In the very early days of New South Wales, which I am old enough, alas11! to remember, my boyish experience familiarised me with various products, animate12 and inanimate, of the Cape13 of Good Hope, then a handy storehouse of necessaries, for this far and oft-forgotten continent. The mention of 'Cape' geese, 'Cape' wine, 'Cape' horses, 'Cape' gooseberries, was unceasing. Indeed I once heard the pied peewit—a bird familiar to all observing youth—referred to as a Cape 'magpie14.' This was, of course, natural enough. But the logical outcome of this simple nomenclature, which puzzled me at the time, was that 'Cape,' used in that sense, was another name for almost any article resembling but inferior to a prized original. Thus the Cape wine was what we still, perhaps erroneously, consider that inspiriting but less 352delicate beverage16 to be; the Cape geese were smaller and marketably less valuable than their thick-necked solemn English cousins; the Cape gooseberries were sweet with a mawkish17 sweetness, how far below the rough richness of the English fruit! The Cape horses, not devoid18 of pace, were weedy and low-caste; while the Cape pigeon was not a pigeon at all, but a gull19; and even the Cape magpie was held to be a species of lark20, dressed up in the parti-coloured plumes21 of his august relative, the herald22 of the dawn.
Can my readers recall a period in which the adjectives 'colonial' or 'native' were not held to express very similar ideas as contrasted with 'European' or 'imported'? Along with the 'Cape' associations, I acquired, from many sources, a fixed23 idea that an indefinable, climatic process was somehow at work in Australia, preventing like from producing like. It applied24 equally to men and women, horses and cattle, sheep and goats, plants and flowers, qualities and manners. Over this anomaly, dooming25 the unconscious 'currency lads and lasses' to perpetual 'Cape' creolism, I marvelled26 greatly. My sympathies, meantime, were loyally enlisted27 with the 'native' party.
Years rolled on. I visited other colonies and roamed over tracts28 of broad Australia, far from my boyhood's home. Yet I never lost sight of the question which so troubled my youth. I neglected no opportunity of making observations, recording29 facts, or instituting comparisons connected with this mysterious subtle Australian degeneration theory.
I even enjoyed the privilege—of which I desire to speak reverently30 and gratefully—of visiting the dear old land, whence came the ancestors of all Australians, the land of the real, veritable 'old masters,' before any like-seeming but disappointing 'Cape' copies of the glorious originals were thought of. I enjoyed thus certain opportunities, of which I did not fail to make reasonable use.
I mention personal facts merely to show that, having early in life apprehended31 the magnitude of the question, I set myself, not without certain facilities for generalisation, or reasonable time devoted32 to the inquiry33 (about fifty years—ah me!), to do battle with the error, now as then, possessing vitality and power of propagation.
The first primary fact which appealed to my reasoning 353powers as subversive34 of the 'Cape' or degeneration doctrine35 was that of the high and increasing value of the fleece of the Australian merino sheep. This astonishing animal, bred from individuals of selected cabanas of the highest Spanish lineage, was landed in New South Wales in the early years of settlement, and tenderly cherished by the Macarthurs, Rileys, Coxes, and other leading colonists36, more enthusiastic for the welfare of the land than their own aggrandisement. Kept free from 'improvement'(?) by heterogeneous37 imported blood, it was actually declared by Shaw of Victoria and other clear-visioned pastoral prophets to be equal, nay38 superior, to the best imported sheep. It was contended for him that the calumniated39 climate and pastures of Australia had in the acclimatised merino produced a fleece delicately soft, free, lustrous40; withal, so highly adapted for the finer fabrics41 that nothing European could compare with it. That from the type, now securely fixed, and capable of reproducing itself illimitably, had been evolved the most valuable fleece-producing animal, reared in the open air and under natural conditions, in the whole world. That so far from the infusion42 of the best Spanish and Gascon blood improving the Camden merino, as it commenced to be called, marked deterioration43 followed. Horror of horrors! imported blood injurious—what heresy44 was this? Yet, incontestably, the prices of the Havilah, Mount Hope, Larra, and Ercildoune clips would seem to have triumphantly45 established Mr. Shaw's daring proposition.
