The original authorities most largely consulted have been, first and above all, the "English Chronicle," and to an almost equal extent, B?da's "Ecclesiastical History." These have been supplemented, where necessary, by Florence of Worcester and the other Latin writers of later date. I have not thought it needful, however, to repeat any of the gossiping stories from William of Malmesbury, Henry of Huntingdon, and their compeers, which make up the bulk of our early history as told in most modern books. Still less have I paid any attention to the romances of Geoffrey of Monmouth. Gildas, Nennius, and the other Welsh tracts4 have been sparingly employed, and always with a reference by name. Asser has been used with caution, where his information seems to be really contemporary. I have also derived5 some occasional hints from the old British bards6, from Beowulf, from the laws, and from the charters in the "Codex Diplomaticus." These written documents have been helped out by some personal study of the actual early English relics7 preserved in various museums, and by the indirect evidence of local nomenclature.
Among modern books, I owe my acknowledgments in the first and highest degree to Dr. E.A. Freeman, from whose great and just authority, however, I have occasionally ventured to differ in some minor8 matters. Next, my acknowledgments are due to Canon Stubbs, to Mr. Kemble, and to Mr. J.R. Green. Dr. Guest's valuable papers in the Transactions of the Arch?ological Institute have supplied many useful suggestions. To Lappenberg and Sir Francis Palgrave I am also indebted for various details. Professor Rolleston's contributions to "Arch?ologia," as well as his Appendix to Canon Greenwell's "British Barrows," have been consulted for anthropological9 and antiquarian points; on which also Professor Huxley and Mr. Akerman have published useful papers. Professor Boyd Dawkins's work on "Early Man in Britain," as well as the writings of Worsaae and Steenstrup have helped in elucidating10 the condition of the English at the date of the Conquest. Nor must I forget the aid derived from Mr. Isaac Taylor's "Words and Places," from Professor Henry Morley's "English Literature," and from Messrs. Haddan and Stubbs' "Councils." To Mr. Gomme, Mr. E.B. Tylor, Mr. Sweet, Mr. James Collier, Dr. H. Leo, and perhaps others, I am under various obligations; and if any acknowledgments have been overlooked, I trust the injured person will forgive me when I have had already to quote so many authorities for so small a book. The popular character of the work renders it undesirable11 to load the pages with footnotes of reference; and scholars will generally see for themselves the source of the information given in the text.
Personally, my thanks are due to my friend, Mr. York Powell, for much valuable aid and assistance, and to the Rev12. E. McClure, one of the Society's secretaries, for his kind revision of the volume in proof, and for several suggestions of which I have gladly availed myself.
As various early English names and phrases occur throughout the book, it will be best, perhaps, to say a few words about their pronunciation here, rather than to leave over that subject to the chapter on the Anglo-Saxon language, near the close of the work. A few notes on this matter are therefore appended below.
[Transcriber's note: If any of the characters in the following paragraph do not display for you, please click here for a transcribed13 version.]
The simple vowels14, as a rule, have their continental16 pronunciation, approximately thus: ā as in father, ? as in ask; ē as in there, ? as in men; ī as in marine17, ? as fit; ō as in note, ? as in not; ū as in brute18, ? as in full; ? as in grün (German), y? as in hübsch (German). The quantity of the vowels is not marked in this work. ? is not a diphthong, but a simple vowel15 sound, the same as our own short a in man, that, &c. Ea is pronounced like ya. C is always hard, like k; and g is also always hard, as in begin: they must never be pronounced like s or j. The other consonants20 have the same values as in modern English. No vowel or consonant19 is ever mute. Hence we get the following approximate pronunciations: ?lfred and ?thelred, as if written Alfred and Athelred; ?thelstan and Dunstan, as Athelstahn and Doonstahn; Eadwine and Oswine, nearly as Yahd-weena and Ose-weena; Wulfsige and Sigeberht, as Wolf-seeg-a and Seeg-a-bayrt; Ceolred and Cynewulf, as Keole-red and Küne-wolf. These approximations look a little absurd when written down in the only modern phonetic21 equivalents; but that is the fault of our own existing spelling, not of the early English names themselves.
G.A.
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1 sketch | |
n.草图;梗概;素描;v.素描;概述 | |
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2 conquerors | |
征服者,占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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3 purely | |
adv.纯粹地,完全地 | |
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4 tracts | |
大片土地( tract的名词复数 ); 地带; (体内的)道; (尤指宣扬宗教、伦理或政治的)短文 | |
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5 derived | |
vi.起源;由来;衍生;导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 );(从…中)得到获得;源于;(从…中)提取 | |
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6 bards | |
n.诗人( bard的名词复数 ) | |
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7 relics | |
[pl.]n.遗物,遗迹,遗产;遗体,尸骸 | |
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8 minor | |
adj.较小(少)的,较次要的;n.辅修学科;vi.辅修 | |
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9 anthropological | |
adj.人类学的 | |
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10 elucidating | |
v.阐明,解释( elucidate的现在分词 ) | |
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11 undesirable | |
adj.不受欢迎的,不良的,不合意的,讨厌的;n.不受欢迎的人,不良分子 | |
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12 rev | |
v.发动机旋转,加快速度 | |
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13 transcribed | |
(用不同的录音手段)转录( transcribe的过去式和过去分词 ); 改编(乐曲)(以适应他种乐器或声部); 抄写; 用音标标出(声音) | |
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14 vowels | |
n.元音,元音字母( vowel的名词复数 ) | |
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15 vowel | |
n.元音;元音字母 | |
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16 continental | |
adj.大陆的,大陆性的,欧洲大陆的 | |
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17 marine | |
adj.海的;海生的;航海的;海事的;n.水兵 | |
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18 brute | |
n.野兽,兽性 | |
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19 consonant | |
n.辅音;adj.[音]符合的 | |
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20 consonants | |
n.辅音,子音( consonant的名词复数 );辅音字母 | |
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21 phonetic | |
adj.语言的,语言上的,表示语音的 | |
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