Such are the reflections of Orlando upon the decay of service in “As You Like It.” That ingratitude2 and incivility are not a monopoly of to-day may be seen from such wills as those of Dr. Messenger Monsey and of the Rt. Hon. Humphry Morice. The servant problem, indeed, often forms a diverting feature of wills. And since in current wills we find frequent instances of constancy and corresponding reward, doubtless the lament4 over the “constant service of the antique world” is one among many cases where the cry of ?tas parentum is erroneous or misleading. [Pg 170]
In Hone’s “Table Book” is this memorandum5: “The following memorial I copied from a tablet, on the right hand side of the clergyman’s desk, in the beautiful little church at Hornsey. The scarceness of similar inscriptions6 makes this valuable.—S. T. L.
“Erected to the memory of Mary Parsons, the diligent7, faithful and affectionate servant in a family during a period of 57 years. She died on the 22nd day of November, 1806, aged8 85.
“Also to the memory of Elizabeth Decker, the friend and companion of the above; who, after an exemplary service of 47 years in the same family, died on the 2nd of February, 1809, aged 75.
“Their remains9, by their mutual10 request, were interred11 in the same grave.”
But against such examples of a hundred years ago may be set wills like those already mentioned. Dr. Monsey is characteristically vigorous in speaking of his servant Nanney. “This she must take as a reward for her impertinence, sauciness12 and unwilling13 service; she’s as proud as the Devil can make her, as much of a prude as the best of you, as self-conceited and pert and self-sufficient as the most flaunting14 Duchess in the Kingdom.”
Among many, as has been seen, the Rt. Hon. Humphry Morice found only one faithful to his trust: “and sorry I am to say he is the only servant I ever had who seemed sensible of good treatment and did not behave ungratefully.” If from an addition to his will made at Naples, March 14, 1784, we may judge of his usual conduct, he must have deserved gratitude3 and devotion, if any master ever did. “I appoint my [Pg 171] servant John Allen and my servant Richard Deale joint15 executors of this my will and codicil16, being confident I can depend upon them for the taking care of my effects and of what I have, that they will dispose of it as I order ’em by letter or otherwise.... I desire to be buried at Naples if I die there, and in a leaden coffin17, if such a thing is to be had. Just before it is soldered18, I request the surgeon in Lord Tylney’s house or some other surgeon may take out my heart, or perform some other operation to ascertain19 my being really dead. The five servants I brought with me from England to have a complete suit of mourning. I mean for ’em to continue in the house I inhabit ... till it is a proper season for ’em to return to England, so as for ’em to avoid taking that journey during the extremes of winter or summer, according to the time I may happen to die. Their maintenance here, also the expenses of their return to England [which he stipulates20 shall be by land] to be paid out of my effects.”
It speaks much for his trustful nature that he associates with the one servant found faithful in 1782 another in 1784, in spite of his disappointment in human gratitude. This generous trait of his character will again be exemplified.
Dr. Thomas Cheyney, in one of the numerous papers upon which comment has been made, was another whose kindness was ill-rewarded. In a codicil dated January 14, 1748, he says in language through which we [Pg 172] can see his disappointment and disgust: “Thomas Randall having chose to leave my service not in the most grateful manner, after I had educated him from his very distressed21 childhood, I hereby revoke23 all legacies24 intended ... for him.”
M. Coquelin, the famous actor, left a large legacy25 for his servant Gillet, “who has been the most honest and most devoted26 of servants.” Handel’s will and codicils27 show how much his servants were in his mind. Sir John Dolben, of Durham, Bart., D.D., says in his will, dated May 22, 1751: “I give and bequeath to my faithful and affectionate old servant Elizabeth Burlington all my wearing clothes and apparel whatsoever28, and I wish I was in circumstances to leave her a provision for life suitable to the care she has taken of me during very many long and sore distempers, but I think and hope my children will not let her want under old age and infirmities.”
The Rt. Hon. Mary Countess Dowager of De la Warr, whose will reveals a lovable and sentimental29 personality, was fortunate in her servants. Dated July 24, 1783, it is addressed to Johnny her son: “My dear Son, as I hourly feel my health decay, it reminds me how necessary it is to make a few memorandums, which, from the knowledge I have of the integrity of your heart, will (I am sensible) be as binding30 and as strictly31 adhered to by you as a will strictly drawn32 up with the greatest form.... Poor Elizabeth Hutchinson’s unwearied attentions to me and your sister Charlotte during all our sickness cannot be forgot [Pg 173] by me. I desire she may have ￡30 and all my wearing apparel, and added to these the best of characters. The rest of my servants mourning and ￡10 each, having behaved very well in my service. Adieu: jusqu’au revoir.”
