If Charles Darwin had never existed at all, there would still have been a considerable and expansive evolutionary2 movement both in biology and in its sister sciences throughout the latter half of the present century. The harvest indeed was ready, and the labourers, though few, were full of vigour3. Suppose for a moment that that earnest and single-hearted Darwinian genius had been cut off by some untimely disease of childhood at five years old, all other conditions remaining as they were, we should even so have had in our midst to-day, a small philosophical4 and influential6 band of evolutionary workers. Spencer would none the less have given us his 'First Principles' and the major part of his 'Principles of Biology,' with comparatively little alteration7 or omission8. Wallace would none the less have promulgated10 his inchoate11 theory of natural selection, and rallied round his primordial12 conception the very best and deepest minds of the biological fraction. Geology would have enforced the continuity[Pg 193] of types; Cope and Marsh14 would have unearthed15 for our edification the ancestral forms of the evolving horse and the toothed birds of the Western American deposits. The Solenhofen lithographic slates16 would still have yielded us the half-reptilian, half-avian Arch?opteryx; the tertiary deposits would still have presented us with a long suite17 of gradually specialised and modified mammalian forms. The Siberian meadows would have sent us that intermediate creature which Prjevalsky recognises as the half-way house between the horses and the donkeys; the rivers of Queensland would have disclosed to our view that strange lung-bearing and gill-breathing barramunda, in which Günther discerns the missing link between the ganoid fishes on the one hand, and the mudfish and salamandroid amphibians18 on the other. From data such as these, biologists and pal19?ontologists of the calibre of Huxley, Gaudry, Geikie, Rütimeyer, and Busk, would necessarily have derived20, by the aid of Wallace's pregnant principle, conclusions not so very far remote from Darwin's own. Heer and Saporta would have drawn21 somewhat similar inferences from the fossil flora22 of Switzerland and of Greenland; Hooker and De Candolle would have read pretty much the self-same lessons in the scattered23 ferns and scanty24 palm-trees of oceanic islands. Kowalevsky would have seen in the ascidian larva a common prototype of the vertebrate series; the followers25 of Von Baer would have popularised the embryological conception of the single origin of animal life. The researches of Boucher de Perthes, of Lyell, of Evans, of Boyd Dawkins, of Keller, and of Christy and Lartet, would have unrolled before our eyes, under any circumstances, the strange[Pg 194] story of prehistoric27 man. On the facts so gained, Lubbock and Tylor, Schaafhausen and Büchner, would have built up their various consistent theories of human development and human culture. In short, even without Charles Darwin, the nineteenth century would not have stood still; it would have followed in the wake of Buffon and Diderot, of Lamarck and Laplace, of St. Hilaire and Goethe, of Kant and Herschel, of Hutton and Lyell, of Malthus and of Spencer. The great world never rolls down the abysses of time obedient to the nod of one single overruling Titanic28 intellect. 'If the doctrine29 of evolution had not existed,' says Huxley, 'pal?ontologists must have invented it.'
But Charles Darwin acted, nevertheless, the part of an immense and powerful accelerating energy. The impetus30 which he gave gained us at least fifty years of progress; it sent us at a bound from Copernicus to Newton; so far as ordinary minds were concerned, indeed, it transcended31 at a single leap the whole interval32 from Ptolemy to Herschel. The comparison is far from being a mere33 rhetorical one. A close analogy really exists between the two cases. Before Copernicus, the earth stood fixed34 and immovable in the centre of the universe, with obsequious35 suns, and planets, and satellites dancing attendance in cycle and epicycle around the solid mass, to which by day and night they continually ministered. The great astronomical36 revolution begun by Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler, and completed by Newton, Laplace, and Herschel, reduced the earth to its true position as a petty planet, revolving37 feebly among its bigger brethren round a petty sun, in some lost corner of a vast, majestic38, and almost illimitable galaxy39. Even so, before Darwin,[Pg 195] man stood in his own esteem40 the fixed point of an anthropocentric universe, divinely born and divinely instructed, with all the beasts of the field, and the fowls41 of the air, and the fruits of the earth specially42 created with a definite purpose in subservience43 to his lordly wants and interests. The great biological revolution, which rightly almost sums itself up in the name of Darwin, reduced man at once to his true position as the last product of kinetic44 solar energy, working upon the peculiar45 chemical elements of an evolving planet. It showed that every part of every plant and every animal existed primarily for the sake of that plant or animal alone; it unseated man from his imaginary throne in the centre of the cosmos46, teaching him at once a lesson of humility47 and a lesson of aspiration—pointing out to him how low was the origin from which, in very truth, he first sprang, and suggesting to him, at the same time, how high was the grand and glorious destiny to which by his own strenuous48 and ardent49 efforts he might yet perchance some day attain50.