As to horses, slowly and yet surely it began to be asserted, if not believed, that any stud-master in possession of a family of Australian thoroughbreds, originally imported and bred uncrossed for generations beneath the bright Australian sky, reared on the crisp Australian pastures, had probably better pause before he introduced English blood, unless he knew it to be absolutely superior and likely to assimilate successfully. Later on men were found to say that, given pure pedigree, speed, and soundness on the part of sire and dam, Australian blood-horses, though reared for generations under the fibre-relaxing climatic influences of the Great South Land, were as grandly grown, as speedy, as sound in wind and limb, as full of vigour46 and vitality, as any of the 'terribly high-bred cattle' which at Newmarket represent the ne plus ultra of equine perfection.
354To this latter-day heresy, speculations as to what might have come to the reputation of the race-courses of the land if evil hap15 had chanced to the son of Cap-à-pie and Paraguay, lent considerable force.
Gradually, also, uprose a bucolic47, protesting party, who denied that the unqualified supremacy48 of the British-bred shorthorn was to last for all time. Second Hubback cows and bulls of the blood of Belvidere and Mussulman, Favourite and Comet, had landed here before the rival names of Bates and Booth were household words, from the Hawkesbury to the Sylvester. Careful breeders, enthusiasts49 for pedigree, had jealously kept the blood pure. Size and beauty, hair, colour and handling, constitution and flesh-amassing power were equalled or even exceeded in their descendants. Though sorely trammelled by the 'Cape' orthodoxy, these even at length ventured to raise their flag and proclaim a revolutionary epic50 of fullest colonial brotherhood51, other things being equal. Following them came the champions of Devon and Hereford cattle. Lastly, the Suez mail brought news that certain Bates' Duchesses, born and bred in America, in the United States, where the 'Cape' theory as regarding man and beast to this day doth flourish luxuriantly, were re-exported and sold in England for dream-prices before an idolatrous audience. 'So mote52 it be,' argued the bolder reasoner—'even yet in Australia preserve we but our pure tribes inviolate53!'
It irks one to recall how rigidly54 comprehensive was the elastic55 network of the 'Cape' theory. By no means would the bulldog fight, nor die in battle the close-trimmed cock, nor sing the bird, nor flower perfume the breeze in Australia, as did their prototypes in 'Merrie England.' Long years since this prejudicial indictment56 has been laid to rest amid the limbo57 of forgotten absurdities58. Man, the most highly-organised animal, suffered of course the most injurious disparagement59; he has but slowly been able to clear himself from these damaging aspersions.
Yet, methinks, old Time, his 'whirligigs and revenges,' is even now uplifting the personal character of the Southern Briton, no longer forced to resent the damaging accusation60. In the lower forms of the great School of Effort our champions have arisen and done battle with many a dux of the Old World. 355They have abundantly demonstrated that they could 'make the pace' and yet exhibit the 'staying power,' which is the great heritage of the breed. Lofty of stature61 and lithe62 of limb as they may be—though all are not so—they have shown that they inherited the stark63 sinews, the unyielding muscles, the indomitable, dogged energy of those 'terrible beef-fed islanders' from whom we are all descended64. In the boat, on the cricket-field, at the rifle-targets, and in the saddle, the Australian has shown that he can hold his own with his European relatives.
It remains65 to be seen whether in the more ?sthetic departments he has exhibited the same power of competing on equal terms with his Northern kinsmen66. I now venture to assert, considering the limited number of families relatively67 from which choice could be made, that a very large proportion of Australian-born persons, of both sexes, have exhibited a high degree of talent, and, in some cases, unquestioned genius in the literary, forensic68, or scientific arena69. That small and distant English-speaking population, which in a single generation produced such men as Wentworth, Robertson, Martin, Dalley, Stephen, Forster, Halloran, Deniehy, Kendall, and Harper—Australians by birth or rearing—may fairly lay claim to the highest intellectual proclivities70, to a moral atmosphere favourable71 to mental development. It is inexpedient to mention names in a limited community, but I may assert, without laying myself open to that accusation of boasting for which a colonial synonym72 has been adopted, that in the learned professions Australians may be found, if not at the acknowledged pinnacle73, so near as to be worthily74 striving for pre-eminence75. Among the fair daughters of the land we know that there are numbered singers, painters, musicians, histrionic artists, and writers, of an eminence which fits them worthily to compete with European celebrities76.
