Next follow fragmentary narratives5 of seventh-century voyages. Two “testimonies” are given of the exploits of the Saxon king, Edwin, with his conquest of the Isles6 of Man and Anglesey and the other northwestern islands of the Britons lying between Britain and Ireland, in the year 624. The second of these “testimonies” related how Edwin also subdued to the crown of England the Hebrides, “commonly called the 37Western Islands.” Then is reproduced the story of the voyage of Bertus, “general of an army sent into Ireland by Ecfridus [Ecgfrith] king of Northumberland” in the year 684. This warrior7, the chronicler relates, “miserably wasted that innocent nation being always most friendly unto the people of England,” sparing neither churches nor monasteries8, while the Islanders “repelled arms with arms and craving9 God’s aid from heaven with continual imprecations and curses they pleaded for revenge.”
The first recorded English voyage having discovery with expansion of trade for its object was that of one Octher to the northward, at the close of the ninth century, about the year 890. Octher was a prosperous whale-hunter, of Heligoland in the North Sea. The special purpose of his venture was to “increase the knowledge” of the northern coasts and countries “for the more commodity of fishing of horse-whales which have in their teeth bones of great price and excellence10.” He found what he sought, and brought home some specimens11 of big whalebones, which he presented to the English king. The skins of the horse-whales he reported were “very good to make cables for ships, and so used” by the hardy12 dwellers13 on these coasts. A few years earlier Sighelmus, Bishop14 of Sheburne, as messenger of King “Alphred” (?lfrid), bearing alms and gifts to the king of Rome, had penetrated15 into India, and returned to England with costly16 spices and divers17 strange and precious stones, many of which stones long after remained in the monuments of the 38church. Following Octher one Wolstan made a navigation into the sound of Denmark, of which brief account is given.
With these narrations18 of voyages for conquest and trade are interwoven tales of pilgrimages to the Holy Land, “for devotion’s sake,” and imagined relief from the penalties of sin, forerunners19 of the Crusades of succeeding centuries. Earliest of all chronicled is the legend of the “Travaile of Helena,” in the fourth century, before 337. She was Helena Flavia Augusta, afterward20 the Empress Helena, mother of Constantine “the Great,” emperor and king of Britain. She became a Christian21 when Constantine was converted. By reason of her “singular beauty, faith, religion, goodness, and godly majesty,” she was “famous in all the world.” She was “skilful in divinity,” and wrote and composed “divers books and certain Greek verses.” She made the perilous22 journey to Jerusalem toward the close of a long life, being “warned by some visions,” and piously23 visited “all the places that Christ had frequented.” She is said to have discovered “the holy sepulchre and the true cross.” Then follows a note on Constantine’s travels to Greece, Egypt, and Persia, in about 339. He “overthrew the false gods of the heathen, and by many laws, often revived, he abrogated24 the worshipping of images in all the countries of Greece, Egypt, Persia, Asia, and the whole Roman empire, commanding Christ only to be worshipped.”
In the tenth century English ships began to be found in far distant seas. Fragments are recorded concerning 39the beginnings and growth of the “classical and warlike” shipping25 of England in that period. We have the spectacle of the grand navy of the Saxon Eadgar, “the Peaceful,” who succeeded to the whole realm in 959, comprising “four thousand sail at the least.” With this fleet it was his annual pastime to make “summer progresses” round almost the whole of his then large monarchy26, thus demonstrating “to the world” that “as he wisely knew the ancient bounds and limits of the British empire” so he “could and would royally, justly, and triumphantly27 enjoy the same spite the devil and maugre the force of any foreign potentate30.” By the twelfth century London, as described in extracts from a foreign writer, had become a “noble Citie,” frequented with the “traffique of Marchants resorting thither31 out of all nations,” and having “outlandish wares32 ... conveighed” into it from the “famous river of the Thames.” At the same time, and by the same writer, the “famous Towne of Bristow” (Bristol) is represented “with an Haven33 belonging thereunto which is a commodious34 and safe receptacle for all ships directing their course for the same from Ireland, Norway, and other outlandish and foren [foreign] countreys.”
