so bold and warlike as to drive off the intruders with great slaughter210. Velasquez, governor of Cuba, determined to conquer the wealthy country thus discovered, and prepared a fleet of ten vessels, which he sent out under command of Hernando Cortes, a man who had already achieved some military distinction. He landed in Mexico on March 4th, 1519, where his ships and artillery, and especially his horses, created the wildest fear and astonishment among the natives, who regarded the strangers as divine beings. They were soon to be undeceived, however, for a reign of war and oppression was begun, which resulted{48} in the death of the Emperor Montezuma, the levelling of their ancient temples, and the ultimate extinction211 of the Aztec nation.
Meanwhile, the mainland of the American continent had been visited and partly explored.
The first voyage to the northern coast was made by John Cabot in 1497, under the auspices212 of Henry VIII of England. His object was less the discovery of a new continent than the finding of a northwest passage to the coast of Asia. Cabot sighted land on the 26th of June, probably the Island of Newfoundland. On the 3d of July he reached the coast of Labrador. He was then the first of modern navigators to discover the North American continent, Columbus being a whole year behind him. Cabot explored the coast for nine hundred miles, in a southerly direction, and returned to England. The next year his son, Sebastian, visited the same region, still looking for that northwest passage.
The Portuguese also, made early voyages with the same illusory object in view. In 1500, Gaspar Cortereal reached the American continent. In his second voyage his ship was lost, and his brother, who went in search of him, also perished.
In 1524, Francis I of France resolved to have a share in these new discoveries. A company of Breton sailors had already partly explored the coast. As early as 1506 the Gulf of St. Lawrence{49}
Image not available: WASHINGTON. Direct Reproduction of the Original Painting, by Gilbert Stuart, in the Museum of the Fine Arts, Boston. The Property of the Boston Athen?um.
WASHINGTON.
Direct Reproduction of the Original Painting, by Gilbert Stuart, in the
Museum of the Fine Arts, Boston. The Property of the Boston Athen?um.
was discovered. A squadron of four ships, under Giovanni Verrazano, an Italian navigator in the service of Francis, explored the coast from the Carolinas northward, probably visiting New York and Narragansett Bays. He also searched for the northwest passage, and on his return succeeded in convincing the King that no such passage existed.
In 1534 a second expedition was fitted out under command of Jacques Cartier, a fearless mariner213, who had previously made fishing voyages to the Banks of Newfoundland. This expedition consisted of two vessels, and left St. Malo on the 20th of April. After a short stay at Newfoundland, Cartier sailed northward, passed through the Straits of Belleisle and entered the St. Lawrence.
Here, on the 24th of July they landed and erected214 a cross, surmounted215 by the lilies of France. The natives proved friendly, and two men were prevailed upon to accompany the returning voyagers. The following year a second expedition was sent out under Cartier, with instructions to explore carefully the St. Lawrence, to establish a settlement, and to traffic with the Indians for gold. Of this latter commodity they found none, but the river was explored as far as the spot where now stands Montreal. The natives seem to have had a very correct knowledge of their country, for they told Cartier that{50} it would take three months to sail in their canoes up the course of the river and that it ran through several great lakes, the largest like a vast sea. Beyond the farthest lake was another river which ran in a southerly direction. This was the Mississippi. The Canadian winter had now set in and the explorers suffered terribly from the cold and disease. As soon as spring appeared they returned home. Like other adventurers of the age, they repaid the hospitality of the natives with the blackest ingratitude216 and treachery. They kidnapped the chief Donacona—whose village occupied the site of Quebec, and who had fed and lodged217 the explorers—and forced him, with eight warriors, to accompany them to France, where the unhappy savages died soon after their arrival.
The third expedition under Cartier in a fleet fitted out by De Roberval, a rich nobleman of France, was not so successful. The Indians had not forgiven the outrage218 perpetrated upon their chief, and the white men were received at Stradacona (Quebec) with every sign of hatred219 and enmity. Cartier, finding his position here so unpleasant, not to say dangerous, moved up the river to Cape Rouge220, where he moored221 three of his vessels and sent the other two back to France for supplies. An attempt was made to found a colony, and the summer was spent in an unsuccessful search for gold. Both the colony{51} and the search for gold were abandoned after another severe winter and Cartier and his men returned to France.