That result, inevitable51 perhaps in the long run, from the slow unfolding of human intelligence, was immensely hastened in our own time by the peculiar idiosyncrasy and lofty personality of Charles Darwin. Without him we should have had, not only evolutionism, but also, as Wallace's discovery testifies, natural selection itself into the bargain. But we should never have had the 'Origin of Species.' We should never have had that vast and enthusiastic consensus52 of scientific opinion through an all but unanimous thinking world, which has forced an immediate53 acceptance of evolutionary ideas down the unwilling54 throats of half unthinking Europe. The[Pg 196] prodigious55 mass of Darwin's facts, the cautious working of Darwin's intellect, the immense weight of Darwin's reputation, the crushing force of Darwin's masterly inductive method, bore down before them all opposition56 in the inner circle of biologists, and secured the triumph of the evolutionary system even in the very strongholds of ignorance and obscurantism. Without Darwin, a small group of philosophic5 thinkers would still be striving to impress upon an incredulous and somewhat contemptuous world the central truths of the evolutionary doctrine. The opposition of the elders, long headed even in the society we actually know by a few stern scientific recalcitrants, like Owen and Agassiz, Pictet and Dawson, Virchow and Mivart, would have fought desperately57 in the last trench58 for the final figment of the fixity of species. What is now the general creed59, more or less loosely held and imperfectly understood, of hundreds and thousands among the intelligent mass, would, under such circumstances, be even yet the mere party-shibboleth of an esoteric few, struggling hard against the bare force of overwhelming numbers to ensure not only recognition but a fair hearing for the first principles of the development theory. It is to Darwin, and to Darwin almost alone, that we owe the present comparatively wide acceptance of the all-embracing doctrine of evolution.
No other man did so much or could have done so much to ensure its triumph. He began early in life to collect and arrange a vast encyclop?dia of facts, all finally focussed with supreme60 skill upon the great principle he so clearly perceived, and so lucidly61 expounded62. He brought to bear upon the question an amount of[Pg 197] personal observation, of minute experiment, of world-wide book-knowledge, of universal scientific ability, such as never perhaps was lavished63 by any other man upon any other department of study. His conspicuous64 and beautiful love of truth, his unflinching candour, his transparent65 fearlessness and honesty of purpose, his child-like simplicity66, his modesty67 of demeanour, his charming manner, his affectionate disposition68, his kindliness69 to friends, his courtesy to opponents, his gentleness to harsh and often bitter assailants, kindled70 in the minds of men of science everywhere throughout the world a contagious71 enthusiasm, only equalled perhaps among the disciples72 of Socrates and the great teachers of the revival73 of learning. His name became a rallying-point for the children of light in every country; and what philosophers and speculators might have taken a century or two more to establish in embryo26 was firmly grounded, never to be overthrown74, by the vast accumulations of fact and argument in the 'Origin of Species,' and its companion volumes.