Pledged to observing, with deep interest, the native Australian type, so far as it has been presented to me, I have rarely missed an opportunity of testing not only the general characteristics of the individuals examined,—I have even pushed my inquiries77 almost to the verge78 of rudeness as to the nationality of parents and grandparents; from the Parramatta River to the Clarence, from the Moyne to the Murrumbidgee, from the Yarra to the Mataura, I have noticed 'natives' of all ranks, ages, and 356sexes. The eager ethnological reader will naturally require my conclusive79 opinion—a prosaic80, possibly a disappointing one. Australian-born persons, with trifling81 exceptions, are very like everybody else, born of British blood, anywhere. So far from all being run into one mould, as it pleases strangers to believe, they present as many instances of individual divergence82 from the ordinary Anglo-Saxon or Anglo-Celtic types—mentally and physically—as are to be found in Europe or elsewhere. Then the heat, the constant eating of meat, the locomotive, speculative83 habit of the land—do these not produce a variation of type? How can they be like people born in the green Motherland? is eagerly asked. My answer is—that 'race is everything.' A little heat more or less, a little extra wayfaring84, the prevalence of the orange and banana, of abundant food—these things do not suffice to relax the fibre and lower the stamina85 of the bold sea-roving breed which has never counted the cost of the deadliest climate or the wildest sea where honour was to be satisfied, thirst for adventure to be slaked86, or even that lower but essential desideratum, a full purse to be secured. If the air be hot, there sighs the ocean breeze to temper it withal. On the great interior plateaux, the pure, dry atmosphere, which invigorates the invalid87, rears up uninjured the hardy88 broods of the farmer, the stock-rider, and the shepherd. Stalwart men and wholesome89, stirring lasses do they make. The profusely-used beef and mutton diet, due to our countless90 flocks and herds91, though it does not tend to produce grossness of habit, is a muscle-producing food, best fitted for those who are compelled to travel far and fast. The ordinary bush-labourer, reared on a farm or a station, is generally a tall, rather graceful92 personage. He may be comparatively slight-looking, but if you test or measure him, you will find that the spareness is more apparent than real. His limbs are muscular and sinewy93; his chest is broad; his shoulders well spread; he is extremely active, and, either on foot or horseback, can hold his own with any nationality. Wiry and athletic94, he is much stronger than he looks. He will generally do manual labour after a fashion and at a pace that would astonish a Kent or Sussex yokel95. If he have not the abnormally broad frame of the English navvy or farm-labourer, neither has he the bowed frame, the bent96 back, the shorter limbs of the European hind97. With all his faults he is much more as Nature made him, unwarped by 357ceaseless compulsory98 labour, and more capable of the rational enjoyment99 of life.
With regard to mental characteristics. It has been the fashion to assert that a certain want of thoroughness is observable in the native Australian youths. 'They will not fag at their books to the same extent as a Britisher. They are superficial, light-minded, unstable100, what not.'
I well believe this to be an unfounded charge. When will people cease to talk of 'Australians' doing this and that, or permit colonists to differ among themselves from birth, as elsewhere? Here, under the Southern Cross as under Ursa Major, are born the imaginative and the practical, the energetic, the dreamy, the slow and the brilliant, the cautious and the rash, the persevering101 and the fickle102. As the inscrutable human unit enters the world, so must he or she remain, I hold, but partially103 modified by human agency, until the day of death. Change of abode104 or circumstance will not perceptibly alter the mysteriously-persistent entity105. The eager British or other critic sums up the inhabitants living in five hundred different ways as typical colonists. 'The Australian' (saith he) 'does this, or looks like that, dislikes formality, or abhors106 uniformity. He is quick, but not persevering; he is not so profound, so long enduring, so "thorough" as the Englishman.' Such reasoners surely assume that all Australians 'to the manner born' were hewn out of one primeval eucalyptus107 log, instead of, as I had the honour to remark before, possessing in full abundance the endless differentiations and divergences108 from the parent type, and from each other, so noticeable in Great Britain.
