“He must go, go, go away from here,”
and “the old spring fret1 comes o’er him” at all seasons of the year.
Migratory2 Activities
The migratory impulse takes a sudden rise at the dawn of adolescence3. Nearly all boys with good, red blood in their veins4 are touched by it. It appears to come as a strong wave at the gang age, and then gradually subsides5; but it rarely entirely6 disappears.
Boys in their gangs love to tell and to hear stories of adventure, and there is no51 question that the gang is often a direct agent for stirring the call of the wild. In forty-four (67 per cent) of the sixty-six gangs there are records of the travel of one or more of the group. A boy who has taken some adventurous7 trip is a hero, and his stories are listened to with great zest8. Boys rarely go off in large companies, for it is impossible for them all to get away at once. Commonly, not more than three or four go at a time; often a boy and his companion together; sometimes a boy goes alone.
In the following records, I have, as before, suppressed such geographical9 names as would be meaningless to most readers, and substituted for them some suggestion of the distance, or indicated whether the journey was from country to city, or the reverse.
“From A—— [a city of 100,000 people] go to B—— [a neighboring town] Sunday afternoons. Jump freights other days and go to [two other large cities, one of them nearly a hundred miles away]. Stayed out one or two nights. Ran away from home [nearly two hundred miles]. Stayed there two weeks.”
52 “Sometimes go on a trip in the country on Sundays. Catch a freight, go to [near-by towns]. Go to B—— to shows and circus.”
“Take a car, go to City Point, just for a little ride. Nice and breezy on the cars. Went to C—— on a freight. Got back same night about one o’clock. Go off for a trip on Sundays. Go out to A——, W——. Went to P—— [one hundred miles]. Had a tent in the woods for a month.”
“Jumped freights. Was going to New York. Stopped [on the way]. Went back, was arrested.”
“Took walks to Y—— Woods and R——’s Pond. Some saved up money and went to L—— Fair [one hundred and thirty miles each way]. Some went to [state capital] to ball-games.”
“Broke into a store and then ran away from home so we wouldn’t get caught. Went to B—— on a freight. Stayed at Hawkins Street Home one night. Went to O—— on freight. Stopped for a week in Armory10 in O——. Walked to N—— [ten miles] to sister’s. Stayed a couple of days. Went53 to W—— and then back to M——, and was caught. We planned to go to A—— [which would have taken them two hundred miles into three states].”
“Go off to different cities on freights. Went to P—— [one hundred miles], five or six times. Stayed a week once. Went to N—— twice. Stopped one day each time. Went to A—— six times. Stayed two weeks. Went to E—— five or six times [these are within fifty miles of home], stopped three or four days. Went [across into Canada three hundred and fifty miles]. Got a job in a steam laundry there. Saved up money and then went off for a good time.”
“Stay out nights three months to a time. Stay in cellars, freight cars, and entries. Sundays go out to [a surburban town] to get apples and pears. Jump freights to R—— and K——. Get off and come right back.”
“Stay out nights. Go in back yards and sleep. Run away to [nearest large city]. Walked. Took four days. Got arrested there.”
54 “Go down to Apple Island in a boat. Stay out at night; stay in paper offices on Washington Street. Lots of boys get there at one and two o’clock for their papers. When woke up, say: ‘I am waiting for the papers.’ Run away from home several times. Get as far as W——, turn round and come back at nights. Say we would try it some other times.”
Or, to sum up:—
23 boys had jumped freights to other towns or cities.
?3 walked to distant towns or cities.
?4 paid fares on cars to different towns or cities.
30 gone off to distant cities.
14 of the thirty had run away from home.
16 had stayed out nights.
In addition to the records of travel found in these gangs, the following records taken later are interesting:—
Boy Number 1
L. E. has a fair home ten miles from Boston; both parents are living. This boy was55 fourteen years of age by the time he was finally committed to a Reform School and had run away from home eight times. He went the first time when eleven years old. His reason for going always was: “I like to see places.” The places were, however, all near-by.
