Much more, then, must Darwinism and the entire theory of organic development to which it belongs be carefully discriminated10, as a part or factor, from evolution at large, as a universal and all-embracing cosmical system. That system itself has gradually emerged as a[Pg 178] slow growth of the past two centuries, a progressive development of the collective scientific and philosophical12 mind of humanity, not due in its totality to any one single commanding thinker, but summing itself up at last in our own time more fully9 in the person and teaching of Mr. Herbert Spencer than of any other solitary13 mouthpiece. Indeed, intimately as we all now associate the name of Darwin with the word 'evolution,' that term itself (whose vogue14 is almost entirely15 due to Mr. Spencer's influence) was one but rarely found upon Darwin's own lips, and but rarely written by his own pen. He speaks rather of development and of natural selection than of evolution: his own concern was more with its special aspect as biological modification than with its general aspect as cosmical unfolding. Let us ask, then, from this wider standpoint of a great and far-reaching mental revolution, what was Charles Darwin's exact niche16 in the evolutionary movement of the two last centuries?
Evolutionism, as now commonly understood, may be fairly regarded as a mode of envisaging17 to ourselves the history of the universe, a tendency or frame of mind, a temperament18, one might almost say, or habit of thought rather than a definite creed19 or body of dogmas. The evolutionist looks out upon the cosmos20 as a continuous process unfolding itself in regular order in obedience21 to definite natural laws. He sees in it all, not a warring chaos22 restrained by the constant interference from without of a wise and beneficent external power, but a vast aggregate23 of original elements, perpetually working out their own fresh redistribution, in accordance with their own inherent energies. He regards[Pg 179] the cosmos as an almost infinite collection of material atoms, animated24 by an almost infinite sum-total of energy, potential or kinetic26.
In the very beginning, so far as the mental vision of the astronomer27 can dimly pierce with hypothetical glance the abyss of ages, the matter which now composes the material universe seems to have existed in a highly diffuse28 and nebulous condition. The gravitative force, however, with which every atom of the whole vast mass was primarily endowed, caused it gradually to aggregate around certain fixed29 and definite centres, which became in time the rallying-points or nuclei30 of future suns. The primitive potential energy of separation in the atoms of the mass was changed into actual energy of motion as they drew closer and closer together about the common centre, and into molecular31 energy or heat as they clashed with one another in bodily impact around the hardening core. Thus arose stars and suns, composed of fiery32 atomic clouds in a constant state of progressive concentration, ever gathering-in the hem33 of their outer robes on the surface of the solid globe within, and ever radiating off their store of associated energy to the impalpable and hypothetical surrounding ether. This, in necessarily brief and shadowy abstract, is the nebular theory of Kant and Laplace, as amended35 and supplemented by the modern doctrine2 of the correlation36 and conservation of energies.
Applied37 to the solar system, of which our own planet forms a component38 member, the evolutionary doctrine (in its elder shape) teaches us to envisage39 that minor40 group as the final result of a single great diffuse[Pg 180] nebula34, which once spread its faint and cloud-like mass with inconceivable tenuity, at least as far from its centre, now occupied by the sun's body, as the furthest point in the orbit of Neptune41, the outermost42 of the yet known planets. From this remote and immense periphery43 it has gradually gathered itself in, growing denser44 and denser all the time, towards its common core, and has left behind, at irregular intervals45, concentric rings or belts of nebulous matter, which, after rupturing46 at their weakest point, have hardened and concentrated round their own centre of gravity into Jupiter, Saturn47, the Earth, or Venus. The main central body of all, retreating ever within as it dropped in its course the raw material of the planetary masses, has formed, at last, the sun, the great ruler and luminary48 of our system. Much as this primitive evolutionary concept of the development and history of the solar system has been modified and altered of late years by recent researches into the nature of comets and meteors and of the sun's surface, it still remains49 for all practical purposes of popular exposition the best and simplest mental picture of the general type of astronomical50 evolution. For the essential point which it impresses upon the mind is the idea of the planets in their several orbits and with their attendant satellites as due, not to external design and special creation, in the exact order in which we now see them, but to the slow and regular working out of preordained physical laws, in accordance with which they have each naturally assumed, by pure force of circumstances, their existing size, and weight, and orbit, and position.