It was this same greed for gold which led the Spaniards to attempt the exploration of the southern part of the American continent. As early as 1512 Juan Ponce de Leon discovered a land which he called Florida, partly because he first saw it on Easter Sunday (Pascua florida), and partly because it seemed to his delighted gaze a veritable “land of flowers.” Ponce de Leon had another object beside gold hunting; he was an old man and he loathed222 his years. He had come hither lured223 by a wonderful tale of a fountain which gave eternal youth to whosoever bathed in its waters. To find this grand restorer of vigor224 and bloom, Ponce de Leon and his followers wandered through terrible forests and marshes, enduring every hardship and deprivation225, running hourly risks of death. That such a dream could ever have been cherished by enlightened and educated people need not appear so strange if we consider what a succession of new and astonishing scenes had passed before the eyes of the old world in the short space of ten years. No wonder their imaginations were inflamed226 and their credulity limitless. In this new land, of which the preceding ages had been utterly227 ignorant, everything was different from that with which the old world was familiar. Anything{52} seemed possible, after the impossible had happened. De Leon made two visits after his fountain; in the second one he was killed by the Indians.
In 1528 Pamphilo de Narvaez made an effort to take possession of Florida in the name of Charles V of Germany. He met with such hostility228 from the natives, however, that after months of wandering he reached the Gulf with a mere229 handful of men out of the six hundred with whom he had landed. Building five miserable230 boats, these crazy adventurers attempted to follow the line of the coast to the Mexican settlements. Four boats were lost in a storm; the survivors231 landed and sought to cross the continent to the Spanish colonies at Sonora. It seems incredible, but in this enterprise four of the men actually succeeded. Among them was Cabeca de Vaca, treasurer232 of the expedition. Their appearance in Europe nine years after their departure caused the greatest sensation, and the excitement created by their narrative38 was intense. The passion for adventure became stronger than ever among the Spaniards, and when the already celebrated233 Hernando de Soto, who had been with Pizarro in Peru, asked for and was granted permission to take possession of Florida in the name of Ferdinand of Spain, he had a multitude of volunteers to his standard.
De Soto was first appointed governor of Cuba{53} that he might turn to account the resources of that wealthy island. His fleet of nine vessels and force of six hundred men, sailed from Havana on the 18th of May, 1539, and ten days later anchored in Tampa Bay. The first remarkable adventure that befel them was an encounter with one of the companions of Cabeca de Vaca, who had been held all this time captive among the Indians. He had acquired a thorough knowledge of their language, and his services as mediator234 and interpretor soon became invaluable235.
Led by Ortiz—the captive—the explorers wandered through the unknown land until spring. Then a native offered to guide them to a distant country, governed by a woman, and rich in “yellow metal,” which the Spaniards understood to be gold, but which turned out to be only copper. The dominion236 of the Indian queen was reached at last, after much fighting and bloodshed. The old chronicles give a picturesque237 and rather pathetic account of the meeting between the poor cacica and the invaders238. She came forth to welcome them, alighting from her litter and making gestures of pleasure and amity239, taking from her neck a heavy string of pearls and presenting it to De Soto. He accepted the gift, and for a time kept up a pretense240 of friendship; but, having obtained all the information the queen had to give, he made her prisoner and robbed her and her people of all{54} their valuables, even pillaging241 the graves of dead nobles for pearls. It is gratifying to know that the queen effected her escape from the guards, and that she regained242 a box of pearls on which De Soto set especial store.
The Spaniards now altered their course, and, taking a northwesterly direction, they found themselves, after a few months, at the foot of the Appalachian range of mountains, which, rather than cross, they turned their backs upon, and wandered into the lowlands of what is now Alabama, ignorant of the fact that these very mountains were rich in the gold they so ardently243 coveted244.