Trip A. “Went to F—— to the military encampment; stayed there two days. Walked to B—— [twenty miles] and stopped around the wharves11. Begged something to eat. Slept in alleyways and in mission. Policemen caught me; took me to the station till father came and got me.”
Trip B. “Went to R—— to watch them drive cows to get killed. Stopped there for three days and worked for something to eat by driving cows. Slept in the stockyard barn.”
Trip C. “Went to W—— to see them make guns and stopped at Arsenal12 two days. Went to C—— to a boy’s house that I knew. Went to theatre, stopped out too late; policeman took me; father came and got me.”
Trip D. “Went to H—— to the place56 where they keep warships13. Stayed there a week looking at guns and things. Went on errands for men; slept in a barn; took some apples off a fruit stand; policeman took me; father came and got me.”
Trip E. “Went to B—— again; liked to go to places. Went out for a week, catching14 fish [salt water fishing]; went out as far as a lighthouse; slept in a bunk15. After return stayed in B—— four days. Went to R—— again to see them kill cows. Policeman took me; father came and got me.”
Boy Number 2
“G. stole some money, $75, and asked me to go with him to see the world. ‘We’ll go to St. Louis, earn some change and come back.’ Went to P—— from B——; stayed there two nights; went by boat to New York; and then, the same day, took boat to Norfolk, Virginia; stayed there three weeks. Went around taking in the theatres, concert gardens, and having a good time. Went to cut-rate office for a ticket to St. Louis; found it would take all our money.57 We went over to Baltimore, and then to Philadelphia. We were ‘financially embarrassed.’ Worked at a restaurant for something to eat. Struck Wanamaker’s for a job. I got $4 a week. I told a hard-up story to the floorwalker and he gave me $1 in advance; hired a room for $1 a week. He [G., the chum] didn’t pay anything toward the room, and bummed16 around looking for a job. We stayed in Philadelphia five weeks. I paid rent and meals for all but once. Man paid me off and gave me $2 extra. We told hard-up story to our landlady17; she went and told the Associated Charities; two policemen came and took us. We would not tell right names; we were sent to the House of Detention18 for two weeks; sent me back to B—— and kept my chum. Sent me over to jail on C—— Street for three weeks. I would not tell my name; got bread and water twice a day. I told them that I lived on Cherry Street, New York. I was getting sick with the itch19, and got scared, and told my right name. Folks didn’t want to send me here; judge did it.”
58 This was a boy of fine ability and not a bad fellow. You can see in his story noble traits of character. He stood by his chum and fed him; he had good grit20. One does not like to think what might have become of him if he had not caught the itch.
Boy Number 3
“Father takes his money and Mr. D.’s up to the car barn. Mr. D. gave me the money [$27] to take to my father. Instead of going to my father, I jumped fence and went down to the city. I was going to New York. I bought a ticket, got on board of the special train, and went to New York. It was night. I slept at the station. Had some money left; went out and bought a telescope and other things I did not need. Went back and slept in the same station. Police officer took me and put me on the train. Mother would give me a flogging every time I came home. Father used to read newspapers how boys ran away and men escaped punishment. The day I went he read about a man who got shot in New59 York; another man shot him in the back of the head; when he was shot, he fell back and pulled the reins21 so the horse stopped; the other man got in and drove off; took man’s money and dropped him with a stone in the river. After a while he floated, and murderer was caught in New Jersey22.”
*****
Of course, it’s a serious matter, this Wanderlust of boyhood, and the boy who indulges it often comes to irreparable harm. But, after all, what is there like this going to and fro in the world to teach self-reliance and a knowledge of men? All normal boys want to run away; it is rather to their credit when they remain at home.
Truancy23
Truancy is another manifestation24 of the Wanderlust. It takes the combined restraint of good parents and good teachers to hold a boy in that public prison, a quiet schoolroom, in the brisk days of fall when the chestnuts25 are falling, or in the mild days of spring, when the birds return and the buds60 are bursting. Notice the very suggestive words of the boys in reference to school. The following answers came from different truants26 in answer to the question, “Why did you run away from school?”