Know, O friendly generaliser, that there be tall Australians and short Australians, lean Australians, and those to whom the increase of adipose109 tissue is a sore trial. There be fair-haired and dark-haired, brown-and auburn-haired youths and maidens110, and ever, as the outward man or woman ripens111 diverse under the same sun, do the invisible forces of the mind wax faint or fierce, feeble-clinging or deathless-strong. There are speculative, rash Australians; also cautious, very wary112 Australians. Some to whom gold is but dross113, peculiarly difficult to 'pocket' in life's billiard-table, and woefully given to the losing hazard; others to whom pence and half-pence are dear as the rarest coins of the collector, prone114 to fight for 358or hoard115 them with desperate tenacity116. 'Natives' who are ready to accept the gravest charge without a grain of self-distrust; 'natives' to whom responsibility is a misery117 and a burden. Some there are who from childhood to old age scarcely glance at any literary product except a newspaper. Born on the same stream, or tending the same herds, shall be those whose every waking thought is more or less connected with books; to whom the unvisited regions of the Old World, through such glorious guides, are rendered common and familiar. There is no generic118 native Australian definition, such as we carelessly apply to Englishmen, Americans, Frenchmen, or Germans, when we call the first practical, the second 'go-ahead,' the third gay, the fourth solid. The Australian, perhaps, more nearly resembles the Briton, from whom he has chiefly sprung, than any other sub-variety of mankind.
There may be a slight but noticeable tendency to variation, but it smacks119 of progressive development rather than of retrogression. Let it be remembered that the inhabitants of the principal subdivisions of Britain have mingled120 and intermarried in Australia to a greater degree than is possible in the mother-country. Doubtless English and Scotch121, Scotch and Irish, and so on, continuously form alliances in Britain; but there scarcely can have been such a thorough sifting122 up together, such intermixture of blood there, as where the three divisions, having been imported in rateably even quantities, have intermarried, for nearly a century. The thorough welding of Celt and Saxon, Dane and Norseman, Ancient Briton, Scoto-Celt, and Hiberno-Saxon strains, is hardly possible except in a colony. Hence Australia may eventually produce a type of the highest physical and mental vigour possible to the race. It has been conceded that borderers—presumably mixed—have always excelled in stature and mental calibre the pure races. As much may be asserted in days to come of Australians. As it is, instances are not wanting of a type of manhood combining harmoniously123 those qualities of which English, Irish, and Scotch have from time immemorial been accustomed to boast.
I conclude this outline of a deeply-important question by recording my deliberate conviction, that in the essentials of character, the Southern British race truly resembles and in 359none falls short of the parent stock. Apparent physical peculiarities124 may be explained, as the results of a higher average standard of living, a less stationary125 habit, and the unshared freshness of a glorious atmosphere.
The Great South Land, in extent and variety of climate and soil, offers a more fruitful field for the development of the root-qualities of the race than did any former abiding-place of the great Aryan stock. And though the average stature be exceeded, and the rugged126 lineaments, no longer ocean-striving, but fanned by softer airs, approximate more closely to the chiselled127 features of the Greek, ever and for ever more will Australia 'keep unchanged the strong heart of her sons'; for ages yet to come jealously claiming the proud title of 'Britons of the South,' and as such, when the world's war-dogs bay around the sacred standard of the Empire, eagerly emulous to be enrolled128 among the 'Soldiers of the Queen.'