Geology has applied a similar conception to the[Pg 181] origin and becoming of the earth's material and external features as we now know them. Accepting from astronomy the notion of our planet's primary condition as a cooling sphere of incandescent51 matter, it goes on to show how the two great envelopes, atmospheric52 and oceanic, gaseous53 and liquid, have gradually formed around its solid core; how the hard crust of the central mass has been wrinkled and corrugated54 into mountain chain and deep-cut valley, uplifted here into elevated table-land or there depressed55 into hollow ocean bed; how sediment56 has slowly gathered on the floor of the sea, and how volcanic57 energies or lateral58 pressure have subsequently forced up the resulting deposits into Alpine59 peaks and massive continents. In this direction, it was Lyell who principally introduced into science the uniformitarian or evolutionary principle, who substituted for the frequent cataclysms60 and fresh beginnings of the earlier geologists61 the grand conception of continuous action, producing from comparatively infinitesimal but cumulative62 causes effects which at last attain63 by accretion64 the most colossal65 proportions.
Here biology next steps in, with its splendid explanation of organic life, as due essentially66 to the secondary action of radiated solar energy on the outer crust of such a cooling and evolving planet. Falling on the cells of the simplest green plants, the potent25 sunlight dissociates the carbon from the oxygen in the carbonic acid floating in the atmosphere, and builds it up with the hydrogen of water in the tissues of the organism into starches67 and other organic products, which differ from the inert68 substances around them, mainly by the possession of locked-up solar energy. On[Pg 182] the energy-yielding food-stuffs thus stored up the animal in turn feeds and battens, reducing what was before potential into actual motion, just as the steam-engine reduces the latent solar energy of coal into visible heat and visible movement in its furnace and its machinery69. How the first organism came to exist biology has not yet been able fully to explain for us; but aided by chemical science it has been able to show us in part how some of the simpler organic bodies may have been originally built up, and it does not despair of showing us in the end how the earliest organism may actually have been produced from the prime elements of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon. Into this most fundamental of biological problems, however, Darwin himself, with his constitutional caution and dread70 of speculative71 theorising, was not careful or curious to enter. Even upon the far less abstruse72 and hypothetical question, whether all life took its prime origin from a single starting-point or from several distinct and separate tribal73 ancestors, he hardly cared so much as to hazard a passing speculation74. With splendid self-restraint he confined his attention almost entirely to the more manageable and practical problem of the origin of species by natural selection, which lay then and there open for solution before him. Taking for granted the existence of the original organism or group of organisms, the fact of reproduction, and the tendency of such reproduction to beget75 increase in a geometrical ratio, he deduced from these elementary given factors the necessary corollary of survival of the fittest, with all its marvellous and far-reaching implications of adaptation to the environment and specific distinctions. By doing[Pg 183] so, he rendered conceivable the mechanism76 of evolution in the organic world, thus bringing another great aspect of external nature within the range of the developmental as opposed to the miraculous77 philosophy of the cosmos.
Psychology78, once more, in the hands of Herbert Spencer and his followers79, not wholly unaided by Darwin himself, has extended the self-same evolutionary treatment to the involved and elusive80 phenomena81 of mind, and has shown how from the simplest unorganised elements of feeling, the various mental powers and faculties82 as we now know them, both on the intellectual and on the emotional side, have been slowly built up in the long and ever-varying interaction between the sentient83 organism and the natural environment. It has traced the first faint inception84 of a nervous system as a mere85 customary channel of communication between part and part; the gradual growth of fibre and ganglion; the vague beginnings of external sense-organ and internal brain; the final perfection of eye and ear, of sight and hearing, of pleasure and pain, of intellect and volition86. It has thus done for the subjective87 or mental half of our complex nature what biology, as conceived by Darwin, has done for the physical or purely organic half; it has traced the origin and development of mind, without a single break, from its first faint and half-unconscious manifestation88 in the polyp or the jelly-fish to its final grand and varied89 outcome in the soul of the poet or the intellect of the philosopher.
