(1882)
Where ha’e ye been a’ the day,
Bonnie laddie, Highland laddie?
Saw ye him that’s far away,
Bonnie laddie, Highland laddie?
On his head a bonnet2 blue,
Bonnie laddie, Highland laddie;
Tartan plaid and Highland trews,
Bonnie laddie, Highland laddie?
Regimental March.
Previous to 1882 Egypt had for many years been under the control of England and France, but neither of these Powers had actually occupied the country. In 1882, owing to the Nationalist Movement under Arabi Bey, which endangered the lives and property of Europeans, these two Powers decided3 that some steps must be taken to ensure the security of the white population. Shortly after, France agreed to leave the matter in the hands of the English, and the British fleet bombarded Arabi’s position at Alexandria, while the English army under Sir Garnet Wolseley landed upon the coast to crush the Egyptian forces. This action was to end in the English occupation of Egypt, which has lasted until to-day. The principal reason for acting4 so quickly and with such determination was the danger that would ensue should the control of the Suez Canal fall into the hands of a hostile Power. The Khedive, who was a vassal5 of the Sultan, possessed6 at this time a mere7 shadow of authority, and after the war an English official was appointed to control his policy.
Sir Garnet Wolseley having decided to give the enemy no warning of his advance upon Cairo, planned to descend8 upon the city from Ismailia, and not from Alexandria as they expected. The position of Tel-el-Kebir was destined9 to become the scene of the final battle before the march upon Cairo.
The British army included the Grenadiers and Coldstreams, some cavalry10 and artillery11, and the Highland Brigade, formed of the Black Watch, the Camerons, the Gordons, and the Highland Light Infantry12. It is also of interest to note that with the force was a major of Egyptian cavalry called Herbert Kitchener.
Following the landing in Egypt, the army marched across the desert in the hope of surprising the enemy. The bombardment of Aboukir took place, and shortly afterwards the enemy were repulsed13 from Magfar. The British forces now concentrated at Kassassin, where Wolseley decided that the final conflict must be forced. They were now very near to the enemy’s position, and on the night of the 12th of September were only some five miles distant from Tel-el-Kebir, where the Egyptians were heavily entrenched14.
Sir Garnet Wolseley, having studied the position for several days, learned that the Egyptian pickets15 did not come beyond their defences at night. This led him to believe that a swift night assault might carry their position without further trouble. There were, however, several considerations that might militate against the success of a night attack. For one thing it was most essential that the enemy should be so thoroughly16 dispersed17 that the cavalry could advance without delay upon Cairo. There was also the danger that, in the darkness, the soldiers would fire upon each other, and to prevent such a calamity18 he placed the infantry at each end of the line and the artillery in the centre.
The troops set out in complete silence, no smoking or even the giving of orders being permitted. It was a moonless night, and, careful as they were, the Highland Brigade at one period lost their direction, and a new formation delayed the advance.
About an hour before sunrise the Highlanders found themselves beneath the parapet of the enemy’s position, and the end of the hazardous19 march was reached. Sir Archibald Alison, who commanded the Highland Brigade, has written: “The Brigade formed for the march in the order in which it was to attack—two lines two deep. The rifles were unloaded, the bayonets unfixed, and the men warned that only two signals would be given—a word to ‘Fix bayonets,’ a bugle20 sound of ‘To storm.’ I never felt anything so solemn as that night march, nor do I believe that any one who was in it will ever forget it. No light but a faint star; no sound but the slow, measured tread of men on the desert sand. Just as the first tinge21 of light appeared in the east a few rifle shots fired out of the darkness showed that the enemy’s outposts were reached. The sharp click of the bayonets then answered the word, ‘To fix’—a few minutes more of deep silence, and then a blaze of musketry flashed across our front, and passed far away to each flank, by the light of which we saw the swarthy faces of the Egyptians, surmounted22 by their red tarbooshes, lining23 the dark rampart before us. I never felt such a relief in my life. I knew then that Wolseley’s star was bright, that the dangerous zone of fire had been passed in the darkness, that all had come now to depend upon a hand-to-hand struggle.”