To this century, in 1170, is credited the “most ancient” discovery of the West Indies by Madoc, the Welshman, and his subsequent attempt at colonization35 on one of the islands. Hakluyt takes the tale “out of the history of Wales lately published by M[aster] David Powel, Doctor of Divinity.” Madoc was a son of Owen 40Guyneth, prince of North Wales. Upon Guyneth’s death his sons “fell at debate who should inherit after him.” The eldest36, Edward, or Jorweth Drwydion, was counted “unmeet to govern because of the maim37 on his face,” and Howell took up the rule. But Howell was born out of matrimony. So the second legitimate38 son, David, rose against him, and “fighting with him slew39 him.” Thereafter David enjoyed quietly the whole land of North Wales till Edward’s son came of age. Meanwhile Madoc had left the land in contention40 betwixt his brothers, and had sought adventures by sea. At this point the story of discovery begins. Having prepared “certain ships with men and munitions” he sailed westward41; and leaving the coast of Ireland far north he at length came “unto a land unknown, where he saw many strange things.” This land, the Welsh historian declared, “must needs be some part of that country of which the Spaniards affirm themselves to be the first finders since Hanno’s time; whereupon it is manifest that that country was by Britaines [Britons] discovered long before Columbus led any Spaniards thither.” The historian admitted that “there be many fables” regarding Madoc’s discovery, but, notwithstanding, the fact remained; “sure it is there he was.” Next follows the entertaining legend of Madoc’s attempted settlement:
“And after he had returned home and declared the pleasant and fruitfull countreys that he had seene without inhabitants, and, upon the contrary part, for what barren & wild ground his brethren and nephewes did 41murther one another, he prepared a number of ships, and got him such men and women as were desirous to live in quietnesse: and taking leave of his friends, tooke his journey thitherward againe. Therefore it is to be supposed that he and his people inhabited part of those countreys: for it appeareth by Francis Lopez de Gomara, that in Acuzamil and other places the people honoured the crosse. Whereby it may be gathered that Christians42 had bene there before the comming of the Spanyards. But because this people were not many they followed the maners of the land which they came unto, & used the language they found there. This Madoc arriving in the Westerne country, unto the which he came in the yere 1170, left most of his people there, and returning backe for more of his owne nation, acquaintance & friends to inhabit that faire & large countrey, went thither againe with ten saile, as I find noted43 by Gutyn Owen.” Hakluyt rounds off this engaging chapter with this swelling44 verse “of Meredith sonne of Rhesus,” singing Madoc’s praises:
“Madoc I am the sonne of Owen Guynedd
With stature45 large, and comely46 grace adorned47:
No lands at home nor store of wealth me please,
My minde was whole to search the Ocean seas.”
With the opening of the twelfth century the fiery48 Crusades from the Christian nations for the rescue of Jerusalem from the infidel were well under way. Preliminary to the pitiful and bloody49 record, this account 42of a peaceful voyage, in the year 1064, in which Englishmen had part, with an artless touch of autobiography50 by the narrator, Ingulphus, afterward abbot of Croiland, is reproduced:
"I, Ingulphus, an humble51 servant of reverend Guthlac and of his monastery52 of Croiland, borne in England, and of English parents, at the beautifull citie of London, was in my youth, for the attaining53 of good letters, placed first at Westminster, and afterward sent to the Universitie of Oxford54. And having excelled divers of mine equals in learning of Aristotle, I inured55 my selfe somewhat unto the first & second Rhethorique of Tullie. And as I grew in age, disdayning my parents meane estate, and forsaking56 mine owne native soyle, I affected57 the Courts of kings and princes, and was desirous to be clad in silke, and to weare brave and costly attire58. And loe, at the same time William our sovereigne king now, but then Erle of Normandie, with a great troup of followers59 and attendants, came unto London, to conferre with king Edward, the Confessour, his kinsman60. Into whose company intruding61 my selfe, and proffering62 my service for the performance of any speedy or weightie affayres, in short time, after I had done many things with good successe, I was knowen and most entirely63 beloved by the victorious64 Erie himselfe, and with him I sayled into Normandie. And there being made his secretarie, I governed the Erles Court (albeit with the envie of some) as my selfe pleased, yea, whom I would I abased65 and preferred whom I thought good.