Finally, sociology has applied the evolutionary method to the origin and rise of human societies, with their languages, customs, arts, and institutions, their[Pg 184] governmental organisation90 and their ecclesiastical polity. Taking from biology the evolving savage91, viewed as a developed and highly gifted product of the anthropoid92 stock, it has shown by what stages and through what causes he has slowly aggregated93 into tribes and nations; has built up his communal94, polygamic, or monogamic family; has learnt the use of fire, of implements95, of pottery96, of metals; has developed the whole resources of oral speech and significant gesture; has invented writing, pictorial97 or alphabetic98; has grown up to science, to philosophy, to morals, and to religion. The chief honours of this particular line of enquiry, the latest and youngest of all to receive the impact of the evolutionary impulse, belong mainly to Tylor, Lubbock, and Spencer in England, and to Haeckel, De Mortillet, and Wagner on the continent.
In the sublime99 conception of the external universe and its present workings which we thus owe to the independent efforts of so many great progressive thinkers, and which has here been briefly100 and inadequately101 sketched102 out, Darwin's work in life falls naturally into its own place as the principal contribution to the evolutionary movement in the special biological department of thought. Within the more limited range of that department itself, the evolutionary impulse did not owe its origin to Charles Darwin personally; it took its rise with Erasmus Darwin, Buffon, and Lamarck, and it derived103 from our great modern English naturalist104 its final explanation and definitive105 proof alone. But just as the evolutionary movement in astronomy and cosmical thought is rightly associated in all our minds with the mighty106 theories of Kant, Laplace, and Herschel;[Pg 185] just as the evolutionary movement in geology is rightly associated with the far lesser107 yet brilliant and effective personality of Lyell; just as the evolutionary movement in the derivative108 sciences is rightly associated with so many great still living thinkers; so the evolutionary movement in biology in particular rightly sums itself up in the honoured name of Charles Darwin. For what others suspected, he was the first to prove; where others speculated, he was the first to observe, to experiment, to demonstrate, and to convince.
It should be noted109, too, that while to us who come after, the great complex evolutionary movement of the two last centuries justly reveals itself as one and indivisible, a single grand cosmical drama, having many acts and many scenes, but all alike inspired by one informing and pervading110 unity111, yet to those whose half unconscious co-operation slowly built it up by episodes, piecemeal112, each act and each scene unrolled itself separately as an end in itself, to be then and there attained113 and proved, quite apart from the conception of its analytic114 value as a part in a great harmonious115 natural poem of the constitution of things. Though evolution appears to us now as a single grand continuous process, a phase of the universe dependent upon a preponderating116 aggregation117 of matter and dissipation of energy, yet to Kant and Laplace it was the astronomical aspect alone that proved attractive, to Darwin it was the biological aspect alone, and to many of the modern workers in the minor fields it is the human and sociological aspect that almost monopolises the whole wide mental horizon. No greater proof can be given of the subjective distinctness of parts in what was objectively[Pg 186] and fundamentally a single broad psychological revolution of the human mind, than the fact that Lyell himself, who more than any one man had introduced the evolutionary conception into the treatment of geology, should have stood out so long and fought so blindly against the evolutionary conception in the organic world. Indeed, it was not until the various scattered118 and many-coloured strands119 of evolutionary thought had been gathered together and woven into one by the vast catholic and synthetic120 intelligence of Herbert Spencer that the idea of evolution as a whole, as a single continuous cosmical process, began to be apprehended121 and gradually assimilated by the picked intelligences of the several distinct scientific departments.
Observe also that the evolutionary method has invaded each of the concrete sciences in the exact order of their natural place in the hierarchy122 of knowledge. It had been applied to astronomy by Kant and Laplace before it was applied to geology by Lyell; it had been applied to geology by Lyell before it was applied to biology by Darwin; it had been applied to biology (in part, at least) by Lamarck and the Darwins before it was applied to psychology by Spencer; and it is only at the very end of all that it has been applied to sociology and the allied123 branches of thought by a hundred different earnest workers in contemporary Europe. Each stage helped on the next; each was dependent only on those that went naturally before it, and aided in turn the subsequent development of those that naturally came after it.