“Miss P. [his teacher] was all right. When I could not get my lessons, she would not scold me, but helped me out on them. Miss L. [another teacher] had it in for me. I was to blame part of the time, but she blamed other folks’ actions on me, and the school was right near the park. I could see them playing and having fun. I wanted to have some fun, too, so I ran away with another fellow.”
“Run just to get away from school. Gather up old barrels and junk to get money to go to shows; used to go alone mostly.”
“Liked all the teachers but one; she didn’t like colored boys. I liked to walk around the streets and look into the big store windows. Ran away to go to the theatre, and to go to ride on the express wagon27.”
“I didn’t like school; I didn’t like geography and history. I liked to go to shows.61 Rather be out working than going to school. Went down around markets to get jobs; about four of us used to go together.”
“Didn’t like to be in there sitting down.”
“Didn’t like to study.”
“Have to sit quiet as can be all day.”
“Went to wharves to see them take out fish.”
“Ran away to go swimming and nutting.”
“Ran to go to the circus.”
“Ran to go to the ball games.”
“Ran to go fishing.”
“No fun in school.”
“Ran to go to theatre.”
In short, the boy is a natural vagabond. He wants above all things excitement, experience, and adventure. He is not lazy, but he will do anything sooner than work steadily28 at desk or bench.
The Theatre
Such adventure as the boy cannot get at first-hand by running away from home, he62 gets at second-hand29 by way of the theatre. Boys have a raging passion for entertainments, and the stage gives them an opportunity to get much of life condensed into a deglutible form. Boys will do anything to get into the theatre,—pick over the dump, work hard, be good for a whole week,—all from a desire to learn something more about the world and to have a new experience.
Not many of us adults fully30 realize the power of the theatre in the lives of children in our cities and larger towns. According to a study made at Worcester, Massachusetts, of children between ten years of age and fourteen, it appears that one quarter never attend the theatre at all, another quarter go at least as often as once a month, while no less than half of all the children examined go habitually31 once a week or more frequently. There is no reason for supposing that Worcester is in any respect exceptional in this regard.
Let us note the reports of the boys themselves:—
63 “Go to shows two or three times a week; liked tragedies; get up shows and let fellows from our district come in.”
“Go once or twice a week to the theatre; go to Bowdoin Square and Grand Opera; like love plays best.”
“Go to shows once a week; Bowdoin Square, Grand Opera, Lyceum and Howard; like funny plays best. Father gives me money to go.”
“Go to shows about every night; stay around and they would let us in late; hook our way in sometimes; jump over the banister when man’s back was turned. Like to see men get shot; like to see trains come on the stage.”
“Like tragedy best, where there was a hero in it. In the ‘Devil’s Island,’ the hero was a fellow in the English army. One fellow was maltreated and sentenced to Devil’s Island, but finally came out the victor.”
“Like war plays. Liked the acting32 where there was fighting and singing. Ran away from school to pick coal to make some money to go to theatre.”
64 “I like murders and plays that have villains34 in them. Got passes from fellows who go out after the first act.”
“Saturday night go to theatre; like tragic35 plays best, where the hero kills the villain33.”
“Go to shows Saturday afternoons; like all kinds. I like war shows and heroes and all like that.”
“We had the best time going to theatres; like comical plays; like to see Irishmen and fighting.”
“Like plays with fighting in them best.”
“Like hero plays.”
“Like excitement and Indian plays best.”
*****
There were eleven different reports in regard to plays which boys liked. Uncle Tom’s Cabin is mentioned in five of them. Others, mentioned once or twice, are Great White Diamond, Queen of the White Slaves, Steeple Chase, Railroad Jack36, White Eagle, Devil’s Island, Peggy from Paris, Girls from England, Under Southern Skies, Arnold the Traitor37, Wedded38 in the Streets, Shaumus65 O’Brien, Limited Mail, The Power of the Cross, Paul Revere’s Ride, New York Day by Day, American Gentleman, Heart of Maryland, Why Women Sin, Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch, Across the Rockies, Younger Brothers, Night before Christmas, Monte Cristo, Midnight in Chinatown, Rip Van Winkle, James Brothers in Missouri, Eight Bells, Across the Pacific, Way down East, McFadden’s Flats, The Blue and the Gray, Winchester.