43"When as therefor, being carried with a youthfull heat and lustie humour, I began to be wearie even of this place, wherein I was advanced so high above my parentage, and with an inconstant minde, and an affection too too ambitious, most vehemently66 aspired67 at all occasions to climbe higher: there went a report throughout all Normandie, that divers Archbishops of the Empire, and secular69 princes were desirous for their soules health, and for devotion sake, to goe on pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Wherefore out of the family of our lorde the Earle, sundry70 of us, both gentlemen and clerkes (principall of whom was my selfe) with the licence and good will of our sayd lord the earle, sped us on that voiage, and travailing thirtie horses of us into high Germanie, we joyned our selves unto the Archbishop of Mentz. And being with the companies of the Bishops68 seven thousand persons sufficiently71 provided for such an expedition, we passed prosperously through many provinces, and at length attained72 unto Constantinople. Where doing reverence73 unto the Emperour Alexius, we sawe the Church of Sancta Sophia, and kissed divers sacred reliques.
"Departing thence through Lycia, we fell into the hands of the Arabian theeves: and after we had bene robbed of infinite summes of money, and had lost many of our people, hardly escaping with extreame danger of our lives, at length wee joyfully74 entered into the most wished citie of Jerusalem. Where we were received by the most reverend, aged75, and holy patriarke Sophronius, with great melodie of cymbals76 and with torch-light, and 44were accompanied unto the most divine Church of our Saviour77 his sepulchre with a solemne procession aswell of Syrians as of Latines. Here, how many prayers we uttered, what abundance of teares we shed, what deepe sighs we breathed foorth, our Lord Jesus Christ onely knoweth. Wherefore being conducted from the most glorious sepulchre of Christ to visite other sacred monuments of the citie, we saw with weeping eyes a great number of holy Churches and oratories78, which Achim the Souldan [sultan] of Egypt had lately destroyed. And so having bewailed with sadde teares, and most sorowful and bleeding affections, all the mines of that most holy city both within and without, and having bestowed79 money for the reedifying of some, we desired with most ardent80 devotion to go forth81 into the countrey, to wash our selves in the most sacred river of Jordan, and to kisse all the steppes of Christ. Howbeit the theevish Arabians lurking82 upon every way, would not suffer us to travell farre from the city by reason of their huge and furious multitudes.
“Wherefor about the spring there arrived at the port of Joppa a fleet of ships from Genoa. In which fleet (when the Christian merchants had exchanged all their wares at the coast townes, and had likewise visited the holy places) wee all of us embarked83, committing our selfes to the seas: and being tossed with many stormes and tempests, at length wee arrived at Brundusium: and so with a prosperous journey travelling thorow Apulia towards Rome, we there visited the habitations of the holy apostles Peter and Paul, and did reverence 45unto divers monuments of holy martyrs85 in all places thorowout the citie. From thence the archbishops and other princes of the empire travelling towards the right hand for Alemain, and we declining towards the left hand for France, departed asunder86, taking our leaves with unspeakable thankes and courtesies. And so at length, of thirty horsemen which went out of Normandie, fat, lustie, and frolique, we returned thither skarse twenty poore pilgrims of us, being all footmen, and consumed with leannesse to the bare bones.”