The end of that great Darwinian revolution the world has not yet seen: in a sense, indeed, it will never see it. For the general acceptance of Darwin's theory, which we may watch progressing around us every minute to-day, implies a complete bouleversement of anthropocentric ideas, a total change in our human conception of our own relations to the world and the universe, which must work out for ever increasingly wide-reaching and complex effects in all our dealings with one another and with the environment at large. There is no department of human thought or human action which evolutionism leaves exactly where it stood[Pg 198] before the advent75 of the Darwinian conception. In nothing is this fact more conspicuously76 seen than in the immediate obsolescence77 (if one may so speak) of all the statical pre-Darwinian philosophies which ignored development, as soon as ever the new progressive evolutionary theories had fairly burst upon an astonished world. Dogmatic Comte was left forthwith to his little band of devoted78 adherents79; shadowy Hegel was relegated80 with a bow to the cool shades of the common-rooms of Oxford81; Buckle82 was exploded like an inflated83 wind-bag; even Mill himself—magnum et venerabile nomen—with all his mighty84 steam-hammer force of logical directness, was felt instinctively85 to be lacking in full appreciation86 of the dynamic and kinetic element in universal nature. Spencer and Hartmann, Haeckel and Clifford, had the field to themselves for the establishment of their essentially87 evolutionary systems. Great thinkers of the elder generation, like Bain and Lyell, felt bound to remodel88 their earlier conceptions by the light of the new Darwinian hypotheses. Those who failed by congenital constitution to do so, like Carlyle and Carpenter, were, philosophically89 speaking, left hopelessly behind and utterly90 extinguished. Those who only half succeeded in thus reading themselves into the new ideas, like Lewes and Max Müller, lost ground immediately before the eager onslaught of their younger competitors. 'The world is to the young,' says the eastern proverb; and in a world peopled throughout in the high places of thought by men almost without exception evolutionists, there was little or no place for the timid group of stranded91 Girondins, who still stood aloof92 in sullen93 antique scientific orthodoxy from what[Pg 199] seemed to them the carmagnoles and orgies of a biological Thermidor.
At the same time, it must be steadily94 remembered that there are many naturalists95 at the present day, especially among those of the lower order of intelligence, who, while accepting evolutionism in a general way, and therefore always describing themselves as Darwinians, do not believe and often cannot even understand the distinctive96 Darwinian addition to the evolutionary doctrine—namely, the principle of natural selection. Such hazy97 and indistinct thinkers as these are still really at the prior stage of Lamarckian evolutionism. It is probable that in the future, while a formal acceptance of Darwinism becomes general, the special theory of natural selection will be thoroughly98 understood and assimilated only by the more abstract and philosophical minds. Our children will be taught as a matter of course the doctrine of development or of descent with modification99; but the rationale of that descent will still remain in all likelihood always beyond the grasp of most of them: just as thousands accept on authority the Copernican astronomy, who would never even be capable of comprehending the simplest proofs of the earth's annual movement round the sun. Thus the name of Darwin will often no doubt be tacked100 on to what are in reality the principles of Lamarck.
Every day, however, in spite of such half-ignorant adherents, the effects of true Darwinism are widening and deepening. One group of earnest workers is using it now as a guide to physiological101, embryological, and anatomical researches. Another is employing it with zeal102 and skill in the field of classificatory and physiological[Pg 200] botany. Yet others are working out its psychological implications, enquiring103 into instinct and animal intelligence, and solving by its aid abstruse104 problems of the human mind and the human emotions. One philosopher has brought it to bear on questions of ethics105, another on questions of social and political economy. Its principles have been applied106 in one place to ?sthetics, in another place to logic13, in a third place to the origin and growth of religion. The study of language has derived new lights from the great central Darwinian luminary107. The art of education is beginning to feel the progressive influence of the Darwinian impulse. In fact, there is hardly a single original worker in any department of thought or science who has not been more or less profoundly affected108, whether he knows it or whether he knows it not, by the vast spreading and circling wave of the Darwinian conceptions. All our ideas have been revolutionised and evolutionised. The new notions are abroad in the world, quickening with their fresh and vigorous germinal power the dry bones of all the sciences, all the arts, and all the philosophies.
And evolutionism is gradually though slowly filtering downward. It is permeating109 the daily press of the nations, and gaining for its vocabulary a recognised place in the phraseology of the unlearned vulgar. Such expressions as 'natural selection,' 'survival of the fittest,' 'struggle for existence,' 'adaptation to the environment,' and all the rest of it, are becoming as household words upon the lips of thousands who only know the name of Darwin as a butt110 for the petty empty jibes111 of infinitesimal cheap witlings. And Darwinism[Pg 201] will trickle112 down still through a thousand channels, by definite popularisation, and still more by indefinite absorption into the common thought of universal humanity, till it becomes part and parcel of the general inheritance, bred in our bone and burnt into our blood, an heir-loom of our race to all time and in all countries. Great thoughts like his do not readily die: they expand and grow in ten thousand bosoms113, till they transform the world at last into their own likeness114, and adapt it to the environment they have themselves created by their informing power.