Nevertheless, the popular instinct which regards Darwinism and evolution as practically synonymous is[Pg 187] to a large extent justified124 by the actual facts of the psychological upheaval125. Darwin's work forms on the whole the central keystone of the evolutionary system, and deserves the honour which has been thrust upon it of supporting by its own mass the entire superstructure of the development theory.
For, in the first place, Darwin had to deal with the science of life, the science where the opposition126 to evolutionism was sure to be strongest, and where the forces and tendencies in favour of obscurantism were sure to gather in fullest force. Every other great onward127 step in our knowledge of our own relation to the universe of which we form a part had been compelled indeed to run the gauntlet, in its own time, of ecclesiastical censure128 and of popular dislike. Those inveterate129 prejudices of human ignorance which sedulously130 hide their genuine shape under the guise131 of dogma masquerading as religion, had long since brought to bear their baneful132 resources upon the discoveries of Copernicus and the theories of Galileo, as blind, misleading, and diabolical133 lights, opposed to the sure and certain warranty134 of Holy Scripture135. Newton, again, had in due time been blamed in that he boldly substituted (as his critics declared) the bald and barren formula of gravitation for the personal superintendence of a divine Providence137. Laplace had been accused of dethroning the deity138 from the centre and governance of his celestial139 system. Around the early geologists the battle of the six days of creation had raged fiercely for nearly half a century. But all these varying modes of thought, though deemed heretical enough in their own day, had touched, as it[Pg 188] were, but the minor ramparts and unimportant out-works of the great obscurantist dogmatic strongholds: Darwinism, by openly attacking the inmost problems of life and mind, had brought to bear its powerful artillery140 upon the very keep and highest tower of the fortress141 itself. The belief that the various stars, planets, and satellites had or had not been wisely created in their existing positions, and with their present orbits, movements, and relations accurately142 fore-measured, did not fundamentally affect, for good or evil, the cherished dogmas of the ordinary multitude. But the analogous143 belief in the distinct and separate creation of plants and animals, and more especially of the human species, was far more closely and intimately bound up with all the current religious conceptions. It was at first supposed, not perhaps without some practical wisdom, that to upset the primitive faith in the separate creation of living beings was to loosen and imperil the very foundations of common morality and revealed religion. The 'argument from design' had been immemorially regarded as the principal buttress144 of orthodox thought. Theologians had unwisely staked their all upon the teleological145 dogma, and could ill afford to retire without a blow from that tenaciously146 defended bastion of their main position. Hence the evolutionary concept had its hardest fight to wage over the biological field; and when that field was once fairly won, it had little more to fear from banded preconceptions and established prejudices in any other portion of the wide territory it claimed for its own.
In the second place, biological evolution, firmly established by Darwin on a safe, certain, and unimpeachable147 basis, led naturally and almost inevitably148 to[Pg 189] all the other innumerable applications of the evolutionary method, in the domains149 of psychology, sociology, philology150, political thought, and ethical151 science. Hence the immediate152 and visible results of its promulgation153 have been far more striking, noticeable, and evident than those which followed the establishment of the evolutionary conception in the astronomical and geological departments. It was possible to accept cosmical evolution and solar evolution and planetary evolution, without at the same time accepting evolution in the restricted field of life and mind. But it was impossible to accept evolution in biology without at the same time extending its application to psychology, to the social organism, to language, to ethics154, to all the thousand and one varied interests of human life and human development. Now, most people are little moved by speculations155 and hypotheses as to the origin of the milky156 way or the belt of Orion; they care very slightly for Jupiter's moons or Saturn's rings; they are stolidly157 incurious as to the development of the earth's crust, or the precise date of the cretaceous epoch158; but they understand and begin to be touched the moment you come to the practical questions of man's origin, nature, and history. Darwinism compelled their attention by its immediate connection with their own race; and the proof of this truth is amply shown by the mere fact that out of all the immense variety of Charles Darwin's theories and ideas, the solitary one which alone has succeeded in attaching to itself the public interest and public ridicule159 is the theory of man's ultimate descent from a monkey-like ancestor. Popular instinct, here as elsewhere profoundly true at core in the midst of all its superficial foolishness, has[Pg 190] rightly hit upon the central element in the Darwinian conception which more than any other has caused its fruitful and wonderful expansion through every fertile field of human enquiry.