The significant thing about these reports is the catholicity of the boys’ taste. When there is no bad and demoralizing play to be seen, they are entirely willing to attend a wholesome39 and elevating one.
Fighting
A very common and annoying form of activity of gang boys is fighting. The struggle for existence has, until very recent times, tended to select the men of a tribe who were the best fighters. So the boys come naturally by the fighting instinct. All grown-up persons feel that fighting should not be66 allowed in their presence, and at the same time, that it would have been far better for the boys if they had not appeared on the scene at that critical moment. Boys will fight to maintain personal rights, to defend their honor, to settle disputes, to defend the camp ground. The very slightest offense40 will arouse their combative41 instinct. In fact, they enjoy fighting so much that if they have no proper reason for a fight, they will guy or throw stones at another gang to furnish them a sufficient cause for battle. One gang went so far as to arrange yearly a battle for the seventeenth of June.
In forty-six gangs (78 per cent) we find records of fighting of four different kinds:—
1. Personal fighting.
2. Group fighting inside of gangs.
3. Fighting between gangs.
4. Fighting between groups of gangs.
Personal Fights
“Fight if any one swore about my mother.” “One fellow thinks he can lick the other fellows. They think he can’t, so they start67 a scrap42.” “Have fights among ourselves. Put two fellows together for a fight.” “A fellow wouldn’t share up, so we fought him.” “Fight about calling names.”
Every boy has his code of honor. There are certain names which a boy will not allow himself to be called without a fight. Boys are very sensitive about names which cause disgrace to their mothers. I am not so sure but that every boy should have a code of honor which may not be disregarded in his presence.
Group fighting inside of gangs
“Used to make forts in fields and have fights between ourselves.” “Had fights among ourselves over out and not out” [in baseball]. “Fight among ourselves over ball games.”
There are six records of these internal group fights. In winter boys make forts and choose sides to fight over the capturing of these forts. These fights are usually good-natured but very hotly contested. In the many different disputes which must naturally arise in the group games, the side which is68 being imposed upon must stand for its rights and fight for them if necessary.
Fights between gangs
“Fought with another gang to see which was strongest. Fought with clubs.” “Our gang from our school fought a gang from another school. Fought with sticks and stones. Chase fellows in streets. Split fellows’ heads open.” “Fought with High Street and Water Street gang if they touched one of our gang. Fought with fists.” “Had a regular battle with Sewall Street gang. Made a fort on a hill. Sewall Street gang tried to take fort on us. We pelted43 them with snow balls. They took it once at seven o’clock while we were eating breakfast. We drove them out over a fence.”
Gang fights are very common. The following explanations were given for them: “For the fun of it.” “For the possession of a certain street.” “For the possession of a fort.” “The other gang squealed44 on them over tearing down a shanty45.” “Touched one of our fellows.” “Plagued my brother.” “Picked69 up a fight by throwing stones.” “Arranged for a fight on the seventeenth of June.”
A fight between gangs is often a desperate and sometimes a dangerous affair. It is a fight to a finish; and it calls for the highest kind of courage, loyalty46, and self-sacrifice. A small boy often has to fight a large boy on the opposite side, and to hold his undivided attention while the fortunes of war are being settled on another part of the field of battle. In a single-handed fight a boy will acknowledge personal defeat; but in a gang fight, never until the whole gang is worsted. After a group victory, the boys enjoy talking it over, and the little heroes receive high praise from their larger comrades.
A Fight between Federations47 of Gangs
“C—— gang fought with E—— gang. Everybody thought the E—— fellows were picking on the little fellows too much. We had it all arranged right, but there was a traitor in our gang. He told the E——s. We met in the middle of the ice on M—— River. Fought with clubs, sticks, and stones.70 There were about four hundred of our boys and about the same number on their side. We licked. One of our fellows got knocked out. Half of us got it on the arms. The ice broke in on the river and a lot of our fellows pulled the other fellows out. We did not like to see them drown. One little fellow on the other side got drowned. In close quarters where we could not use our clubs, we used our fists.”
