Sir James Martin, late Chief Justice of New South Wales, was always facile princeps among us—in every class, in every subject. He may not have posed as a too industrious1 worker, but, whatever his method, he mastered every department of knowledge which he essayed with unvarying success. That he, in common with most of the 'old boys,' wrote with ease and effectiveness was due, perhaps, to the care bestowed2 upon the study of English composition. It was a speciality of the school. Hugh Ranclaud once produced an essay so polished and scholarly that suspicion of plagiarism3 was aroused. A subject was given to him, 'Marauders by land or sea,' to work out under supervision4. He emerged triumphantly5 from the ordeal6. The first numbers of Pickwick appearing about that time, in green covers, if I mistake not, Martin commenced a tale, embodying7 a similar style of incident. I forget the title now, but some numbers were printed. It was a boy's audacious imitation, but even at this distance of time I recall the undoubted ability of his performance. Part of the action was laid in London, a city, strangely enough (though he knew more of its history and topography than many a dweller8 within sound of Bow Bells), that he was never destined9 to behold10.
William Forster was much the same kind of boy as he was a man: obstinately12 honest, uncompromising, detesting14 the expedient15; clever at classics and mathematics, yet with a 361strong leaning to poetry. He left us to go to the King's School at Parramatta, then in charge of the Rev16. Mr. Forrest, Hovenden. Hely, Whistler and Eustace Smith, Moule, the Rossi Brothers, Walter Lamb, and a large contingent17 of Stephens were contemporaries. Alfred of that ilk and I were great chums. He was a steady worker, as were most of that branch of his family. Consett (Connie) was then a handsome, clever boy, who could learn anything when he liked, but was not over-fond of work. Matthew Henry (now a Supreme18 Court judge), on the other hand, was an insatiable acquirer of knowledge, and bore off a bagful of prizes, so to speak, at every examination. Frank, his cousin, was not over-eager about draughts19 from the Pierian spring, which led to misunderstandings between him and our worthy20 master; but he was famous for tenacity21 of purpose and indomitable resolution, qualities which served him well in after-life. Among the boys who came comparatively late was George Rowley. He must have been fourteen, at least, and by no means forward. In two years he was not far from the head of the school. The Brennans—John, the late sheriff, and his brother Joseph—David Moore, a Minister of the Crown in Victoria in days to come, David Forbes, the present judge, and George Lord were the Spofforths, Bannermans, and Massies of that long-past day—old fashioned, perhaps, in a cricketing sense, but prophetic of triumphs to come.
There were fights now and then, and 'what for no?' But these necessary conflicts were conducted with all proper decorum at the bottom of the playground. Mr. Cape22, very properly, did not discourage them as long as there was no unfairness. I reminded Mr. William Crane, stipendiary magistrate23, years since, of an obstinate11 engagement between us, in which his superior science gained the victory. I 'knocked back' or put out a knuckle24 of my right hand (as our schoolboy phrase was) in that or some other desperate fray25. Dr. Parsons, a medical friend whom I met in the street, reduced the swelling26 for me. The worthy stipendiary showed a similar displacement27, attributable to the same cause, as we compared notes.
Ronald Cameron was one of our leading champions, being ready to fight anything or anybody at short notice. He challenged to the combat Cyrus Doyle, a long-limbed native, 362big enough to eat him, with the assurance of a gamecock defying an emu. He lost the fight, of course; but no other boy of his size in the school would have thought of commencing it. He had been at sea for a year, and was thereby28 enabled to tell us wonderful tales of his adventures among the South Sea Islands—much after the fashion of 'Jack29 Harkaway,' who, however, like gas in the time of Guy Fawkes, 'wasn't then inwented.' In after-years a report was current among us that he was lost at sea. Whether true or not I am unable to say. He certainly was, with the exception of Carden Collins, the most utterly30 fearless boy I ever saw.
Of course, with so large a school, under masters were required. These gentlemen were excellent teachers and conscientious31 disciplinarians. First came Mr. Murray, the English and arithmetical master; then Mr. O'Brien, writing master and teacher of mathematics. He had a way of saying, when arrived at the Q.E.D. of a problem in Euclid, 'And the thing is done.' How well I remember his desk and the pen he was always mending! No steel pens in those days. We had to learn to mend our own quill32 pens and keep them in good order. If the pens were bad and the writing suffered thereby, we suffered in person. This led to the careful preparation of the obsolete33 goose-quill—now a figure of speech, a thing of the past.