It is curious to observe the minute care with which high dignitaries consider the claims of their servants. The Noble Robert Dunant, whose will (already referred to), dated at Geneva August 12, 1768, is translated from the French, is an example of this: “I, the underwritten Counsellor of State, having first humbled33 myself before God and implored34 the assistance of His good Spirit to conduct me wisely as well in the present, as all the other acts of my life, have made and do make my will in the following manner.... I give and bequeath to Elizabeth or Isabeau Rambosson my servant, if she is in my service at the time of my death, the bed she lays on with all its furniture both inward and outward, three strikes of wheat with three good wheat sacks, twelve kitchen table cloths at her choice, thirty livres to buy herself some necessaries, thirty livres in mourning, ... in all three hundred livres in money, four pairs of sheets for the use of her bed: the aforesaid legacies free from the 10 per cent., and payable35 a month after my decease. The long good and faithful services of the aforesaid Isabeau ought to procure36 her moreover civility from my heirs.”
From the sixteenth century also an example may be taken. In the thirteenth year of Charles II., Richard Lumley Knight37 Lord Viscount [Pg 174] Lumley writes: “I desire with all the earnestness I can that my heir will put my house at Stansted in repair, if I shall not do it before my death, and to make it his seat. And I hereby recommend such as have been my ancient officers and servants to my house as persons fit for his service, having found them faithful to me, and they as best acquainted with the estate are best able for the managery thereof: and principally ... Robert Carter, of whose fidelity38 and affection to me and mine I have had more than ordinary experience.” An Adam, evidently, of the old school!
There is a phrase which is perhaps something of a stock phrase in wills, but shows that the servant in the seventeenth century was more than a chattel39. It occurs, for instance, in the will of John Donne—his real will, not that fantastic one he made in verse. He made it “in the fear of God, whose mercy I humbly40 beg and constantly rely upon in Christ Jesus, and in perfect love and charity with all the world, whose pardon I ask from the lowest of my servants to the highest of my superiors.” His will reveals that tender beauty which often appears in these documents. Some of its legacies and provisions are quoted by Izaac Walton, who, however, omits the most touching41 of all, the interest of ￡500 “for the maintenance of my dearly beloved mother, whom it hath pleased God after a plentiful42 fortune in her former times to bring in decay in her very old age.” But this is a digression. [Pg 175]
Nancy Greensill, widow, of Brewood, Staffs., in her will dated January 4, 1786, remembered her servant, but not in a spirit so generous. She begs her mother Susannah will accept her cowslip wine as a small token of affection; she gives to her brother-in-law Francis Greensill her plain dressing-table with the smallest swing looking-glass and her preserves of all kinds, and to his wife Fanny all her best shoes “as I think they will best fit her.” She begs her sister-in-law Elizabeth “will accept my pink and black striped silk gown, one of my best worked aprons43 and my ear-rings of all kinds.” But to her servant Sarah Williams she gives “my old wearing apparel, my worst pair of stays, my old brown cotton gown, my black stuff gown, my light striped chintz gown, my black quilted petticoat, old green petticoat, my bed gowns, my worst mourning cap, three plain muslin handkerchiefs, my common shoes, some thread stockings and my black bonnet44.” And Mary Myddelton, who died in 1789, good as it was of her to remember her washerwoman at all, seems to spoil the gift to her of ￡2 by adding “with the worst of my things that my executrix may think proper to give.” Still, it is worth noticing that even a daughter comes in for a similar gift. Sarah Morgan, of Glamorgan, in 1802 desires her executor to give “all the bed linen45 and table linen to my daughter Kate Williams; they are not worth sending to London, so old and very bad.” [Pg 176]
Such gifts seem to have been in the air, if the expression may be condoned46. Among the village characters with their little days and doings in John Galt’s “Annals of the Parish,” is a “Miss Sabrina,” who took up the school during the reign47 of the minister, the Rev22. Mr. Balwhidder, and, during the same pastorate, died (1800). Mr. Balwhidder writes the account, the annals of the parish where he lived and worked; and though a legacy might not be wholly unexpected, the form of it certainly was surprising. “Miss Sabrina, who was always an oddity and aping grandeur48, it was found had made a will, leaving her gatherings49 to her favourites, with all regular formality. To one she bequeathed a gown, to another this, and a third that, and to me a pair of black silk stockings. I was amazed when I heard this but judge what I felt, when a pair of old marrowless50 stockings, darned in the heel, and not whole enough in the legs to make a pair of mittens51 to Mrs. Balwhidder, were delivered to me by her executor, Mr. Caption52, the lawyer.” Really, we can hardly believe it, even after the instances quoted.