The autumn of 1540 brought what remained of the party to a large village called Mavilla, the site of the modern city of Mobile, where a terrible battle took place. Mavilla was burned to ashes, and when the fight ended the victorious245 Spaniards found themselves in a desperate situation—at a distance from their ships, their provisions gone, and enemies on every side. The common soldiers, by this time, had had quite enough of exploration, and wished to return to the coast. But De Soto, who had received secret information that his fleet was even now anchored in the Bay of Pensacola, six days’ journey from Mavilla, determined to make one more effort to redeem246 his honor by a notable discovery of some sort. He forced his men to journey northward,{55} and in December they reached a Chickasaw village, in what is now the State of Mississippi. By spring they had fought their way completely across the State, and in May they reached the banks of the mighty247 river from which the State takes its name. Not knowing that he had made his great discovery, De Soto went to work to build boats and barges248 with which to cross the river. Constantly harassed249 by the natives, the explorers continued their northward wanderings until they reached the region of the present State of Missouri. Proceeding250 westward, they encamped for the winter at the present location of Little Rock, Arkansas. But the spot turned out to be an unhealthy one; the white men began to succumb251 to disease; Juan Ortiz, the chief helper, died; scouts252 sent out to explore the neighborhood brought back darkest reports of impenetrable wildernesses253, and of bands of hostiles creeping up from every side to attack them. Saddest of all, De Soto, broken with disease and long endurance, lay down to rise no more. Calling his little army around him, he asked their pardon for the sufferings he had brought upon them, and named Luis de Alvaredo as his successor. The following day the unhappy De Soto breathed his last, and was buried secretly outside the camp; but, fearing an immediate attack from the natives should the death of the hero be made known, and the newly-made grave{56} exciting suspicion among the Indians in the neighborhood, Alvaredo had the corpse254 disinterred in the night, and, wrapped in clothes made heavy with sand, dropped into the Mississippi.
Alvaredo then led his people westward, hoping to reach the Pacific coast. But after long months of wandering, and dreading255 to be overtaken by winter on the prairies, they retraced256 their steps to the Mississippi, where they pitched camp and spent six months building boats in which to go down the river. A terrible voyage of seventeen days, between banks lined with Indians, who plied115 them pitilessly with poisoned arrows, brought them to the Gulf, and a further weary cruise along the coast of Louisiana and Texas landed them at the Spanish settlement of Panuco, in Mexico. This was in October, 1543; they had been wandering for nearly four years.
The English were rather tardy257 in following the lead of the Spanish, French, and Portuguese explorers, but, once started, they pursued their researches with great vigor. In 1562 one of their adventurers, Sir John Hawkins, engaged in the slave trade, and carried cargoes258 of negroes to the West Indies. In 1577, Sir Francis Drake accomplished the circumnavigation of the globe. Attempts were made at the same period to discover the northwestern passage, by Willoughby, Frobisher, Henry Hudson, and others. The{57} only attempt to found a colony in the New World during this century was made by Sir Walter Raleigh; his step-brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, had obtained the first charter ever granted an Englishman for a colony, but his project failed, and he himself perished at sea.
A patent was granted Raleigh, constituting him lord proprietary259, with almost unlimited260 powers, according to the Christian Protestant faith, of all land which he might discover between the thirty-third and fortieth degrees of north latitude. Under this patent Raleigh dispatched two vessels under the command of Philip Amidas and Arthur Barlow. They landed on the island of Wococken and took possession in the name of Queen Elizabeth. The country they called Virginia, and such glowing accounts did they send back to England that seven vessels under Sir Richard Grenville were sent out, bearing one hundred and fifty colonists. As soon as these landed, Sir Richard Grenville took the ships back to England, capturing a rich Spanish prize on the way. The colony fared very badly after a time, Lane, the governor, being utterly unfit for his office. The Indians wishing to get rid of their visitors, induced them to ascend261 the Roanoke River, on the upper banks of which, they declared, dwelt a nation skillful in refining gold, whose city was inclosed with a wall of pearls. After the gold rushed the colonists, but{58} they found only famine and distress262. The Indians, on their return, refused to give them any more provisions, and even ceased to cultivate corn, hoping to drive out the Englishmen altogether. In revenge, the white men, having invited the chief to a conference, fell upon him and slew263 him, with many of his people. This was the end of their peaceful relations with the Indians. The colony was on the verge264 of starvation when Sir Francis Drake, the slave-trading nobleman, appeared outside the harbor with a fleet of twenty-three ships. At the urgent prayer of the starving settlers, Sir Francis carried them back to England. Hardly had they gone before a ship laden265 with supplies, dispatched by Raleigh, arrived. Finding the colony vanished, the ship returned. Before it reached England, Sir Richard Grenville arrived at Roanoke with three ships. After searching in vain for the missing colony, he also returned, leaving fifteen men on the island to hold possession for the English. Still undiscouraged, Raleigh sent out a second colony, this time choosing agriculturists, and sending with them their wives and children. On reaching Roanoke they found the bones of the fifteen men Grenville had left, and the fort in ruins. Meanwhile the Spanish invasion was threatening England. Raleigh was one of the most active in devising schemes for resistance. It was almost a year before{59} he was able to send supplies to his colony at Roanoke; this he did at last, but the captain, instead of proceeding straight on his mission, went in chase of two Spanish prizes, came to grief, and was obliged to return to England. By this time Raleigh’s means were almost exhausted, but he managed to send out the relief ships, but they arrived too late. The island was a desert and the only clue to the fate of the colony was the word “Croatian” on the bark of a tree. It has been conjectured266 that they escaped, through the kindness of the Indians to Croatian; perhaps they were received into some tribe and became a part of the wild men; the Indians themselves have such a tradition. Raleigh sent five different search parties after his little colony, but none of them ever had the least success.