The story of the voyages of Englishmen in the twelfth-century Crusades, recorded in chronological87 order, opens with the chivalrous88 adventure of Edgar, grandson of Edmund, surnamed “Ironsides,” accompanied by “valiant Robert the son of Godwin,” in the year 1102, when, immediately upon their arrival out, signal aid was rendered by them to Baldwin, the second Latin king of Jerusalem, whom they found hard pressed by the Turks at Rama. The “valiant Robert” sprang to the forefront, and going before the king with his drawn89 sword, he cut a lane through the enemy’s camp, “slaying the Turks on his right hand and his left.” So Baldwin escaped. But the knight91 fared ill. “Upon this happy success, being more eager and fierce, as he went forward too hastily, his sword fell out of his hand. Which as he stooped to take up, being oppressed by the whole multitude, he was there taken and bound.” His fate was tragic92. “From thence (as some say) being carried into Babylon, or Alcair, in Egypt, when he would not renounce93 Christ, he was tied unto a stake in the 46midst of the market-place, and being shot through with arrows, died a martyr84.” Edgar having lost his beloved knight, retired94 from crusading, and returned to England honoured with “many rewards both by the Greekish and the German Emperor.”
Five years later, in 1107, a “very great warlike fleet of the Catholic nation of England to the number of about seven thousand,” together with “more men of war of the kingdom of Denmark, of Flanders, and of Antwerp,” set sail in ships then called “busses”—small vessels95 carrying two masts, and with two cabins, one at each end—for the Holy Land. This body of warring zealots reached Joppa after a prosperous voyage, and thence, under a strong guard provided them by King Baldwin, passed to Jerusalem safely from all assaults and ambushes97 of the Gentiles. When they had solemnly offered up their vows98 in the Temple of the Holy Sepulchre, they returned with great joy to Joppa, and were ready to fight for Baldwin in any venture he might propose against the enemy. Plans were formed to besiege99 a stronghold. But the move ended with an effective demonstration100 of the fleet in brave array, displaying “pendants and streams of purple and diverse other glorious colours, and flags of scarlet101 colour and silk.”
Near the end of this century, in 1190, came the “worthy voyage of Richard the first, king of England, into Asia for the recovery of Jerusalem out of the hands of the Saracens,” with which began the Third Crusade of the nine of history. This was that Richard, of restless zeal96, surnamed “Ceur de Lion,” Henry the 47second’s son. After Henry’s death Richard, “remembering the rebellions that he had undutifully raised” against his father, “sought for absolution of his trespass102.” And “in part of satisfaction for the same,” he agreed to make this crusade with Philip, the French king. Accordingly so soon as he was crowned he began his preparations. The first business was to raise a comfortable sum of money for the expedition. It was promptly103 accomplished104 by exacting105 “a tenth of the whole Realm, the Christians to make threescore and ten thousand pounds, and the Jews which then dwelt in the Realm threescore thousand.” At length his fleet was afloat, and he was off to join Philip of France. This Crusade occupied the first four years of Richard’s reign29, and during it he made the conquest of Cyprus, won a great victory at Jaffa, marched on Jerusalem, concluded a truce106 with the sultan, Saladin, and slaughtered107 three thousand hostages when Saladin failed to come to time with an agreed-upon payment of two hundred thousand pieces of gold. The butchery of the hostages was performed on the summit of a hill that the tragedy might be in full view of Saladin’s camp. On his homeward journey he was shipwrecked, and he was long imprisoned109 in Germany. Hakluyt’s version of this Crusade is a detailed110 account “drawn out of the Book of Actes and Monuments of the Church of England written by M. John Foxe,” more popularly known as Foxe’s Book of Martyrs. Richard’s code of laws and ordinances111 for the government of his crusading fleet, well illustrates112 at once the rigour of the discipline 48and the character of the British sailor of that day. It also discloses the antiquity113 of the method of punishment by tar-and-feathering:
"1. That who so killed any person on shipboord should be tied with him that was slaine and throwen into the sea.
"2. And if he killed him on the land, he should in like maner be tied with the partie slaine, and be buried with him in the earth.
"3. He that shalbe convicted by lawfull witnes to draw out his knife or weapon to the intent to strike any man, or that hath striken any to the drawing of blood shall loose his hand.
"4. Also he that striketh any person with his hand without effusion of blood, shall be plunged114 three times in the sea.
"5. Item, who so speaketh any opprobrious115 or contumelious wordes in reviling116 or cursing one another, for so oftentimes as he hath reviled117 shall pay so many ounces of silver.