The Rev. Mr. Woolls was for a year or more classical master. He afterwards went to Parramatta and established himself independently. A fair-haired, ruddy-faced, Kingsley-looking young Englishman was he when he first came to Sydney College. He was the ideal tutor, and most popular with us all: strict in school, but full of life and gaiety when lessons were over.
The late Reverend David Boyd, afterwards of East Maitland, a graduate of Trinity College, Dublin, succeeded him. He was an accomplished34 person if you like: a first-rate classical scholar, with a fair knowledge of French, German, and Italian—possibly Hebrew, for he knew pretty well everything, from astronomy to single-stick, fencing to comparative philology35. He rode, drove, shot, fished, painted, was musical, mathematical—a mesmerist doubtless. 'Omnibus rebus36 et quibusdem aliis' ought to have been his motto. We boys looked upon him as a successor of the Admirable 363Crichton, and revered37 him accordingly. I was very glad when he 'followed the rush' to Port Phillip in 1842, and gave the Hammonds, Howards, myself, and a few other ex-Sydney College boys our last year's teaching. We ought to have made the most of it, for, as none of us got any more, we had to rely upon those early years of conscientious grounding for the foundation of any edifice38 of learning we should elect to place thereon. It has proved extremely useful to all of us, and it was no one's fault but our own if we did not imbibe39 every form of useful knowledge short of what university training alone could have supplied.
Besides these gentlemen we had drawing and French masters. Mr. Rodius was a German artist, a painter in watercolours and a limner of likenesses in crayon. Many of the early celebrities40 will owe whatever immortality41 they may secure, to his industrious pencil. Still linger in old colonial mansions43 a few portraits, not obtruded44 perhaps, but too life-like to be lost sight of, bearing the signature 'C. Rodius.' In our family scrap-album several water-colour sketches45 are to be seen, showing perhaps more than the portraits—which were necessary 'pot-boilers' in that material age—the true artistic46 touch. He used to scold us, his pupils, for our indifference47 and inattention: 'Ven I was yong I did rone a whole mile every day so as to be in dime48 vor my bainding lezzon; I belief you would all rone a mile do esgabe it.' I don't know that he succeeded in forming artists of that generation, but possibly we may have been rendered more appreciative49 of the paintings which most of us were to behold in the Galleries of Europe. Mr. Stanley, our French master, knew his Paris intimately, I doubt not. He had the Parisian accent, too, very different in quality from the provincial50 French which, when spoken fluently, enables so many professors of the language to pass muster51. He was a man of distinguished52 bearing and 'club' form, resembling curiously53 in appearance, and in some other ways, a late fashionable celebrity54. Why he had come to live in a colony and teach French at a boarding-school we might wonder, but had no means of ascertaining55. His life, doubtless, contained one of the romances of which Australia was at that time full. He was generous to all his pupils. No unkind word was ever said regarding him. He imparted to us a thorough comprehension of the genius of the language; and 364if we never fully56 probed the subtle distinctions of irregular verbs, it was no fault of his. Long afterwards, when at the Grand H?tel de Louvre, or the 'Trois Frères Provencaux,' I was able to make my wants known, surrounded by British and American capitalists, sitting mute as fishes, I recalled with gratitude57 Mr. Stanley's faithful monitions.
One of our school games was, of course, that of 'fives.' We played against one of the high gables of the college building, where the ground had been partially58 levelled; but it was rather rough still. A road-party was doing something to the present College Street when a master suggested that I should ask my friend Mr. Felton Mathew, then Surveyor-General and Chief Road-superintendent, to allow the men to complete our 'fives' court. Mr. Mathew was our neighbour at Enmore; he bought the ground from my father on which he built Penselwood. My request was granted, and a party of men under an overseer soon made another place of it.