In short, it was Darwin's task in life to draw down evolution from heaven to earth, and to bring within the scope of its luminous160 method all that is most interesting to the uninstructed and unsophisticated heart of the natural man.
The application of the evolutionary principle to the world of life, human or animal, thus presents itself as the chief philosophic11 and scientific achievement of the nineteenth century. Throughout the whole middle decades of the present age, the human mind in all its highest embodiments was eagerly searching, groping, and enquiring161 after a naturalistic explanation of the origin and progress of organic life. In the vast scheme for the System of Synthetic Philosophy which Herbert Spencer set forth as an anticipatory162 synopsis163 of his projected work, the philosopher of development leapt at once from the First Principles of evolution as a whole to the Principles of Biology, Psychology, and Sociology, omitting all reference to the application of evolution to the vast field of inorganic164 nature; and he did so on the distinctly stated ground that its application to organic nature was then and there more important and interesting. That suggestive expression of belief aptly sums up the general attitude of scientific and philosophic minds at the precise moment of the advent165 of Darwinism. Kant and Laplace and Lyell had already applied the evolutionary method to suns and systems, to planets and continents; what was needed next was that some[Pg 191] deeply learned and universally equipped biological leader should help the lame136 evolutionism of Lamarck over the organic stile, and leave it free to roam the boundless166 fields of what Mr. Spencer has sometimes well described as the super-organic sciences. For that office, Darwin at the exact moment presented himself; and his victory and its results rightly entitle him to the popular regard as the founder167 of all that most men mean when they speak together in everyday conversation of the doctrine of evolution.
On the other hand, the total esoteric philosophic conception of evolution as a cosmical process, one and continuous from nebula to man, from star to soul, from atom to society, we owe rather to the other great prophet of the evolutionary creed, Herbert Spencer, whose name will ever be equally remembered side by side with his mighty peer's, in a place of high collateral168 glory. It is he who has given us the general definition of evolution as a progress from an indefinite, incoherent homogeneity to a definite coherent heterogeneity169, accompanying an integration170 of matter and dissipation of motion, or, as we should now perhaps more correctly say, of energy. In the establishment of the various lines of thought which merge at last in that magnificent cosmical law, it was Darwin's special task to bring the phenomena of organic life well within the clear ken of known and invariable natural processes
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evolutionary
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| adj.进化的；演化的，演变的；[生]进化论的 | |
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doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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doctrines
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| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明 | |
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modification
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| n.修改，改进，缓和，减轻 | |
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purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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chambers
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| n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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discriminated
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| 分别，辨别，区分( discriminate的过去式和过去分词 )； 歧视，有差别地对待 | |
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philosophic
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| adj.哲学的，贤明的 | |
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philosophical
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| adj.哲学家的，哲学上的，达观的 | |
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solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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Vogue
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| n.时髦，时尚；adj.流行的 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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niche
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| n.壁龛；合适的职务(环境、位置等) | |
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envisaging
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| 想像，设想( envisage的现在分词 ) | |
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temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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creed
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| n.信条；信念，纲领 | |
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cosmos
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| n.宇宙；秩序，和谐 | |
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obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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chaos
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| n.混乱，无秩序 | |
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aggregate
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| adj.总计的，集合的；n.总数；v.合计；集合 | |
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animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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kinetic
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| adj.运动的；动力学的 | |
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astronomer
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| n.天文学家 | |
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diffuse
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| v.扩散；传播；adj.冗长的；四散的，弥漫的 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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nuclei
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| n.核 | |
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molecular
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| adj.分子的；克分子的 | |
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fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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hem
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| n.贴边，镶边；vt.缝贴边；(in)包围，限制 | |
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nebula
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| n.星云，喷雾剂 | |
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Amended
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| adj. 修正的 动词amend的过去式和过去分词 | |
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correlation
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| n.相互关系，相关，关连 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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component
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| n.组成部分，成分，元件；adj.组成的，合成的 | |
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envisage
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| v.想象，设想，展望，正视 | |
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minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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Neptune
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| n.海王星 | |
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outermost
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| adj.最外面的，远离中心的 | |
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periphery
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| n.(圆体的)外面；周围 | |
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denser
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| adj. 不易看透的, 密集的, 浓厚的, 愚钝的 | |
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intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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rupturing
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| v.（使）破裂( rupture的现在分词 )；（使体内组织等）断裂；使（友好关系）破裂；使绝交 | |
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Saturn
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| n.农神，土星 | |
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luminary
