And it was in such a position that our hero made his appearance! Such then was the excess of misfortunes that befel him! And this it was what he called in Smolensk to suffer in the service for truth and the just cause. Now the conclusion might have been drawn8 that, after so many sad experiences and changes of fortune and position in life, he would wisely retire with his round sum of ten thousand roubles into a small and quiet provincial9 town, and put on for ever a comfortable Tartar cotton morning-gown, and seat himself at the window of some modest private house, and look on a Sunday at the fights and quarrels of the mouzhiks before him in the street; or take a walk in the poultry-yard, and feed with his own hands the fowl10 which he would like to have cooked for his dinner, and would have continued to lead a quiet and retired11 though not entirely12 useless existence.
However, it did not happen thus. Justice must be rendered to his unconquerable fortitude13 of character. All that had happened to him would perhaps, if not have killed another man, at least would have served him as a caution and quieted him; but with our hero it was not so, the inward flame of his passion was as ardent14 as ever. He felt acute grief and vexation, swore at the whole world, angry at the injustice15 of Providence16, disgusted at the injustice of men in general; but for all that he could not forbear making new essays. In a word, he displayed such an extraordinary amount of patience and perseverance17, against which the wooden patience and perseverance of a German are nothing, because it is constitutional with them.
Tchichikoff's blood, on the contrary, was like an ever-playing fountain, and it was requisite18 for him to possess a powerful will and wisdom, to bridle19 all those passions which would have liked to escape and enjoy unbounded freedom. He began to muse20 and to reflect on the past and on the future, and the conclusions he arrived at were not at all devoid21 of sound judgment22.
"Why should it be always I? Why should I continually be the victim of a cruel destiny? Who is the man in our empire who lingers over his duties? All, the whole nation, from the Emperor himself down to the meanest serf, all have their mind bent23 upon acquisition. I have ruined nobody; I have not robbed the lonely widow, nor have I made any children orphans24. I have derived25 profit from superfluities, have only taken what every one else in my place would have taken; if I had not profited by the chance offered me, others would have done so. Why should others alone enjoy wealth and comforts, and why I alone be condemned26 to live and die like a worm?
"And what am I now? For what am I good now? With what countenance27 should I now be able to look into the face of any pater familias? How can I escape the pangs28 of shame, knowing that I walk uselessly on the face of the earth: and what will my children say when I am dead and gone? They will say our father was a villain29: he left us no position, no fortune!"
It is already well known to our readers that Tchichikoff was particularly anxious about his heirs. A very tender subject. Many a man would perhaps venture head and neck, if it was not for the question which presses itself inexplicably30 upon him—"What, will my children say?" And the possible head of a future generation, like a precautious cat, looking sideways to espy31 if his master is in the way, seizes hurriedly everything that happens to be near him, either a piece of soap, some candles, tallow, or a canary bird if it should happen to fall under its claws; in a word, he allows nothing to escape.
Thus lamented32 our disconsolate33 hero: meanwhile his activity was not extinguished within him; it only slumbered34 for a while. There was always something that preoccupied35 his mind, and only waited for the chance of a sound plan. He armed himself once more with his peculiar virtues36, and determined37 again to begin an active and difficult life; he again submitted himself to the well-known privations of former life, and again from an elevated and respectable position, he launched himself into sullied and low life. And in the expectation of something better turning up, he was obliged to accept the situation of a commission-agent, a profession yet badly received and acknowledged by our citizens, pushed about on all sides, shabbily paid and treated with disregard and even with contempt. However, necessity obliges us to many things, and also excuses them, and our hero therefore determined upon accepting the situation.
Among a variety of business with which he had been entrusted38, was also the following: to mortgage in the Imperial Bank of the Council of Guardians39, a few hundred serfs. The nobleman who had commissioned him to undertake this business was ruined, and reduced to the last extremity40. His landed property was already completely encumbered41, by an epidemic42 among his cattle, villainous and dishonest stewards43, bad harvests, epidemic diseases which had carried off numbers of his most valuable serfs, and at last by the follies44 of the nobleman himself, who had purchased and furnished a house in St. Petersburg at an extravagant45 expense but in the last Parisian fashion, and who had spent upon this mad fancy his last rouble, so that he had nothing to eat. And for this reason, he was obliged to have recourse to the last extremity, and determine upon parting with his life estate.