Happy above ordinary human happiness, Charles Darwin lived himself to see the prosperous beginning of this great silent philosophical revolution. Harvey's grand discovery, it has been well said, was scoffed115 at for nearly a whole generation. Newton's marvellous law of gravitation was coldly received even by the gigantic intellect of Leibnitz himself. Francis Bacon, in disgrace and humiliation116, could only commend his name and memory 'to foreign nations and to the next age.' It is too often so with thinkers of the first and highest order: it was not so, happily, with the gentle soul of Charles Darwin. Alone among the prophets and teachers of triumphant117 creeds118, he saw with his own eyes the adoption119 of the faith he had been the first to promulgate9 in all its fulness by every fresh and powerful mind of the younger race that grew up around him. The Nestor of evolutionism, he had lived among two successive generations of thinkers, and over the third he ruled as king. With that crowning joy of a great, a noble, and a happy life, let us leave him here alone in his glory.
The End
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1
sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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evolutionary
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| adj.进化的；演化的，演变的；[生]进化论的 | |
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vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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philosophical
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| adj.哲学家的，哲学上的，达观的 | |
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philosophic
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| adj.哲学的，贤明的 | |
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influential
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| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
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alteration
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| n.变更，改变；蚀变 | |
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omission
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| n.省略，删节；遗漏或省略的事物，冗长 | |
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promulgate
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| v.宣布；传播；颁布（法令、新法律等） | |
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promulgated
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| v.宣扬（某事物）( promulgate的过去式和过去分词 )；传播；公布；颁布（法令、新法律等） | |
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inchoate
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| adj.才开始的，初期的 | |
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primordial
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| adj.原始的；最初的 | |
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logic
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| n.逻辑(学)；逻辑性 | |
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marsh
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| n.沼泽，湿地 | |
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unearthed
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| 出土的（考古） | |
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slates
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| （旧时学生用以写字的）石板( slate的名词复数 )； 板岩； 石板瓦； 石板色 | |
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suite
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| n.一套(家具)；套房；随从人员 | |
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amphibians
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| 两栖动物( amphibian的名词复数 )； 水陆两用车； 水旱两生植物； 水陆两用飞行器 | |
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pal
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| n.朋友，伙伴，同志；vi.结为友 | |
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derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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flora
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| n.(某一地区的)植物群 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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embryo
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| n.胚胎，萌芽的事物 | |
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prehistoric
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| adj.（有记载的）历史以前的，史前的，古老的 | |
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titanic
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| adj.巨人的，庞大的，强大的 | |
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doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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impetus
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| n.推动，促进，刺激；推动力 | |
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transcended
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| 超出或超越（经验、信念、描写能力等）的范围( transcend的过去式和过去分词 )； 优于或胜过… | |
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interval
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| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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obsequious
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| adj.谄媚的，奉承的，顺从的 | |
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astronomical
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| adj.天文学的，（数字）极大的 | |
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revolving
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| adj.旋转的，轮转式的；循环的v.（使）旋转( revolve的现在分词 )；细想 | |
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majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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galaxy
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| n.星系；银河系；一群(杰出或著名的人物) | |
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esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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fowls
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| 鸟( fowl的名词复数 )； 禽肉； 既不是这； 非驴非马 | |
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specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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subservience
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| n.有利，有益；从属（地位），附属性；屈从，恭顺；媚态 | |
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kinetic
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| adj.运动的；动力学的 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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cosmos
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| n.宇宙；秩序，和谐 | |
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humility
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| n.谦逊，谦恭 | |
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48
strenuous
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| adj.奋发的，使劲的；紧张的；热烈的，狂热的 | |
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ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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51
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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52
consensus
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| n.(意见等的)一致，一致同意，共识 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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prodigious
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| adj.惊人的，奇妙的；异常的；巨大的；庞大的 | |
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opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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desperately
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| adv.极度渴望地，绝望地，孤注一掷地 | |
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58
trench
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| n./v.(挖)沟，(挖)战壕 | |
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creed
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| n.信条；信念，纲领 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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lucidly