A tragical59 incident connected with the game occurred about this time. Some of the boys were playing in Sydney against a high wall in a court built for the purpose. It was not properly supported, for it fell suddenly, killing60 poor Billy Jones, who was one of the players. I don't think I remember any other accident. There was an epidemic61 of influenza62, precisely63 like the 'fog fever' of recent years in symptom, cause, and effect. It was universal, severe, and troublesome, but we all recovered in due time. Even 'fog fever,' therefore, is no new thing. A certain school of weather prophets is convinced that, as they state their proposition, 'the seasons have changed; since the old colonial days they have become drier or cooler, even hotter, sometimes.' After a pretty clear recollection of most of the seasons since the 'three years' drought' of 1836-7-8, I am opposed to that belief. What has been will be again. People were justified64 in surmising65 about the time of last autumn that it had forgotten how to rain in New South Wales and part of Queensland. In this year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighty-seven that theory may be said to have exploded.
What was a really exceptional, even phenomenal, form of weather, however, did take place in and near Sydney in one of the dry years mentioned, which was a fall of snow. We made snowballs at Enmore and enjoyed the usual schoolboy 365amusements connected therewith. It must have been nearly as cold a day as last Monday week. There was snow on all the hills around Albury, but I did not hear of any snowballing quite so near Sydney as I refer to. If the Messrs. Chaffey Brothers succeed in their irrigation scheme, and make the Mildura salt-bush wilderness66 to bloom as the rose, we may attain67 partial security from droughts at least. Nevertheless let us pray to be delivered from the legendary68 visitations which grey-headed aboriginals69 have described to pioneer settlers. Such an one, unbroken for seven years, is now laying waste Queensland.
The sons of Sir Thomas Mitchell—Livingstone, Roderick, and Murray—were among the denizens70 of that old enclosure of learning, where, as Hood71 so truly sings—
Ay! there's the playground—there's the lime,
Beneath whose shade in summer's prime
So wildly I have read!
Who sits there now and skims the cream
Of young romance and weaves a dream
Of love and cottage bread?
Who, indeed! and how few are left of all that joyous72 crew that ran and leaped, shouted and whooped73 with the delight of abounding74 animal spirits? Besides the Mitchells were the sons of Colonel Snodgrass; the Dowlings, the present worthy judge and his brother Vincent; the Ritchies; the Nortons, James and John; George Wigram Allen; the Mannings, Arthur and Henry. These with others might be considered the aristocratic section, but there were no divisions founded upon social inequalities. We learned and fed, played and lived generally, in generous and hearty75 fellowship.
William Wentworth the younger, who afterwards distinguished himself at Cambridge, but died early, was intellectually a loss to his native land of no trifling76 extent.
John Lang, whose name to this day is well remembered in the Madras Presidency77, was a Sydney College boy. Known to be clever, no one was surprised to hear that he distinguished himself at Cambridge, and passed as a barrister with credit. He made a short visit to Sydney afterwards, where, politically, he followed the banner of Mr. Wentworth. But he preferred to quit Australia for the exciting life and larger fees with which Indian barristers are credited. There, thanks to an unusual 366facility for acquiring languages, he acquired legal celebrity and a brilliant forensic78 reputation. He gained the historic case of Jootie Persaud, a native contractor79, against the Government, which involved half a million of money. His fee, it was said, paid by the grateful plaintiff, was the royal one of a lakh of rupees (£10,000). A brilliant companion, a more than popular society man, whose promising13 career was cut short by an early death, he found time to write several Anglo-Indian and an Australian novelette or two. Will He Marry Her?, The Forger's Wife, York; you're wanted, are still in constant demand, judging from the number of cheap editions issued. But to my mind Wanderings in India is one of the best of the lighter80 descriptions of Eastern life ever published. The mingled81 realism and pathos82 of the style have been rarely excelled.
Our worthy master was fully aware that moral suasion was by no means wholly to be relied upon for the steady stimulation83 of his troop along the high-road of knowledge. Yet did he make from time to time appeals to the higher nature, attributed to boys in improving works of fiction.
'Bear in mind,' he would say on these occasions, 'that you are to be the future leaders and guides of society in this new country, which is destined to develop into such a great and important one. Out of your ranks, from among those who stand before me in this hall this day, will be chosen the judges, the magistrates84 of the land, the clergymen, the lawyers, the legislators and civil servants. These high positions and responsible offices must be filled by you, or boys of like age and training, when grown to be men. Should you not, therefore, strive earnestly, resolutely85, to fit yourselves to discharge the duties to which in the course of nature you are to be called, intelligently, efficiently86, honourably87? And is there any probability that such will be the case unless you apply yourselves lovingly, perseveringly88, to the tasks set you by me, your teacher and your friend, for which purpose and no other you are placed here by your worthy parents? Master Jones will now commence the Latin lesson of the day—the second ode of Horace, if I mistake not, etc.'