This story reads like a fairy tale, but it is not. The battle was fought to protect the small boys of C——, as noble a principle in the boys as “Taxation without Representation” was to our fathers.
There is a great difference of opinion in regard to the pedagogical value of fighting. Many trainers of boys think that a fight is bad and should be universally condemned48. But there appears to be no road to self-respect and social independence except for the youth to fight for his rights. The boy who refuses to fight, and runs away when he is being imposed upon, feels himself a coward. He loses respect for himself and the respect71 of his playmates. Non-resistance is, without dispute, an ideal for mature manhood, but there is grave danger of forcing standards of grown-up people on youths. More of interest in regard to boys’ fighting will appear in a later study of the boy leader.
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1
fret
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| v.(使)烦恼；(使)焦急；(使)腐蚀，(使)磨损 | |
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migratory
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| n.候鸟，迁移 | |
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adolescence
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| n.青春期，青少年 | |
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veins
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| n.纹理；矿脉( vein的名词复数 )；静脉；叶脉；纹理 | |
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subsides
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| v.（土地）下陷（因在地下采矿）( subside的第三人称单数 )；减弱；下降至较低或正常水平；一下子坐在椅子等上 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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zest
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| n.乐趣；滋味，风味；兴趣 | |
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geographical
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| adj.地理的；地区(性)的 | |
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armory
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| n.纹章，兵工厂，军械库 | |
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wharves
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| n.码头，停泊处( wharf的名词复数 ) | |
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arsenal
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| n.兵工厂，军械库 | |
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warships
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| 军舰，战舰( warship的名词复数 )； 舰只 | |
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catching
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| adj.易传染的，有魅力的，迷人的，接住 | |
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bunk
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| n.(车、船等倚壁而设的)铺位；废话 | |
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bummed
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| 失望的，沮丧的 | |
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landlady
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| n.女房东，女地主 | |
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detention
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| n.滞留，停留；拘留，扣留；(教育)留下 | |
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itch
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| n.痒，渴望，疥癣；vi.发痒，渴望 | |
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grit
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| n.沙粒，决心，勇气；v.下定决心，咬紧牙关 | |
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reins
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| 感情，激情； 缰( rein的名词复数 )； 控制手段； 掌管； （成人带着幼儿走路以防其走失时用的）保护带 | |
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jersey
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| n.运动衫 | |
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truancy
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| n.逃学，旷课 | |
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manifestation
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| n.表现形式；表明；现象 | |
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chestnuts
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| n.栗子( chestnut的名词复数 )；栗色；栗树；栗色马 | |
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truants
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| n.旷课的小学生( truant的名词复数 )；逃学生；逃避责任者；懒散的人 | |
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27
wagon
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| n.四轮马车，手推车，面包车；无盖运货列车 | |
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28
steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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second-hand
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| adj.用过的，旧的，二手的 | |
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30
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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habitually
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| ad.习惯地，通常地 | |
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acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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villain
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| n.反派演员，反面人物；恶棍；问题的起因 | |
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villains
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| n.恶棍( villain的名词复数 )；罪犯；（小说、戏剧等中的）反面人物；淘气鬼 | |
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tragic
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| adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的 | |
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jack
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| n.插座，千斤顶，男人；v.抬起，提醒，扛举；n.（Jake）杰克 | |
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traitor
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| n.叛徒，卖国贼 | |
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wedded
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| adj.正式结婚的；渴望…的，执著于…的v.嫁，娶，（与…）结婚( wed的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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39
wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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40
offense
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| n.犯规，违法行为；冒犯，得罪 | |
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41
combative
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| adj.好战的；好斗的 | |
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42
scrap
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| n.碎片；废料；v.废弃，报废 | |
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43
pelted
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| （连续地）投掷( pelt的过去式和过去分词 )； 连续抨击； 攻击； 剥去…的皮 | |
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44
squealed
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| v.长声尖叫，用长而尖锐的声音说( squeal的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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45
shanty
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| n.小屋，棚屋；船工号子 | |
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46
loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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47
federations
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| n.联邦( federation的名词复数 )；同盟；联盟；联合会 | |
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48
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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