In 1602 Bartholomew Gosnold reached the shores of Massachusetts, and, sailing southward, landed on a promontory which he called Cape Cod267. He also discovered the islands of Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket. On the former they built a store-house and a fort, and prepared to settle, but when the ships got ready to sail, they lost their resolution and insisted upon returning to England.
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1
untold
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| adj.数不清的，无数的 | |
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antedate
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| vt.填早...的日期，早干，先干 | |
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computing
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| n.计算 | |
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4
intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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5
prehistoric
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| adj.（有记载的）历史以前的，史前的，古老的 | |
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6
northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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7
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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hieroglyphics
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| n.pl.象形文字 | |
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9
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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contention
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| n.争论，争辩，论战；论点，主张 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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15
muster
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| v.集合，收集，鼓起，激起；n.集合，检阅，集合人员，点名册 | |
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westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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17
liking
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| n.爱好；嗜好；喜欢 | |
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18
embark
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| vi.乘船，着手，从事，上飞机 | |
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embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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missionaries
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| n.传教士( missionary的名词复数 ) | |
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speculations
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| n.投机买卖( speculation的名词复数 )；思考；投机活动；推断 | |
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speculation
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| n.思索，沉思；猜测；投机 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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Buddhist
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| adj./n.佛教的，佛教徒 | |
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eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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derives
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| v.得到( derive的第三人称单数 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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sprouts
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| n.新芽，嫩枝( sprout的名词复数 )v.发芽( sprout的第三人称单数 )；抽芽；出现；（使）涌现出 | |
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spun
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| v.纺，杜撰，急转身 | |
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planks
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| （厚）木板( plank的名词复数 )； 政纲条目，政策要点 | |
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offenses
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| n.进攻( offense的名词复数 )；（球队的）前锋；进攻方法；攻势 | |
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azure
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| adj.天蓝色的，蔚蓝色的 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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copper
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| n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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ordination
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| n.授任圣职 | |
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narratives
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| 记叙文( narrative的名词复数 )； 故事； 叙述； 叙述部分 | |
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narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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plausible
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| adj.似真实的，似乎有理的，似乎可信的 | |
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rascals
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| 流氓( rascal的名词复数 )； 无赖； （开玩笑说法）淘气的人（尤指小孩）； 恶作剧的人 | |
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galleys
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| n.平底大船，战舰( galley的名词复数 )；（船上或航空器上的）厨房 | |
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42
outlaw
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| n.歹徒，亡命之徒；vt.宣布…为不合法 | |
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43
dealers
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| n.商人( dealer的名词复数 )；贩毒者；毒品贩子；发牌者 | |
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44
bleak
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| adj.(天气)阴冷的；凄凉的；暗淡的 | |
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45
sagas
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| n.萨迦（尤指古代挪威或冰岛讲述冒险经历和英雄业绩的长篇故事）( saga的名词复数 )；（讲述许多年间发生的事情的）长篇故事；一连串的事件（或经历）；一连串经历的讲述（或记述） | |
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46
saga
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| n.(尤指中世纪北欧海盗的)故事，英雄传奇 | |
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47
colonization
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| 殖民地的开拓，殖民，殖民地化； 移殖 | |
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48
bragging
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| v.自夸，吹嘘( brag的现在分词 )；大话 | |
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49
prow
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| n.(飞机)机头，船头 | |
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50
grassy
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| adj.盖满草的；长满草的 | |
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51
alluring
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| adj.吸引人的，迷人的 | |
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52
steered
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| v.驾驶( steer的过去式和过去分词 )；操纵；控制；引导 | |
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53
enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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54
salmon
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| n.鲑，大马哈鱼，橙红色的 | |
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55
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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56
promontory
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| n.海角；岬 | |
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57
cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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58
scotch
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| n.伤口，刻痕；苏格兰威士忌酒；v.粉碎，消灭，阻止；adj.苏格兰(人)的 | |
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59
promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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60
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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61
hop
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| n.单脚跳，跳跃；vi.单脚跳，跳跃；着手做某事；vt.跳跃，跃过 | |
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62
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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63
astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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64
oars
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| n.桨，橹( oar的名词复数 )；划手v.划（行）( oar的第三人称单数 ) | |
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65
bellowed
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| v.发出吼叫声，咆哮（尤指因痛苦）( bellow的过去式和过去分词 )；（愤怒地）说出（某事），大叫 | |
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66
slings
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| 抛( sling的第三人称单数 )； 吊挂； 遣送； 押往 | |
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67
valiantly
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| adv.勇敢地，英勇地；雄赳赳 | |
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68
vanquishing
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| v.征服( vanquish的现在分词 )；战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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69
afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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70