Portions of this wise, thoughtful advice were probably retained mechanically, as an exercise of memory, though not seriously reflected upon. Much passed 'in at one ear and 367out of the other,' unheeded and soon forgotten, with the incredible heedlessness of early youth. Yet how strangely accurate has been the fulfilment of these long-past warnings. Among us then stood in embryo89 a Chief Justice, since eminent90 among high legal authorities, dying in proved possession of a massive intellect, a wide-reaching grasp of principles, a rapid faculty91 of generalisation which will ever cause his memory to be revered and his decisions to be quoted; three puisne judges, all of whom have earned the respect of men for legal attainment92 and unswerving impartiality93; a Right Honourable94 Privy95 Councillor of our Gracious Sovereign, whose Jubilee96 (now that half a century has rolled by since Hugh Ranclaud and I, arms crony-like about each other's necks, heard the Proclamation of her majority read under the oaks of Macquarie Place) received a world-wide celebration. A Privy Councillor, moreover, whose privilege it was, by one act of statesmanlike inspiration, to nationalise Australia and to immortalise himself.
Alfred Stephen became a clergyman, always a hard-working, conscientious parish priest, beloved by his parishioners. He died in harness. Poor Connie, when I saw him many a year after his schoolboy days, was no longer handsome and careless, but as an eminent solicitor97, and thus chained to the Bench, a galley-slave of the law, comparatively war-worn of visage. And pray what are we all in middle life but the bond-slaves, scarcely disguised, of some form of ownership which we dignify98 with the name of Circumstance? He and his brother Matthew Henry were in the House of Assembly at one time, thus justifying99 the prophecy as to the school being the nursery of future legislators.
Sir James Martin was Her Majesty's Attorney-General, and afterwards Chief-Justice William Forster was in more than one Ministry100. Allan Macpherson was for many years regularly returned to Parliament. Sir George Wigram Allen, the steadiest of workers at school, again kept close to Hood's humorous declaration—
Each little boy at Enfield School
Became an 'Enfield's Speaker.
He, with the Honourable James Norton, his neighbour and class-fellow, but continued unchanged the steadfastness101 and success of his school record. With one's schoolfellows the 368physical proportion seems to alter strangely and, in a sense, unnaturally102 in the aftertime. The big boys, the eldsters of one's early days, when met with in other years, appear unaccountably shrunken; while the 'little boys' of the same period seem to have developed abnormally and assumed the gigantic. For instance, a small orphan103 creature was brought to the school very young. He seemed unable to face the strangeness of his surroundings. When, years afterwards, I met at the race-ground of another colony an athletic104 six-foot manager of a cattle-station, mounted on a fiery105 steed, and by repute the show stock-rider of the district, I could not reconcile it to credibility that he should be the 'Bluey' (such was his sobriquet) of our school days. He was, nevertheless.
The Broughtons of Tumut, Archer106 and Robert—now no more—were among the elders of the Sydney College. During the last two years I have visited their homes in that romantic corner of New South Wales. All this time I had a curiosity to explore their ancient town of Tumut under the shadow of the Australian Alps, with its rushing river, green valleys, and romantic scenery. I shall always feel thankful that my desire has been gratified.
We were not permitted to go boating in the harbour unless in charge of relatives. And very properly. But we were allowed to bathe in the summer afternoons, after applying for formal leave.
Our greatest treat was, on the Saturday half-holiday, the picnic to Double Bay. We chose this as being a quasi-romantic spot. Some one had commenced a mansion42 there and had not completed it. There was a deserted107 vineyard, which looked like an amphitheatre; an artificial fish-pond too—an object of deep interest. In those golden summer eves we gathered bagfuls of the native currant—a small fruit capable of being converted into jam in spite of a startling acidity108 of flavour—and having eaten our lunch, 'sub Jove,' used to fish, bathe, and scamper109 about the beach till it was time to return. Still runs the tiny creek110 into which we used to dash 'like troutlets in a pool'; still ebb111 and flow the tides of the little bay; but the neighbourhood is crowded with buildings, incongruous to the scene, and the glory of youthful adventure, which then pervaded112 all things, like the genius loci, has, with the long-past years, fled for ever.