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| n.名人，天体 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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astronomical
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| adj.天文学的，（数字）极大的 | |
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incandescent
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| adj.遇热发光的， 白炽的，感情强烈的 | |
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atmospheric
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| adj.大气的，空气的；大气层的；大气所引起的 | |
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gaseous
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| adj.气体的，气态的 | |
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corrugated
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| adj.波纹的；缩成皱纹的；波纹面的；波纹状的v.（使某物）起皱褶(corrugate的过去式和过去分词) | |
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depressed
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| adj.沮丧的，抑郁的，不景气的，萧条的 | |
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sediment
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| n.沉淀，沉渣，沉积(物) | |
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57
volcanic
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| adj.火山的；象火山的；由火山引起的 | |
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58
lateral
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| adj.侧面的，旁边的 | |
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59
alpine
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| adj.高山的；n.高山植物 | |
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60
cataclysms
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| n.（突然降临的）大灾难( cataclysm的名词复数 ) | |
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61
geologists
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| 地质学家，地质学者( geologist的名词复数 ) | |
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62
cumulative
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| adj.累积的，渐增的 | |
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63
attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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64
accretion
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| n.自然的增长，增加物 | |
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65
colossal
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| adj.异常的，庞大的 | |
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66
essentially
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| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
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67
starches
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| n.淀粉( starch的名词复数 )；含淀粉的食物；浆粉v.把（衣服、床单等）浆一浆( starch的第三人称单数 ) | |
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68
inert
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| adj.无活动能力的，惰性的；迟钝的 | |
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69
machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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70
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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71
speculative
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| adj.思索性的，暝想性的，推理的 | |
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72
abstruse
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| adj.深奥的，难解的 | |
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73
tribal
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| adj.部族的，种族的 | |
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74
speculation
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| n.思索，沉思；猜测；投机 | |
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75
beget
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| v.引起；产生 | |
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76
mechanism
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| n.机械装置；机构，结构 | |
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77
miraculous
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| adj.像奇迹一样的，不可思议的 | |
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78
psychology
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| n.心理，心理学，心理状态 | |
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79
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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elusive
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| adj.难以表达(捉摸)的；令人困惑的；逃避的 | |
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81
phenomena
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| n.现象 | |
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82
faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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83
sentient
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| adj.有知觉的，知悉的；adv.有感觉能力地 | |
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84
inception
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| n.开端，开始，取得学位 | |
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85
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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86
volition
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| n.意志；决意 | |
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87
subjective
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| a.主观(上)的，个人的 | |
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88
manifestation
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| n.表现形式；表明；现象 | |
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89
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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90
organisation
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| n.组织，安排，团体，有机休 | |
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91
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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92
anthropoid
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| adj.像人类的，类人猿的；n.类人猿；像猿的人 | |
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93
aggregated
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| a.聚合的，合计的 | |
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94
communal
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| adj.公有的，公共的，公社的，公社制的 | |
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95
implements
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| n.工具( implement的名词复数 )；家具；手段；[法律]履行（契约等）v.实现( implement的第三人称单数 )；执行；贯彻；使生效 | |
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96
pottery
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| n.陶器，陶器场 | |
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97
pictorial
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| adj.绘画的；图片的；n．画报 | |
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98
alphabetic
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| adj.照字母次序的，字母的 | |
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99
sublime
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| adj.崇高的，伟大的；极度的，不顾后果的 | |
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100
briefly
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| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
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101
inadequately
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| ad.不够地；不够好地 | |
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102
sketched
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| v.草拟（sketch的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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103
derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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104
naturalist
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| n.博物学家(尤指直接观察动植物者) | |
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105
definitive
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| adj.确切的，权威性的；最后的，决定性的 | |
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106
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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107
lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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108
derivative
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| n.派(衍)生物；adj.非独创性的，模仿他人的 | |
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109
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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110