conjecture
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| n./v.推测，猜测 | |
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71
presumption
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| n.推测，可能性，冒昧，放肆，[法律]推定 | |
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72
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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73
civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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74
scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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75
maritime
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| adj.海的，海事的，航海的，近海的，沿海的 | |
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76
irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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77
inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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78
fad
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| n.时尚；一时流行的狂热；一时的爱好 | |
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79
geographical
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| adj.地理的；地区(性)的 | |
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80
monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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81
vitality
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| n.活力，生命力，效力 | |
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82
latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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83
circumference
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| n.圆周，周长，圆周线 | |
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84
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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85
Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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86
detesting
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| v.憎恶，嫌恶，痛恨( detest的现在分词 ) | |
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87
creed
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| n.信条；信念，纲领 | |
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88
lighting
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| n.照明，光线的明暗，舞台灯光 | |
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89
fabulous
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| adj.极好的；极为巨大的；寓言中的，传说中的 | |
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90
Mediterranean
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| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
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91
specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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92
ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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93
aspiration
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| n.志向，志趣抱负；渴望；(语)送气音；吸出 | |
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94
fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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95
extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的；过分的；(言行等)放肆的 | |
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96
heed
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| v.注意，留意；n.注意，留心 | |
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97
prematurely
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| adv.过早地，贸然地 | |
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98
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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99
abstemious
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| adj.有节制的，节俭的 | |
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100
devout
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| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
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101
exterior
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| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
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102
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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103
hermit
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| n.隐士，修道者；隐居 | |
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104
temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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105
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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106
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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107
rumor
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| n.谣言，谣传，传说 | |
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108
wondrous
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| adj.令人惊奇的，奇妙的；adv.惊人地；异乎寻常地；令人惊叹地 | |
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109
bishops
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| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
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110
persecution
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| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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111
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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112
consecrated
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| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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113
daunted
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| 使（某人）气馁，威吓( daunt的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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114
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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115
plied
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| v.使用（工具）( ply的过去式和过去分词 )；经常供应（食物、饮料）；固定往来；经营生意 | |
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116
Portuguese
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| n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语 | |
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117
ascertaining
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的现在分词 ) | |
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118
indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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119
jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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120
intrigue
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| vt.激起兴趣，迷住；vi.耍阴谋；n.阴谋，密谋 | |
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121
discord
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| n.不和，意见不合，争论，（音乐）不和谐 | |
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122
ebb
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| vi.衰退，减退；n.处于低潮，处于衰退状态 | |
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123
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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124
destitution
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| n.穷困，缺乏，贫穷 | |
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125
cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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126
confidential
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| adj.秘（机）密的，表示信任的，担任机密工作的 | |
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127
adviser
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| n.劝告者，顾问 | |
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128
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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129
astronomers
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| n.天文学者，天文学家( astronomer的名词复数 ) | |
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130
geographers
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| 地理学家( geographer的名词复数 ) | |
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131
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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132
monopolized
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| v.垄断( monopolize的过去式和过去分词 )；独占；专卖；专营 | |
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133
secular
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| n.牧师，凡人；adj.世俗的，现世的，不朽的 | |
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134
philosophic
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| adj.哲学的，贤明的 | |
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135
imbued
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| v.使（某人/某事）充满或激起（感情等）( imbue的过去式和过去分词 )；使充满；灌输；激发（强烈感情或品质等） | |
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136
seaman
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| n.海员，水手，水兵 | |
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137