点击收听单词发音
1 industrious | |
adj.勤劳的,刻苦的,奋发的 | |
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2 bestowed | |
赠给,授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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3 plagiarism | |
n.剽窃,抄袭 | |
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4 supervision | |
n.监督,管理 | |
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5 triumphantly | |
ad.得意洋洋地;得胜地;成功地 | |
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6 ordeal | |
n.苦难经历,(尤指对品格、耐力的)严峻考验 | |
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7 embodying | |
v.表现( embody的现在分词 );象征;包括;包含 | |
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8 dweller | |
n.居住者,住客 | |
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9 destined | |
adj.命中注定的;(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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10 behold | |
v.看,注视,看到 | |
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11 obstinate | |
adj.顽固的,倔强的,不易屈服的,较难治愈的 | |
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12 obstinately | |
ad.固执地,顽固地 | |
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13 promising | |
adj.有希望的,有前途的 | |
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14 detesting | |
v.憎恶,嫌恶,痛恨( detest的现在分词 ) | |
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15 expedient | |
adj.有用的,有利的;n.紧急的办法,权宜之计 | |
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16 rev | |
v.发动机旋转,加快速度 | |
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17 contingent | |
adj.视条件而定的;n.一组,代表团,分遣队 | |
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18 supreme | |
adj.极度的,最重要的;至高的,最高的 | |
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19 draughts | |
n. <英>国际跳棋 | |
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20 worthy | |
adj.(of)值得的,配得上的;有价值的 | |
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21 tenacity | |
n.坚韧 | |
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22 cape | |
n.海角,岬;披肩,短披风 | |
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23 magistrate | |
n.地方行政官,地方法官,治安官 | |
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24 knuckle | |
n.指节;vi.开始努力工作;屈服,认输 | |
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25 fray | |
v.争吵;打斗;磨损,磨破;n.吵架;打斗 | |
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26 swelling | |
n.肿胀 | |
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27 displacement | |
n.移置,取代,位移,排水量 | |
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28 thereby | |
adv.因此,从而 | |
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29 jack | |
n.插座,千斤顶,男人;v.抬起,提醒,扛举;n.(Jake)杰克 | |
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30 utterly | |
adv.完全地,绝对地 | |
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31 conscientious | |
adj.审慎正直的,认真的,本着良心的 | |
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32 quill | |
n.羽毛管;v.给(织物或衣服)作皱褶 | |
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33 obsolete | |
adj.已废弃的,过时的 | |
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34 accomplished | |
adj.有才艺的;有造诣的;达到了的 | |
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35 philology | |
n.语言学;语文学 | |
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36 rebus | |
n.谜,画谜 | |
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37 revered | |
v.崇敬,尊崇,敬畏( revere的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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38 edifice | |
n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿,教室) | |
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39 imbibe | |
v.喝,饮;吸入,吸收 | |
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40 celebrities | |
n.(尤指娱乐界的)名人( celebrity的名词复数 );名流;名声;名誉 | |
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41 immortality | |
n.不死,不朽 | |
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42 mansion | |
n.大厦,大楼;宅第 | |
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43 mansions | |
n.宅第,公馆,大厦( mansion的名词复数 ) | |
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44 obtruded | |
v.强行向前,强行,强迫( obtrude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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45 sketches | |
n.草图( sketch的名词复数 );素描;速写;梗概 | |
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46 artistic | |
adj.艺术(家)的,美术(家)的;善于艺术创作的 | |
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47 indifference | |
n.不感兴趣,不关心,冷淡,不在乎 | |
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48 dime | |
n.(指美国、加拿大的钱币)一角 | |
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49 appreciative | |
adj.有鉴赏力的,有眼力的;感激的 | |
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50 provincial | |
adj.省的,地方的;n.外省人,乡下人 | |
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51 muster | |
v.集合,收集,鼓起,激起;n.集合,检阅,集合人员,点名册 | |
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52 distinguished | |
adj.卓越的,杰出的,著名的 | |
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53 curiously | |
adv.有求知欲地;好问地;奇特地 | |
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54 celebrity | |
n.名人,名流;著名,名声,名望 | |
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55 ascertaining | |
v.弄清,确定,查明( ascertain的现在分词 ) | |
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56 fully | |
adv.完全地,全部地,彻底地;充分地 | |