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speculations
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| n.投机买卖( speculation的名词复数 )；思考；投机活动；推断 | |
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utterance
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| n.用言语表达，话语，言语 | |
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touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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differentiation
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| n.区别，区分 | |
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vitality
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| n.活力，生命力，效力 | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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precocity
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| n.早熟，早成 | |
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perceptive
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| adj.知觉的，有洞察力的，感知的 | |
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persistency
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| n. 坚持(余辉, 时间常数) | |
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alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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animate
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| v.赋于生命，鼓励；adj.有生命的，有生气的 | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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magpie
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| n.喜欢收藏物品的人，喜鹊，饶舌者 | |
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hap
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| n.运气；v.偶然发生 | |
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beverage
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| n.(水，酒等之外的)饮料 | |
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mawkish
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| adj.多愁善感的的；无味的 | |
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devoid
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| adj.全无的，缺乏的 | |
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gull
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| n.鸥；受骗的人；v.欺诈 | |
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lark
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| n.云雀，百灵鸟；n.嬉戏，玩笑；vi.嬉戏 | |
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plumes
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| 羽毛( plume的名词复数 )； 羽毛饰； 羽毛状物； 升上空中的羽状物 | |
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herald
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| vt.预示...的来临，预告，宣布，欢迎 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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dooming
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| v.注定( doom的现在分词 )；判定；使…的失败（或灭亡、毁灭、坏结局）成为必然；宣判 | |
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marvelled
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| v.惊奇，对…感到惊奇( marvel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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enlisted
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| adj.应募入伍的v.（使）入伍， （使）参军( enlist的过去式和过去分词 )；获得（帮助或支持） | |
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tracts
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| 大片土地( tract的名词复数 )； 地带； （体内的）道； （尤指宣扬宗教、伦理或政治的）短文 | |
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recording
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| n.录音，记录 | |
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reverently
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| adv.虔诚地 | |
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apprehended
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| 逮捕，拘押( apprehend的过去式和过去分词 )； 理解 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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subversive
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| adj.颠覆性的，破坏性的；n.破坏份子，危险份子 | |
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doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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heterogeneous
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| adj.庞杂的；异类的 | |
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nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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calumniated
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| v.诽谤，中伤( calumniate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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lustrous
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| adj.有光泽的；光辉的 | |
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fabrics
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| 织物( fabric的名词复数 )； 布； 构造； （建筑物的）结构（如墙、地面、屋顶）：质地 | |
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infusion
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| n.灌输 | |
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deterioration
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| n.退化；恶化；变坏 | |
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heresy
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| n.异端邪说；异教 | |
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triumphantly
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| ad.得意洋洋地；得胜地；成功地 | |
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vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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bucolic
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| adj.乡村的；牧羊的 | |
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supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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enthusiasts
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| n.热心人，热衷者( enthusiast的名词复数 ) | |
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epic
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| n.史诗，叙事诗；adj.史诗般的，壮丽的 | |
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brotherhood
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| n.兄弟般的关系，手中情谊 | |
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mote
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| n.微粒；斑点 | |
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inviolate
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| adj.未亵渎的，未受侵犯的 | |
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rigidly
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| adv.刻板地，僵化地 | |
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elastic
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| n.橡皮圈，松紧带；adj.有弹性的；灵活的 | |
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indictment
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| n.起诉；诉状 | |
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limbo
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| n.地狱的边缘；监狱 | |
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absurdities
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| n.极端无理性( absurdity的名词复数 )；荒谬；谬论；荒谬的行为 | |
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disparagement
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| n.轻视，轻蔑 | |
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accusation
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| n.控告，指责，谴责 | |
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stature
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| n.（高度）水平，（高度）境界，身高，身材 | |
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lithe
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| adj.(指人、身体)柔软的，易弯的 | |
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stark
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| adj.荒凉的；严酷的；完全的；adv.完全地 | |
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64
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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66
kinsmen
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| n.家属，亲属( kinsman的名词复数 ) | |
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67
relatively
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| adv.比较...地，相对地 | |
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forensic