“6. Item, a thiefe or felon118 that hath stollen being lawfully119 convicted, shal have his head shorne and boyling pitch powred upon his head, and feathers or downe strawed upon the same, whereby he may be knowen, and so at the first landing place they shall come to, there to be cast up.”
In the Crusades of the thirteenth century we have notes on the expeditions of the “Knights of Jerusalem” against the Saracens: in brief recitals120 of the voyages of Ranulph, earl of Chester, sent out by Henry the third 49in 1218, with “Saer de Quincy, earl of Winchester, William de Albanie, earl of Arundel, besides divers barons,” and “a goodly company of soldiers and men at arms”; and of Richard, earl of Cornwall, Henry the third’s brother (and afterward king of the Romans), accompanied by William Longespee, earl of “Sarisburie” (Salisbury) and other nobles “for their valiancy greatly renowned,” and “a great number of Christian soldiers,” in 1240, beginning the Seventh Crusade. In 1248 Longespee—or Longsword, as his fellow-knights called him for his prowess—made a second voyage and lost his life in a battle with the Saracens. Finally, in 1270, Henry the third’s son, Prince Edward, and other young nobles, having “taken upon them the cross,” at the hand of the Pope’s legate then in England, “to the relief of the Holy Land and the subversion122 of the enemies of Christ,” sailed out with a gallant123 war fleet. They landed at Acre, and thence the prince, with an army of six or seven thousand soldiers, marched upon Nazareth. This he took, and “those that he found there he slew.” Other victories followed with much slaughter108 of Saracens. At length the triumphant28 prince fell ill at Acre, and during his sickness a plot was concocted124 by the emir of Joppa to remove him by assassination125. This failed, the prince thwarting126 the scheme by himself killing127 the emir’s messenger just as the treacherous128 dagger129 was to be thrust into his bosom130. Shortly after he concluded a peace for ten years and returned to England, to be crowned king upon his father’s death.
50Edward’s was the last exploit of Englishmen in the Crusades, and it closed the last one. Attempts were made at subsequent periods to revive the flame, but these resulted only in flares131 of short duration. A shining one for a moment was kindled132 by King Henry the fourth in 1413. It flashed out with his sudden death at Westminster while the ships and galleys133 for the proposed voyage were building.
“THE GREAT HARRY,” AN ENGLISH SHIP OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
At this time the competition for trade advantages in the east and northeast were becoming of larger import to England. A half-century earlier, in 1360, in Edward the third’s reign, a Franciscan friar, mathematician134, and astronomer135, Nicholas de Linna, of Oxford, had made a voyage into the north parts, “all the regions situated136 under the North-pole,” had taken valuable observations, and had reported his discoveries to Edward with a description of the northern islands. In 1390 Henry, earl of Derby, afterward King Henry the fourth, made a voyage into Prussia; and the next year the duke of Gloucester, Edward the third’s youngest son, also penetrated Prussia. As early as 1344 the island of Madeira had been discovered by an Englishman, and sometime occupied. The latter, however, was not a commercial discovery, but a romantic one, and England at the time, and for long after, was not aware of it. Hakluyt takes the story from a Portuguese137 history. It was regarded by most later historians as apocryphal138, but its genuineness has been finally demonstrated through the historical researches of the English geographer139, R. H. Major. It runs in this 51wise. The discoverer was one Robert Macham, when fleeing from England to France with his stolen bride, Anna d’Arfet. His ship was tempest-tossed out of its course and cast toward this island. He anchored in a haven (which years afterward was named Macham in memory of him) and landed on the island with his lady and the ship’s company. Soon with a fair wind the ship and part of the company “made sail away.” After a while the young woman died “from thought,” perhaps homesickness; and Macham built a tomb for her upon which he inscribed140 their names, and “the occasion of their arrival there.” Then he ordered a boat made of a single great tree, and when it was done, he put to sea with his few companions that were left. At length they came upon the coast of Afrike (Africa) without sail or oar141. “And the Moors142 which saw it took it to be a marvellous thing and presented him unto the king of that country for a wonder, and that king also sent him and his companions for a miracle unto the king of Spain.”