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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138
demonstrations
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| 证明( demonstration的名词复数 )； 表明； 表达； 游行示威 | |
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139
quotations
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| n.引用( quotation的名词复数 )；[商业]行情（报告）；（货物或股票的）市价；时价 | |
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140
psalms
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| n.赞美诗( psalm的名词复数 )；圣诗；圣歌；(中的) | |
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141
spherical
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| adj.球形的；球面的 | |
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142
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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143
heresy
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| n.异端邪说；异教 | |
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144
consultation
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| n.咨询；商量；商议；会议 | |
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145
moors
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| v.停泊，系泊（船只）( moor的第三人称单数 ) | |
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146
doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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147
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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148
onward
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| adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先 | |
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149
culminated
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| v.达到极点( culminate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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150
awakened
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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151
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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152
curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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153
reverently
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| adv.虔诚地 | |
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154
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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155
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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156
ablaze
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| adj.着火的，燃烧的；闪耀的，灯火辉煌的 | |
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157
vocal
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| adj.直言不讳的；嗓音的；n.[pl.]声乐节目 | |
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158
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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159
peals
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| n.（声音大而持续或重复的）洪亮的响声( peal的名词复数 )；隆隆声；洪亮的钟声；钟乐v.（使）（钟等）鸣响，（雷等）发出隆隆声( peal的第三人称单数 ) | |
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160
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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161
acclaim
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| v.向…欢呼，公认；n.欢呼，喝彩，称赞 | |
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162
gems
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| growth； economy； management； and customer satisfaction 增长 | |
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163
idols
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| 偶像( idol的名词复数 )； 受崇拜的人或物； 受到热爱和崇拜的人或物； 神像 | |
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164
reptiles
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| n.爬行动物，爬虫( reptile的名词复数 ) | |
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165
inscription
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| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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166
bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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167
outweighed
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| v.在重量上超过( outweigh的过去式和过去分词 )；在重要性或价值方面超过 | |
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168
malice
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| n.恶意，怨恨，蓄意；[律]预谋 | |
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169
foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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170
imprisoned
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| 下狱，监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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171
delusion
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| n.谬见，欺骗，幻觉，迷惑 | |
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172
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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173
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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174
adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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175
foundered
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| v.创始人( founder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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176
smuggled
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| 水货 | |
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177
creditors
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| n.债权人，债主( creditor的名词复数 ) | |
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178
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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179
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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180
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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181
domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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182
splendor
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| n.光彩；壮丽，华丽；显赫，辉煌 | |
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183
chambers
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| n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅 | |
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184
embalmed
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| adj.用防腐药物保存（尸体）的v.保存（尸体）不腐( embalm的过去式和过去分词 )；使不被遗忘；使充满香气 | |
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185
embroidered
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| adj．绣花的 | |
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186
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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187
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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188
navigated
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| v.给（船舶、飞机等）引航，导航( navigate的过去式和过去分词 )；（从海上、空中等）横越；横渡；飞跃 | |
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189
undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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190
alluded
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| 提及，暗指( allude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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191
isthmus
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| n.地峡 | |
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192
marshy
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| adj.沼泽的 | |
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193
inundated
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| v.淹没( inundate的过去式和过去分词 )；（洪水般地）涌来；充满；给予或交予（太多事物）使难以应付 | |
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194
marshes
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| n.沼泽，湿地( marsh的名词复数 ) | |
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195
courageous
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| adj.勇敢的，有胆量的 | |
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196
magnetism
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| n.磁性，吸引力，磁学 | |
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197
prudence
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| n.谨慎，精明，节俭 | |
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198
amiability
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| n.和蔼可亲的，亲切的，友善的 | |
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199
fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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200
apex
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| n.顶点，最高点 | |
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201
beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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202
boundless
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| adj.无限的；无边无际的；巨大的 | |