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| adj.法庭的，雄辩的 | |
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arena
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| n.竞技场，运动场所；竞争场所，舞台 | |
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proclivities
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| n.倾向，癖性( proclivity的名词复数 ) | |
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71
favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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72
synonym
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| n.同义词，换喻词 | |
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73
pinnacle
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| n.尖塔，尖顶，山峰；(喻)顶峰 | |
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worthily
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| 重要地，可敬地，正当地 | |
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eminence
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| n.卓越，显赫；高地，高处；名家 | |
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76
celebrities
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| n.（尤指娱乐界的）名人( celebrity的名词复数 )；名流；名声；名誉 | |
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inquiries
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| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
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78
verge
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| n.边，边缘；v.接近，濒临 | |
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conclusive
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| adj.最后的，结论的；确凿的，消除怀疑的 | |
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prosaic
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| adj.单调的，无趣的 | |
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81
trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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82
divergence
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| n.分歧，岔开 | |
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83
speculative
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| adj.思索性的，暝想性的，推理的 | |
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84
wayfaring
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| adj.旅行的n.徒步旅行 | |
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85
stamina
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| n.体力；精力；耐力 | |
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86
slaked
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| v.满足( slake的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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invalid
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| n.病人，伤残人；adj.有病的，伤残的；无效的 | |
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hardy
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| adj.勇敢的，果断的，吃苦的；耐寒的 | |
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wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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countless
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| adj.无数的，多得不计其数的 | |
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herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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sinewy
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| adj.多腱的，强壮有力的 | |
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athletic
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| adj.擅长运动的，强健的；活跃的，体格健壮的 | |
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yokel
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| n.乡下人；农夫 | |
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bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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hind
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| adj.后面的，后部的 | |
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compulsory
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| n.强制的，必修的；规定的，义务的 | |
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99
enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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100
unstable
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| adj.不稳定的，易变的 | |
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101
persevering
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| a.坚忍不拔的 | |
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102
fickle
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| adj.(爱情或友谊上)易变的，不坚定的 | |
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103
partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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104
abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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entity
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| n.实体，独立存在体，实际存在物 | |
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106
abhors
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| v.憎恶( abhor的第三人称单数 )；（厌恶地）回避；拒绝；淘汰 | |
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107
eucalyptus
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| n.桉树，桉属植物 | |
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108
divergences
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| n.分叉( divergence的名词复数 )；分歧；背离；离题 | |
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109
adipose
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| adj.脂肪质的，脂肪多的；n.（储于脂肪组织中的）动物脂肪；肥胖 | |
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110
maidens
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| 处女( maiden的名词复数 )； 少女； 未婚女子； （板球运动）未得分的一轮投球 | |
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111
ripens
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| v.成熟，使熟( ripen的第三人称单数 ) | |
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112
wary
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| adj.谨慎的，机警的，小心的 | |
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113
dross
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| n.渣滓；无用之物 | |
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114
prone
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| adj.(to)易于…的，很可能…的；俯卧的 | |
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115
hoard
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| n./v.窖藏，贮存，囤积 | |
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116
tenacity
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| n.坚韧 | |
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117
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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118
generic
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| adj.一般的，普通的，共有的 | |
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119
smacks
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| 掌掴（声）( smack的名词复数 )； 海洛因； （打的）一拳； 打巴掌 | |
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120
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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121
scotch
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| n.伤口，刻痕；苏格兰威士忌酒；v.粉碎，消灭，阻止；adj.苏格兰(人)的 | |
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122
sifting
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| n.筛，过滤v.筛( sift的现在分词 )；筛滤；细查；详审 | |
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123
harmoniously
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| 和谐地，调和地 | |
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124
peculiarities
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| n. 特质, 特性, 怪癖, 古怪 | |
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125
stationary
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| adj.固定的，静止不动的 | |
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126
rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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127
chiselled
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| adj.凿过的，凿光的； （文章等）精心雕琢的v.凿，雕，镌( chisel的过去式 ) | |
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128
enrolled
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| adj.入学登记了的v.[亦作enrol]( enroll的过去式和过去分词 )；登记，招收，使入伍（或入会、入学等），参加，成为成员；记入名册；卷起，包起 | |
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