But let this chapter close with the account of Sir Roger de Coverley’s will as told by Edward Biscuit, his faithful butler, in the pages of the old Spectator. “It being a very cold day when he made his will, he left for mourning to every man in the parish a great frize coat, and to every woman a black riding-hood. It was a most moving sight to see him take leave of his poor servants, commending us all for our [Pg 177] fidelity, whilst we were not able to speak a word for weeping. As we most of us are grown grey-headed in our dear master’s service, he has left us pensions and legacies, which we may live very comfortably upon the remaining part of our days.”
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promotion
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| n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传 | |
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ingratitude
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| n.忘恩负义 | |
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gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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lament
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| n.悲叹，悔恨，恸哭；v.哀悼，悔恨，悲叹 | |
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memorandum
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| n.备忘录，便笺 | |
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inscriptions
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| （作者）题词( inscription的名词复数 )； 献词； 碑文； 证劵持有人的登记 | |
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diligent
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| adj.勤勉的，勤奋的 | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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interred
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| v.埋，葬( inter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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sauciness
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| n.傲慢，鲁莽 | |
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unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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flaunting
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| adj.招摇的，扬扬得意的，夸耀的v.炫耀，夸耀( flaunt的现在分词 )；有什么能耐就施展出来 | |
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joint
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| adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合 | |
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codicil
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| n.遗嘱的附录 | |
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coffin
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| n.棺材，灵柩 | |
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soldered
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| v.（使）焊接，焊合( solder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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stipulates
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| n.（尤指在协议或建议中）规定，约定，讲明（条件等）( stipulate的名词复数 )；规定，明确要求v.（尤指在协议或建议中）规定，约定，讲明（条件等）( stipulate的第三人称单数 )；规定，明确要求 | |
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distressed
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| 痛苦的 | |
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rev
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| v.发动机旋转，加快速度 | |
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revoke
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| v.废除，取消，撤回 | |
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legacies
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| n.遗产( legacy的名词复数 )；遗留之物；遗留问题；后遗症 | |
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legacy
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| n.遗产，遗赠；先人(或过去)留下的东西 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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codicils
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| n.遗嘱的附件( codicil的名词复数 ) | |
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whatsoever
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| adv.（用于否定句中以加强语气）任何；pron.无论什么 | |
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sentimental
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| adj.多愁善感的，感伤的 | |
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binding
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| 有约束力的，有效的，应遵守的 | |
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strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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humbled
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| adj. 卑下的，谦逊的，粗陋的 vt. 使 ... 卑下，贬低 | |
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implored
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| 恳求或乞求（某人）( implore的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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payable
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| adj.可付的，应付的，有利益的 | |
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procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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knight
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| n.骑士，武士；爵士 | |
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fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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chattel
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| n.动产；奴隶 | |
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humbly
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| adv. 恭顺地，谦卑地 | |
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touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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plentiful
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| adj.富裕的，丰富的 | |
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aprons
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| 围裙( apron的名词复数 )； 停机坪，台口（舞台幕前的部份） | |
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bonnet
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| n.无边女帽；童帽 | |
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linen
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| n.亚麻布，亚麻线，亚麻制品；adj.亚麻布制的，亚麻的 | |
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condoned
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| v.容忍，宽恕，原谅( condone的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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grandeur
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| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
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gatherings
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| 聚集( gathering的名词复数 )； 收集； 采集； 搜集 | |
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marrowless
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| adj.无髓的，无力的 | |
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mittens
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| 不分指手套 | |
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caption
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| n.说明，字幕，标题；v.加上标题，加上说明 | |
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