The Imperial Bank for the mortgage of landed property and serfs, under the title of Council of Guardians, is one of the numerous paternal46 institutions of recent date, and of all of which his Majesty47 the Emperor is himself the head. The transactions of the Imperial Council of Guardians claim his peculiar attention, and consist chiefly in advancing monies to such noblemen of the Empire as have become embarrassed from various causes, but principally from such as we have already alluded49 to. The monies of the Crown are advanced upon real estate, namely upon land and serfs. It is principally left to the Council of Guardians to fix the period for repayment50 of the advanced funds, and if the nobleman thus assisted cannot redeem51 his mortgaged property in due time, it is again left to the discretion52 of the Imperial Council of Guardians to have the property of the nobleman valued by a special committee, and then it is sold to the Crown, which, after refunding53 itself, hands the residue54 to the thus ruined nobleman.
This system of paternal accommodation, which the Russian nobility enjoys at the hands of his Majesty the Emperor, fully55 accounts for the enormous number of Crown serfs, which number has increased since the establishment of the Imperial Council of Guardians nearly to a million souls.
At the time when Tchichikoff was intrusted with the mortgage of those few hundred serfs, the Council of Guardians had been but recently established, yet much of its operations had already transpired56, and circulated among the nobility, and for that reason they were very reluctant to profit by this paternal accommodation. Tchichikoff, in his capacity of agent, had received instructions to conclude the mortgage of the serfs on the most advantageous57 terms; he therefore thought it proper to dispose everything favourably58, (without previously59 well disposing a few of the Imperial employés, it would be hopeless to apply for anything like information, and it is therefore advisable to smooth their throats with a profusion60 of port and sherry), and thus, having as far as necessary well-disposed every one of the employés in the Council of Guardians, with whom he would have to transact48 business, he explained his errand to be connected with a very peculiar circumstance.
"Half of the serfs I wish to mortgage, have died since my arrival here at Moscow, and I am therefore alarmed lest there might be some misunderstanding about them later—"
"But allow me to ask you," said the secretary of the Board of Guardians, "are these two hundred serfs we are now speaking about, included in the census61 your nobleman has handed in to government, when the last census was taken?"
"Yes, they are included," answered Tchichikoff.
"If so, I can see no reason why you should feel faint-hearted?" the secretary returned, "if the one dies, another is born, and thus makes up the deficiency."
Meanwhile, a sublime62 idea seized upon the imagination of our hero, a thought that had perhaps never occurred to human mind before.
"Oh, I am the very image of simplicity," he said to himself, "I am looking about for my gloves, and have them already on my hands. Suppose I were to buy up all those serfs that have died lately, and before the new census is taken, suppose I made the acquisition of about a thousand dead serfs, and, suppose the Council of Guardians was to make me the trifling63 advance of two hundred roubles for each such serf; that would make a capital of two hundred thousand silver roubles. And now is just my time, an epidemic has but recently ravaged64 the whole of the country, and, thank Heaven, the number of people that have died from it is not insignificant65 at all. The country gentlemen have lost much, thanks to their gambling66 propensities67, they have spent a deal in feasting, and have, in fact, ruined themselves most satisfactorily; all seem to have hurried off to St. Petersburg, to seek for appointments at court; their estates are neglected, and are administered any how, the payment of imposts to the Crown becomes with every year more difficult, and therefore, I am led to suppose that they will be glad to cede68 to me their valueless dead serfs, in order to avoid the payment of the annual tax upon them till the return of the next census; it might even happen that some of them will not only jump at my offer to purchase their valueless stock, but even pay me something extra for my generosity, my philanthrophy.
"Nevertheless, and, of course, it is a difficult, a complicated, a dangerous undertaking69, for I might easily get myself into serious trouble, perhaps cause a great scandal, be sent to Siberia.... But wisdom an imagination have been given for some purpose to man. That, the most encouraging feature in my speculation70, is, that the subject will appear incredible to every one, nobody will ever believe it. It is true, according to a recent ukase, it is impossible to buy serfs without the land they were born upon, nor can they be mortgaged without it. But I mean to purchase them for emigration, yes, for settling them elsewhere, now vast tracts71 of land are granted for a mere nothing in the provinces of Kherson, and dose to the Turkish frontiers.
"It is there that I will settle them; in the government of Kherson; dose to the Turkish frontiers; let them live among the heathens. As for their privilege of emigration, that can be done lawfully72, and according to the sense of the imperial ukase, all this can be legally settled in the proper courts of the Crown. If they should ask me the proofs of the existence of such serfs? Why not? I shall not be at a loss to do even that, and from the very returns of the census, and with the genuine signature of the Capit?n-Ispravnik (district judge). The new village which is to spring so suddenly into existence, I shall call 'Tchichikoff's New Settlement,' or according to the name which I received at my baptism, make from Pavel, 'The Village of Pavlovsk.'"