With the opening of the fifteenth century, Portugal was pressing forward for a share with the maritime143 states of Italy, Genoa, and Venice in the rich eastern traffic. In 1410 Prince Henry, “the Navigator,” had begun his systematic144 explorations. A younger son of the Portuguese king John the first, and a grandson of Edward the third of England, born at the close of the fourteenth century (in 1394), after gaining renown121 as a soldier, he turned to loftier aims and became one of the first astronomers145, mathematicians146, cartographers, and 52directors of maritime discoveries in his time. He was the first to conceive the idea of cutting a way out through the unexplored ocean. His superb genius gave the inspiration to marvellous results in the discovery of more than half the globe within the cycle of a century. At the age of twenty-four the hope was born in him of reaching India by the south point of Africa, and thereafter to this end his speculations147 and studies were ardently148 directed. The earliest expeditions sent out by him failed of results, and his theories were ridiculed149 by his fellow-nobles. At length, however, in 1419 and 1420, the Madeira Islands, Porto Santo and Madeira, were rediscovered by his navigators. A little more than a decade later, in 1433, they had rounded Cape90 Bojador. In 1435 the prince’s cup-bearer had passed beyond that cape. In 1443 another of his navigators had sailed beyond Cape Blanco. The next year Pope Martin the fifth, by a Papal Bull, declared Portugal in possession of all the lands her mariners150 had visited as far as the Indies. In 1445 the mouth of the Senegal and afterward Cape Verde were reached. Prince Henry died in 1460, but the work he had begun continued, after a temporary check, to be carried forward. In 1469 Portuguese trade was opened with the Gold Coast. In 1484 the mouth of the Congo was discovered. In 1486 Bartholomew Dias doubled the Cape of Good Hope.
Meanwhile these wondrous151 advances of Portugal were stimulating152 other maritime nations to the quest for new passages to India.
点击
收听单词发音
收听单词发音 |
1
northward
|
|
| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
2
legendary
|
|
| adj.传奇（中）的，闻名遐迩的；n.传奇（文学） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
3
subdued
|
|
| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
4
tributaries
|
|
| n. 支流 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
5
narratives
|
|
| 记叙文( narrative的名词复数 )； 故事； 叙述； 叙述部分 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
6
isles
|
|
| 岛( isle的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
7
warrior
|
|
| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
8
monasteries
|
|
| 修道院( monastery的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
9
craving
|
|
| n.渴望,热望 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
10
excellence
|
|
| n.优秀，杰出，(pl.)优点，美德 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
11
specimens
|
|
| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
12
hardy
|
|
| adj.勇敢的，果断的，吃苦的；耐寒的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
13
dwellers
|
|
| n.居民，居住者( dweller的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
14
bishop
|
|
| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
15
penetrated
|
|
| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
16
costly
|
|
| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
17
divers
|
|
| adj.不同的；种种的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
18
narrations
|
|
| 叙述事情的经过，故事( narration的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
19
forerunners
|
|
| n.先驱( forerunner的名词复数 )；开路人；先兆；前兆 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
20
afterward
|
|
| adv.后来；以后 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
21
Christian
|
|
| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
22
perilous
|
|
| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
23
piously
|
|
| adv.虔诚地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
24
abrogated
|
|
| 废除（法律等）( abrogate的过去式和过去分词 )； 取消； 去掉； 抛开 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
25
shipping
|
|
| n.船运（发货，运输，乘船） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
26
monarchy
|
|
| n.君主，最高统治者；君主政体，君主国 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
27
triumphantly
|
|
| ad.得意洋洋地；得胜地；成功地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
28
triumphant
|
|
| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
29
reign
|
|
| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
30
potentate
|
|
| n.统治者；君主 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
31
thither
|
|
| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
32
wares
|
|
| n. 货物, 商品 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
33
haven
|
|
| n.安全的地方，避难所，庇护所 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
34
commodious
|
|
| adj.宽敞的；使用方便的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
35
colonization
|
|
| 殖民地的开拓，殖民，殖民地化； 移殖 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
36
eldest
|
|
| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
37
maim
|
|
| v.使残废，使不能工作，使伤残 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
38
legitimate
|
|
| adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
39
slew
|
|
| v.（使）旋转；n.大量，许多 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
40
contention
|
|
| n.争论，争辩，论战；论点，主张 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
41
westward
|
|
| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
42
Christians
|
|
| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
43
noted
|
|
| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
44
swelling
|
|
| n.肿胀 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
45
stature
|
|
| n.（高度）水平，（高度）境界，身高，身材 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
46
comely
|
|
| adj.漂亮的，合宜的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
47
adorned
|
|
| [计]被修饰的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
48
fiery
|
|
| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
49
bloody
|
|
| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
50
autobiography
|
|
| n.自传 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
51
humble
|
|
| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
52
monastery
|
|
| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
53
attaining
|
|
| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的现在分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
54
Oxford
|
|
| n.牛津（英国城市） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
55
inured
|
|
| adj.坚强的，习惯的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
56
forsaking
|
|
| 放弃( forsake的现在分词 )； 弃绝； 抛弃； 摒弃 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
57
affected
|
|
| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
58
attire
|
|
| v.穿衣，装扮[同]array；n.衣着；盛装 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
59
followers
|
|
| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
60
kinsman
|
|
| n.男亲属 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
61
intruding
|
|
| v.侵入，侵扰，打扰( intrude的现在分词)；把…强加于 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
62
proffering
|
|
| v.提供，贡献，提出( proffer的现在分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
|
63
entirely
|
|
| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
64
victorious
|
|
| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
65
abased
|
|
| 使谦卑( abase的过去式和过去分词 )； 使感到羞耻； 使降低（地位、身份等）； 降下 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
66
vehemently
|
|
| adv. 热烈地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
67
aspired
|
|
| v.渴望，追求( aspire的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
68
bishops
|
|
| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
69
secular
|
|
| n.牧师，凡人；adj.世俗的，现世的，不朽的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
70
sundry
|
|
| adj.各式各样的，种种的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
71
sufficiently
|
|
| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
72
attained
|
|
| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
73
reverence
|
|
| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
74
joyfully
|
|
| adv. 喜悦地, 高兴地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
75
aged
|
|
| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
76
cymbals
|
|
| pl.铙钹 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
77
saviour
|
|
| n.拯救者，救星 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
78
oratories
|
|
| n.演讲术( oratory的名词复数 )；（用长词或正式词语的）词藻华丽的言辞 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
|
79
bestowed
|
|
| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
80
ardent
|
|
| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
81
forth
|
|
| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
82
lurking
|
|
| 潜在 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
83
embarked
|
|
| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
84
martyr
|
|
| n.烈士，殉难者；vt.杀害，折磨，牺牲 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
85
martyrs
|
|
| n.martyr的复数形式；烈士( martyr的名词复数 )；殉道者；殉教者；乞怜者（向人诉苦以博取同情） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
86
asunder
|
|
| adj.分离的，化为碎片 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
87
chronological
|
|
| adj.按年月顺序排列的，年代学的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
88
chivalrous
|
|
| adj.武士精神的；对女人彬彬有礼的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
89
drawn
|
|
| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
90
cape
|
|
| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
91
knight
|
|
| n.骑士，武士；爵士 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
92
tragic
|
|
| adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
93
renounce
|
|
| v.放弃；拒绝承认，宣布与…断绝关系 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
94
retired
|
|
| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
95
vessels
|
|
| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
96
zeal
|
|
| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
97
ambushes
|
|
| n.埋伏( ambush的名词复数 )；伏击；埋伏着的人；设埋伏点v.埋伏( ambush的第三人称单数 )；埋伏着 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