The Highlanders were some hundred and fifty yards from the Egyptian entrenchments, which were 6 feet high and 4 feet deep. Suddenly through the long night silence a bugle rang out, and with a cheer the Highland Brigade broke into a charge. Some 200 men fell before they reached the parapet, the losses being increased before they scaled the entrenchments. Alison had written that he never saw men fight more steadily24 than the Egyptian soldiers, they rallied every foot of the way. “At this time,” he says, “it was a noble sight to see the Gordon and Cameron Highlanders—now mingled25 together in the confusion of the fight, their young officers leading with waving swords, their pipes screaming, and that proud smile on the lips and that bright gleam in the eyes of the men which you see only in the hour of successful battle.”
It is said Donald Cameron of the Camerons was “the first man to mount the trenches26, and the second man to fall.” A minute, and whole companies of men were swarming27 and pouring like waves of the sea over the Egyptian defences, and rushing down upon their defenders28. Although taken by surprise the enemy made a stubborn fight, but after half an hour’s fierce conflict the battle of Tel-el-Kebir was over, and the morning sun rose to pour its rays down upon the flying Egyptian army. Without delay Sir Garnet Wolseley pushed forward the cavalry to advance upon Cairo. Thus Arabi was prevented either from arresting the retreat or sacking the city, and realising that there was no further hope in resistance to the British arms he surrendered his sword, and the rebellion was over.
It had been a swift action, but it would be wrong either to underrate the discipline and bravery of the Egyptian troops or to imagine that it was an easy victory. As General Hamley has written in the Nineteenth Century: “The Scottish people may be satisfied with the bearing of those who represented them in the land of the Pharaohs. No doubt any very good troops, feeling that they were willing, would have accomplished29 the final advance; but what appear to me exceptional are: First, the order and discipline which marked that march by night through the desert; and, secondly30, the readiness with which the men sprang forward to storm the works. The influence of the march had been altogether of a depressing kind—the dead silence, the deep gloom, the funereal31 pace, the unknown obstacles, and enemy. They did not know what was in front, but neither did they stop to consider. There was not the slightest sign that the enemy was surprised—none of the clamour, shouts, or random32 firing which would have attended a sudden call to arms. Even very good troops at the end of that march might have paused when suddenly greeted by that burst of fire, and none but exceptionally good ones could have accomplished the feats33 I have mentioned.”
It is worth while repeating these words of General Hamley’s, because in a later chapter we shall have to deal with that other memorable34 night march at Magersfontein. However melancholy35 the story, it serves to illustrate36 that when a night attack does not prove a surprise it becomes nothing less than a calamity.
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1
highland
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| n.(pl.)高地，山地 | |
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2
bonnet
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| n.无边女帽；童帽 | |
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3
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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4
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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vassal
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| n.附庸的；属下；adj.奴仆的 | |
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6
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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7
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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8
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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9
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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10
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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11
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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12
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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13
repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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14
entrenched
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| adj.确立的，不容易改的(风俗习惯) | |
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15
pickets
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| 罢工纠察员( picket的名词复数 ) | |
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16
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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17
dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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18
calamity
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| n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件 | |
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19
hazardous
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| adj.(有)危险的，冒险的；碰运气的 | |
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20
bugle
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| n.军号，号角，喇叭；v.吹号，吹号召集 | |
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21
tinge
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| vt.(较淡)着色于，染色；使带有…气息；n.淡淡色彩，些微的气息 | |
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22
surmounted
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| 战胜( surmount的过去式和过去分词 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
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23
lining
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| n.衬里，衬料 | |
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24
steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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25
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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26
trenches
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| 深沟，地沟( trench的名词复数 )； 战壕 | |
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27
swarming
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| 密集( swarm的现在分词 )； 云集； 成群地移动； 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去 | |
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28
defenders
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| n.防御者( defender的名词复数 )；守卫者；保护者；辩护者 | |
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29
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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30
secondly
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| adv.第二，其次 | |
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31
funereal
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| adj.悲哀的；送葬的 | |
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32
random
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| adj.随机的；任意的；n.偶然的(或随便的)行动 | |
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33
feats
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| 功绩，伟业，技艺( feat的名词复数 ) | |
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34
memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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35
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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36
illustrate
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| v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图 | |
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