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57 gratitude | |
adj.感激,感谢 | |
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58 partially | |
adv.部分地,从某些方面讲 | |
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59 tragical | |
adj. 悲剧的, 悲剧性的 | |
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60 killing | |
n.巨额利润;突然赚大钱,发大财 | |
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61 epidemic | |
n.流行病;盛行;adj.流行性的,流传极广的 | |
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62 influenza | |
n.流行性感冒,流感 | |
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63 precisely | |
adv.恰好,正好,精确地,细致地 | |
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64 justified | |
a.正当的,有理的 | |
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65 surmising | |
v.臆测,推断( surmise的现在分词 );揣测;猜想 | |
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66 wilderness | |
n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等,荒漠 | |
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67 attain | |
vt.达到,获得,完成 | |
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68 legendary | |
adj.传奇(中)的,闻名遐迩的;n.传奇(文学) | |
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69 aboriginals | |
(某国的)公民( aboriginal的名词复数 ); 土著人特征; 土生动物(或植物) | |
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70 denizens | |
n.居民,住户( denizen的名词复数 ) | |
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71 hood | |
n.头巾,兜帽,覆盖;v.罩上,以头巾覆盖 | |
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72 joyous | |
adj.充满快乐的;令人高兴的 | |
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73 whooped | |
叫喊( whoop的过去式和过去分词 ); 高声说; 唤起 | |
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74 abounding | |
adj.丰富的,大量的v.大量存在,充满,富于( abound的现在分词 ) | |
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75 hearty | |
adj.热情友好的;衷心的;尽情的,纵情的 | |
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76 trifling | |
adj.微不足道的;没什么价值的 | |
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77 presidency | |
n.总统(校长,总经理)的职位(任期) | |
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78 forensic | |
adj.法庭的,雄辩的 | |
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79 contractor | |
n.订约人,承包人,收缩肌 | |
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80 lighter | |
n.打火机,点火器;驳船;v.用驳船运送;light的比较级 | |
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81 mingled | |
混合,混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 ); 混进,与…交往[联系] | |
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82 pathos | |
n.哀婉,悲怆 | |
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83 stimulation | |
n.刺激,激励,鼓舞 | |
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84 magistrates | |
地方法官,治安官( magistrate的名词复数 ) | |
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85 resolutely | |
adj.坚决地,果断地 | |
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86 efficiently | |
adv.高效率地,有能力地 | |
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87 honourably | |
adv.可尊敬地,光荣地,体面地 | |
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88 perseveringly | |
坚定地 | |
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89 embryo | |
n.胚胎,萌芽的事物 | |
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90 eminent | |
adj.显赫的,杰出的,有名的,优良的 | |
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91 faculty | |
n.才能;学院,系;(学院或系的)全体教学人员 | |
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92 attainment | |
n.达到,到达;[常pl.]成就,造诣 | |
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93 impartiality | |
n. 公平, 无私, 不偏 | |
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94 honourable | |
adj.可敬的;荣誉的,光荣的 | |
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95 privy | |
adj.私用的;隐密的 | |
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96 jubilee | |
n.周年纪念;欢乐 | |
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97 solicitor | |
n.初级律师,事务律师 | |
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98 dignify | |
vt.使有尊严;使崇高;给增光 | |
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99 justifying | |
证明…有理( justify的现在分词 ); 为…辩护; 对…作出解释; 为…辩解(或辩护) | |
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100 ministry | |
n.(政府的)部;牧师 | |
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101 steadfastness | |
n.坚定,稳当 | |
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102 unnaturally | |
adv.违反习俗地;不自然地;勉强地;不近人情地 | |
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103 orphan | |
n.孤儿;adj.无父母的 | |
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104 athletic | |
adj.擅长运动的,强健的;活跃的,体格健壮的 | |
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105 fiery | |
adj.燃烧着的,火红的;暴躁的;激烈的 | |
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106 archer | |
n.射手,弓箭手 | |
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107 deserted | |
adj.荒芜的,荒废的,无人的,被遗弃的 | |
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108 acidity | |
n.酸度,酸性 | |
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109 scamper | |
v.奔跑,快跑 | |
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110 creek | |
n.小溪,小河,小湾 | |
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111 ebb | |
vi.衰退,减退;n.处于低潮,处于衰退状态 | |
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112 pervaded | |
v.遍及,弥漫( pervade的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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