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| adv.清透地，透明地 | |
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expounded
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| 论述，详细讲解( expound的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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lavished
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| v.过分给予，滥施( lavish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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transparent
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| adj.明显的，无疑的；透明的 | |
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66
simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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67
modesty
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| n.谦逊，虚心，端庄，稳重，羞怯，朴素 | |
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disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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kindliness
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| n.厚道，亲切，友好的行为 | |
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kindled
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| （使某物）燃烧，着火( kindle的过去式和过去分词 )； 激起（感情等）； 发亮，放光 | |
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contagious
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| adj.传染性的，有感染力的 | |
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disciples
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| n.信徒( disciple的名词复数 )；门徒；耶稣的信徒；（尤指）耶稣十二门徒之一 | |
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revival
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| n.复兴，复苏，（精力、活力等的）重振 | |
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overthrown
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| adj. 打翻的，推倒的，倾覆的 动词overthrow的过去分词 | |
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advent
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| n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临 | |
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conspicuously
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| ad.明显地，惹人注目地 | |
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obsolescence
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| n.过时，陈旧，废弃 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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adherents
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| n.支持者，拥护者( adherent的名词复数 )；党羽；徒子徒孙 | |
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relegated
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| v.使降级( relegate的过去式和过去分词 )；使降职；转移；把…归类 | |
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Oxford
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| n.牛津（英国城市） | |
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buckle
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| n.扣子，带扣；v.把...扣住，由于压力而弯曲 | |
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inflated
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| adj.（价格）飞涨的；（通货）膨胀的；言过其实的；充了气的v.使充气（于轮胎、气球等）( inflate的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）膨胀；（使）通货膨胀；物价上涨 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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instinctively
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| adv.本能地 | |
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appreciation
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| n.评价；欣赏；感谢；领会，理解；价格上涨 | |
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essentially
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| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
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remodel
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| v.改造，改型，改变 | |
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philosophically
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| adv.哲学上；富有哲理性地；贤明地；冷静地 | |
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utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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stranded
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| a.搁浅的，进退两难的 | |
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aloof
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| adj.远离的；冷淡的，漠不关心的 | |
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sullen
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| adj.愠怒的，闷闷不乐的，(天气等)阴沉的 | |
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steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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naturalists
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| n.博物学家( naturalist的名词复数 )；（文学艺术的）自然主义者 | |
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distinctive
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| adj.特别的，有特色的，与众不同的 | |
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hazy
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| adj.有薄雾的，朦胧的；不肯定的，模糊的 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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modification
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| n.修改，改进，缓和，减轻 | |
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100
tacked
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| 用平头钉钉( tack的过去式和过去分词 )； 附加，增补； 帆船抢风行驶，用粗线脚缝 | |
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physiological
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| adj.生理学的，生理学上的 | |
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zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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enquiring
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| a.爱打听的，显得好奇的 | |
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abstruse
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| adj.深奥的，难解的 | |
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ethics
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| n.伦理学；伦理观，道德标准 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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luminary
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| n.名人，天体 | |
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affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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permeating
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| 弥漫( permeate的现在分词 )； 遍布； 渗入； 渗透 | |
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butt
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| n.笑柄；烟蒂；枪托；臀部；v.用头撞或顶 | |
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jibes
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| n.与…一致( jibe的名词复数 )；（与…）相符；相匹配v.与…一致( jibe的第三人称单数 )；（与…）相符；相匹配 | |
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trickle
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| vi.淌，滴，流出，慢慢移动，逐渐消散 | |
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bosoms
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| 胸部( bosom的名词复数 )； 胸怀； 女衣胸部（或胸襟）； 和爱护自己的人在一起的情形 | |
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likeness
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| n.相像，相似（之处） | |
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scoffed
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| 嘲笑，嘲弄( scoff的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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humiliation
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| n.羞辱 | |
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triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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creeds
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| （尤指宗教）信条，教条( creed的名词复数 ) | |
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adoption
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| n.采用，采纳，通过；收养 | |
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