It is in this manner that the strange idea on which our story is founded, formed itself, in the head of our hero; whether our reader will feel himself under any obligation to him, we do not know; but as for ourselves we must confess, we feel indebted to Tchichikoff for this subject beyond description. Whatever might be said for or against it, without Tchichikoff's idea this novel would never have made its appearance.
Making a devout73 sign of the cross in the Russian fashion, Tchichikoff set about the execution of his fixed74 plan immediately. With a view of choosing places of residences, and under other pretences75, he set about examining here and there the various corners of our vast Empire, and paid particular attention to those districts where the sufferings and losses from various disasters, such as epidemics76, bad harvests, and other causes, had been felt most severely77; in a word, he sought for those districts where he might be able to buy his stock, namely, dead serfs, on the most advantageous terms.
He did not address himself at random78 to every landed proprietor79, and serf-owner, but made his choice among them, and according to the best of his judgment; or he applied80 to those men, from whom he had every reason to anticipate no particular scruples81 about transacting82 this strange business with him; he therefore introduced himself to them under the most favourable83 auspices84, made their particular acquaintance, tried to gain their favourable opinion and esteem85, so that he might, if possible, obtain from them what he wanted in a friendly manner, and as cheaply as possible.
From this reason, therefore, our reader must not be displeased86 with us, if the characters that will be introduced to them during the progress of Tchichikoff's career are not entirely to their taste, this is the fault of Tchichikoff, but not ours; for we are obliged to follow him wherever he chose to go. As for ourselves, if any blame should be cast upon us, for bringing such uncomely characters before a British public, especially at this present critical moment when a war with Russia is being carried on, we can only express our regret at the fact, but our conscience forbids us to represent our countrymen in any other than the real light.
Such then was the character of our hero, such as circumstances had created it, and the contact with the world and life had fashioned it in later years! But it is very likely that a positive definition of one of his characteristic traits will be demanded; what is he really as regards his moral qualifications? that he is not a hero full of perfections and virtues, we must confess, is obvious at first sight. Who, or what is he then? he must be a villain? Why should he be a villain? Why should we be so severe towards others? There are no real villains87 to be met with now-a-day; there are well disposed persons, agreeable, and even unexceptionable persons, but such persons, as would exhibit their physiognomy to the gaze of the world, and present their cheek for a public box on the ear, of such persons it is likely that two or three might be met with, and then even, they have begun already to speak of the charms of virtue.
We shall therefore be justified88 in calling our hero; not like the French a chevalier d'industrie but in simple English terms; a gentleman acquirer. Acquisition is the root of a great many evils, and that threatens our peace even now. The desire of acquisition rages now in all classes of society, and especially in Russia, commencing from the Emperor himself, down to his meanest serf, all are mad with a desire for acquisition. Without this desire on the part of the Emperor for the acquisition of Turkey, the nation at large would not have acquired the fanaticism89 to stand by his side, and back his mad propensity90 for acquisition; why should it not he excusable in one of his humble91 subjects?
Such then was the object which had brought our friend Tchichikoff to the pleasant town of Smolensk; the purchase, namely, of dead serfs. During the progress of his schemes, he was thrown into much curious society, and met with numerous queer adventures; these will form the subject matter of our work. While accompanying our hero on his perilous92 journey, we shall become acquainted with almost every class of Russian society, and the whole will furnish us at the least with a faithful, if not a flattering, idea of that nation which holds itself at the present day, as the supporter of the orthodox Church, and future master of the world's destinies.
In itself, the nefarious93 scheme devised by our hero, affords an extraordinary instance of the cunning inherent in the Russian character, for its whole success was based on the knowledge he possessed94 of the utter baseness of the national character. None of the actors in this strange drama will appear to exhibit the slightest compunction about defrauding95 the government, as long as they can gain any slight advantage to themselves, and even the certainty of condign96 punishment in the very possible event of detection, cannot cause them to refrain from their innate97 propensity. The fact is an humiliating one, but in our character as the historian of an actual event, we have not dared to omit a single trait which may seem to elucidate98 our story. We only wish it was in our power to draw a pleasanter portrait of our countrymen, and we fervently99 trust that the time may yet arrive when such stories as the present one, may be numbered among things that were.