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203
exultation
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| n.狂喜，得意 | |
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204
erecting
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| v.使直立，竖起( erect的现在分词 )；建立 | |
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205
mounds
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| 土堆，土丘( mound的名词复数 )； 一大堆 | |
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206
supersede
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| v.替代；充任 | |
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207
adverse
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| adj.不利的；有害的；敌对的，不友好的 | |
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208
colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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209
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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210
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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211
extinction
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| n.熄灭，消亡，消灭，灭绝，绝种 | |
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212
auspices
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| n.资助，赞助 | |
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213
mariner
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| n.水手号不载人航天探测器，海员，航海者 | |
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214
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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215
surmounted
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| 战胜( surmount的过去式和过去分词 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
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216
ingratitude
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| n.忘恩负义 | |
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217
lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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218
outrage
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| n.暴行，侮辱，愤怒；vt.凌辱，激怒 | |
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219
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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220
rouge
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| n.胭脂，口红唇膏；v.(在…上)擦口红 | |
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221
moored
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| adj. 系泊的 动词moor的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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222
loathed
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| v.憎恨，厌恶( loathe的过去式和过去分词 )；极不喜欢 | |
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223
lured
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| 吸引，引诱（lure的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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224
vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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225
deprivation
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| n.匮乏；丧失；夺去，贫困 | |
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226
inflamed
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| adj.发炎的，红肿的v.（使）变红，发怒，过热( inflame的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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227
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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228
hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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229
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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230
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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231
survivors
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| 幸存者，残存者，生还者( survivor的名词复数 ) | |
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232
treasurer
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| n.司库，财务主管 | |
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233
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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234
mediator
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| n.调解人，中介人 | |
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235
invaluable
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| adj.无价的，非常宝贵的，极为贵重的 | |
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236
dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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237
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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238
invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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239
amity
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| n.友好关系 | |
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240
pretense
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| n.矫饰，做作，借口 | |
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241
pillaging
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| v.抢劫，掠夺( pillage的现在分词 ) | |
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242
regained
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| 复得( regain的过去式和过去分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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243
ardently
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| adv.热心地，热烈地 | |
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244
coveted
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| adj.令人垂涎的；垂涎的，梦寐以求的v.贪求，觊觎(covet的过去分词)；垂涎；贪图 | |
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245
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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246
redeem
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| v.买回，赎回，挽回，恢复，履行（诺言等） | |
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247
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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248
barges
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| 驳船( barge的名词复数 ) | |
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249
harassed
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| adj. 疲倦的，厌烦的 动词harass的过去式和过去分词 | |
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250
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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251
succumb
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| v.屈服，屈从；死 | |
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252
scouts
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| 侦察员[机，舰]( scout的名词复数 )； 童子军； 搜索； 童子军成员 | |
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253
wildernesses
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| 荒野( wilderness的名词复数 )； 沙漠； （政治家）在野； 不再当政（或掌权） | |
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254
corpse
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| n.尸体，死尸 | |
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255
dreading
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| v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的现在分词 ) | |
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256
retraced
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| v.折回( retrace的过去式和过去分词 )；回忆；回顾；追溯 | |
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257
tardy
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| adj.缓慢的，迟缓的 | |
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258
cargoes
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| n.（船或飞机装载的）货物( cargo的名词复数 )；大量，重负 | |
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259
proprietary
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| n.所有权，所有的；独占的；业主 | |
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260
unlimited
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| adj.无限的，不受控制的，无条件的 | |
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261
ascend
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| vi.渐渐上升，升高；vt.攀登，登上 | |
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262
distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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263
slew
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| v.（使）旋转；n.大量，许多 | |
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264
verge
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| n.边，边缘；v.接近，濒临 | |
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265
laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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266
conjectured
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| 推测，猜测，猜想( conjecture的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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267
cod
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| n.鳕鱼；v.愚弄；哄骗 | |
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