98
vows
|
|
| 誓言( vow的名词复数 )； 郑重宣布，许愿 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
99
besiege
|
|
| vt.包围，围攻，拥在...周围 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
100
demonstration
|
|
| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
101
scarlet
|
|
| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
102
trespass
|
|
| n./v.侵犯，闯入私人领地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
103
promptly
|
|
| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
104
accomplished
|
|
| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
105
exacting
|
|
| adj.苛求的，要求严格的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
106
truce
|
|
| n.休战，(争执，烦恼等的)缓和；v.以停战结束 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
107
slaughtered
|
|
| v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
108
slaughter
|
|
| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
109
imprisoned
|
|
| 下狱，监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
110
detailed
|
|
| adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
111
ordinances
|
|
| n.条例，法令( ordinance的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
112
illustrates
|
|
| 给…加插图( illustrate的第三人称单数 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
113
antiquity
|
|
| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
114
plunged
|
|
| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
115
opprobrious
|
|
| adj.可耻的，辱骂的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
116
reviling
|
|
| v.辱骂，痛斥( revile的现在分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
117
reviled
|
|
| v.辱骂，痛斥( revile的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
118
felon
|
|
| n.重罪犯；adj.残忍的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
119
lawfully
|
|
| adv.守法地，合法地；合理地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
120
recitals
|
|
| n.独唱会( recital的名词复数 )；独奏会；小型音乐会、舞蹈表演会等；一系列事件等的详述 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
121
renown
|
|
| n.声誉，名望 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
122
subversion
|
|
| n.颠覆，破坏 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
123
gallant
|
|
| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
124
concocted
|
|
| v.将（尤指通常不相配合的）成分混合成某物( concoct的过去式和过去分词 )；调制；编造；捏造 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
125
assassination
|
|
| n.暗杀；暗杀事件 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
126
thwarting
|
|
| 阻挠( thwart的现在分词 )； 使受挫折； 挫败； 横过 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
127
killing
|
|
| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
128
treacherous
|
|
| adj.不可靠的，有暗藏的危险的；adj.背叛的，背信弃义的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
129
dagger
|
|
| n.匕首，短剑，剑号 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
130
bosom
|
|
| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
131
flares
|
|
| n.喇叭裤v.（使）闪耀( flare的第三人称单数 )；（使）（船舷）外倾；（使）鼻孔张大；（使）（衣裙、酒杯等）呈喇叭形展开 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
132
kindled
|
|
| （使某物）燃烧，着火( kindle的过去式和过去分词 )； 激起（感情等）； 发亮，放光 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
133
galleys
|
|
| n.平底大船，战舰( galley的名词复数 )；（船上或航空器上的）厨房 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
134
mathematician
|
|
| n.数学家 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
135
astronomer
|
|
| n.天文学家 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
136
situated
|
|
| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
137
Portuguese
|
|
| n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
138
apocryphal
|
|
| adj.假冒的，虚假的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
139
geographer
|
|
| n.地理学者 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
140
inscribed
|
|
| v.写，刻( inscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；内接 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
141
oar
|
|
| n.桨，橹，划手；v.划行 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
142
moors
|
|
| v.停泊，系泊（船只）( moor的第三人称单数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
143
maritime
|
|
| adj.海的，海事的，航海的，近海的，沿海的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
144
systematic
|
|
| adj.有系统的，有计划的，有方法的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
145
astronomers
|
|
| n.天文学者，天文学家( astronomer的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
146
mathematicians
|
|
| 数学家( mathematician的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
147
speculations
|
|
| n.投机买卖( speculation的名词复数 )；思考；投机活动；推断 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
148
ardently
|
|
| adv.热心地，热烈地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
149
ridiculed
|
|
| v.嘲笑，嘲弄，奚落( ridicule的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
150
mariners
|
|
| 海员，水手（mariner的复数形式） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
151
wondrous
|
|
| adj.令人惊奇的，奇妙的；adv.惊人地；异乎寻常地；令人惊叹地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
152
stimulating
|
|
| adj.有启发性的，能激发人思考的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
| 欢迎访问英文小说网 |