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1
dwindled
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| v.逐渐变少或变小( dwindle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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refinements
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| n.（生活）风雅；精炼( refinement的名词复数 )；改良品；细微的改良；优雅或高贵的动作 | |
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compassion
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| n.同情，怜悯 | |
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generosity
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| n.大度，慷慨，慷慨的行为 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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provincial
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| adj.省的，地方的；n．外省人，乡下人 | |
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fowl
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| n.家禽，鸡，禽肉 | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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fortitude
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| n.坚忍不拔；刚毅 | |
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ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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requisite
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| adj.需要的，必不可少的；n.必需品 | |
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bridle
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| n.笼头，束缚；vt.抑制，约束；动怒 | |
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muse
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| n.缪斯（希腊神话中的女神），创作灵感 | |
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devoid
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| adj.全无的，缺乏的 | |
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judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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orphans
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| 孤儿( orphan的名词复数 ) | |
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derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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pangs
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| 突然的剧痛( pang的名词复数 )； 悲痛 | |
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villain
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| n.反派演员，反面人物；恶棍；问题的起因 | |
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inexplicably
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| adv.无法说明地，难以理解地，令人难以理解的是 | |
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espy
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| v.（从远处等）突然看到 | |
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lamented
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| adj.被哀悼的，令人遗憾的v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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disconsolate
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| adj.忧郁的，不快的 | |
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slumbered
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| 微睡，睡眠（slumber的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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preoccupied
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| adj.全神贯注的，入神的；被抢先占有的；心事重重的v.占据（某人）思想，使对…全神贯注，使专心于( preoccupy的过去式) | |
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virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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entrusted
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| v.委托，托付( entrust的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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guardians
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| 监护人( guardian的名词复数 )； 保护者，维护者 | |
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extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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encumbered
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| v.妨碍，阻碍，拖累( encumber的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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epidemic
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| n.流行病；盛行；adj.流行性的，流传极广的 | |
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stewards
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| （轮船、飞机等的）乘务员( steward的名词复数 )； （俱乐部、旅馆、工会等的）管理员； （大型活动的）组织者； （私人家中的）管家 | |
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follies
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| 罪恶，时事讽刺剧； 愚蠢，蠢笨，愚蠢的行为、思想或做法( folly的名词复数 ) | |
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extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的；过分的；(言行等)放肆的 | |
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paternal
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| adj.父亲的，像父亲的，父系的，父方的 | |
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majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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transact
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| v.处理；做交易；谈判 | |
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alluded
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| 提及，暗指( allude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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repayment
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| n.偿还，偿还款；报酬 | |
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51
redeem
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| v.买回，赎回，挽回，恢复，履行（诺言等） | |
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discretion
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| n.谨慎；随意处理 | |
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refunding
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| n.借新债还旧债；再融资；债务延展；发行新债券取代旧债券v.归还，退还( refund的现在分词 ) | |
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residue
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| n.残余，剩余，残渣 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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transpired
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| （事实，秘密等）被人知道( transpire的过去式和过去分词 )； 泄露； 显露； 发生 | |
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advantageous
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| adj.有利的；有帮助的 | |
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favourably
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| adv. 善意地，赞成地 =favorably | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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profusion
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| n.挥霍；丰富 | |
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census
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| n.(官方的)人口调查，人口普查 | |
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sublime
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| adj.崇高的，伟大的；极度的，不顾后果的 | |
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trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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ravaged
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| 毁坏( ravage的过去式和过去分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫 | |
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insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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gambling
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| n.赌博；投机 | |
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propensities
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| n.倾向，习性( propensity的名词复数 ) | |
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cede
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| v.割让，放弃 | |
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undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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speculation
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| n.思索，沉思；猜测；投机 | |
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tracts
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| 大片土地( tract的名词复数 )； 地带； （体内的）道； （尤指宣扬宗教、伦理或政治的）短文 | |
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lawfully
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| adv.守法地，合法地；合理地 | |
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devout
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| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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pretences
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| n.假装( pretence的名词复数 )；作假；自命；自称 | |
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epidemics
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| n．流行病 | |
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severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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random
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| adj.随机的；任意的；n.偶然的(或随便的)行动 | |
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proprietor
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| n.所有人；业主；经营者 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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scruples
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| n.良心上的不安( scruple的名词复数 )；顾虑，顾忌v.感到于心不安，有顾忌( scruple的第三人称单数 ) | |
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transacting
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| v.办理（业务等）( transact的现在分词 )；交易，谈判 | |
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favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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auspices
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| n.资助，赞助 | |
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esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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displeased
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| a.不快的 | |
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villains
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| n.恶棍( villain的名词复数 )；罪犯；（小说、戏剧等中的）反面人物；淘气鬼 | |
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justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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fanaticism
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| n.狂热，盲信 | |
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propensity
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| n.倾向；习性 | |
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humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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nefarious
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| adj.恶毒的，极坏的 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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defrauding
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| v.诈取，骗取( defraud的现在分词 ) | |
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condign
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| adj.应得的，相当的 | |
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innate
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| adj.天生的，固有的，天赋的 | |
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elucidate
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| v.阐明，说明 | |
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fervently
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| adv.热烈地，热情地，强烈地 | |
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