pervading
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| v.遍及，弥漫( pervade的现在分词 ) | |
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111
unity
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| n.团结，联合，统一；和睦，协调 | |
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112
piecemeal
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| adj.零碎的；n.片，块；adv.逐渐地；v.弄成碎块 | |
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113
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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114
analytic
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| adj.分析的，用分析方法的 | |
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115
harmonious
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| adj.和睦的，调和的，和谐的，协调的 | |
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116
preponderating
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| v.超过，胜过( preponderate的现在分词 ) | |
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117
aggregation
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| n.聚合，组合；凝聚 | |
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118
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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119
strands
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| n.（线、绳、金属线、毛发等的）股( strand的名词复数 )；缕；海洋、湖或河的)岸；（观点、计划、故事等的）部份v.使滞留，使搁浅( strand的第三人称单数 ) | |
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120
synthetic
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| adj.合成的，人工的；综合的；n.人工制品 | |
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121
apprehended
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| 逮捕，拘押( apprehend的过去式和过去分词 )； 理解 | |
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122
hierarchy
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| n.等级制度；统治集团，领导层 | |
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123
allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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124
justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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125
upheaval
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| n.胀起，(地壳)的隆起；剧变，动乱 | |
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126
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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127
onward
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| adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先 | |
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128
censure
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| v./n.责备；非难；责难 | |
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129
inveterate
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| adj.积习已深的，根深蒂固的 | |
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130
sedulously
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| ad.孜孜不倦地 | |
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131
guise
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| n.外表，伪装的姿态 | |
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132
baneful
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| adj.有害的 | |
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133
diabolical
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| adj.恶魔似的，凶暴的 | |
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134
warranty
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| n.担保书，证书，保单 | |
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135
scripture
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| n.经文，圣书，手稿；Scripture:(常用复数)《圣经》，《圣经》中的一段 | |
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136
lame
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| adj.跛的，(辩解、论据等)无说服力的 | |
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137
providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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138
deity
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| n.神，神性；被奉若神明的人(或物) | |
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139
celestial
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| adj.天体的；天上的 | |
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140
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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141
fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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142
accurately
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| adv.准确地，精确地 | |
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143
analogous
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| adj.相似的；类似的 | |
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144
buttress
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| n.支撑物；v.支持 | |
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145
teleological
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| adj.目的论的 | |
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146
tenaciously
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| 坚持地 | |
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147
unimpeachable
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| adj.无可指责的；adv.无可怀疑地 | |
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148
inevitably
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| adv.不可避免地；必然发生地 | |
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149
domains
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| n.范围( domain的名词复数 )；领域；版图；地产 | |
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150
philology
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| n.语言学；语文学 | |
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151
ethical
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| adj.伦理的，道德的，合乎道德的 | |
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152
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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153
promulgation
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| n.颁布 | |
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154
ethics
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| n.伦理学；伦理观，道德标准 | |
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155
speculations
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| n.投机买卖( speculation的名词复数 )；思考；投机活动；推断 | |
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156
milky
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| adj.牛奶的，多奶的；乳白色的 | |
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157
stolidly
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| adv.迟钝地，神经麻木地 | |
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158
epoch
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| n.(新)时代；历元 | |
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159
ridicule
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| v.讥讽，挖苦；n.嘲弄 | |
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160
luminous
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| adj.发光的，发亮的；光明的；明白易懂的；有启发的 | |
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161
enquiring
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| a.爱打听的，显得好奇的 | |
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162
anticipatory
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| adj.预想的，预期的 | |
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163
synopsis
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| n.提要，梗概 | |
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164
inorganic
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| adj.无生物的；无机的 | |
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165
advent
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| n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临 | |
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166
boundless
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| adj.无限的；无边无际的；巨大的 | |
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167
Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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168
collateral
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| adj.平行的；旁系的；n.担保品 | |
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169
heterogeneity
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| n.异质性；多相性 | |
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170
integration
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| n.一体化，联合，结合 | |
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