So he fitted up his little Chelsea rooms in his own economically sumptuous24 fashion with some bits of wall paper, a few jugs25 and vases, and an etching or two after Meissonier; planted the Progenitor down comfortably in a large easy-chair, with a melodious26 fiddle27 before him; and set to work himself to do what he could towards elevating the British stage and pocketing a reasonable profit on his own account from that familiar and ever-rejuvenescent process. He was quite in earnest, now, about producing a totally new effect of his own; and believing in his work, as a good workman ought to do, he wrought28 at it indefatigably29 and well in the retirement30 of a second-pair back, overlooking a yardful of fluttering clothes, and a fine skyline vista31 of bare, yellowish brick chimneys.
‘What part are you working at to-day, Artie?’ said the old shoemaker, looking over his son’s shoulder at the blank music paper before him. ‘Quartette of Biological Professors, eh?’
‘Yes, father,’ Berkeley answered with a smile. ‘How do you think it runs now?’ and he hummed over a few lines of his own words, set with a quaint32 lilt to his own inimitable and irresistible33 music:—
And though in unanimous chorus
We mourn that from ages before us
No single enaliosaurus
To-day should survive,
Yet joyfully34 may we bethink us,
With the earliest mammal to link us,
We still have the ornithorhyncus
Extant and alive!
‘How do you think the score does for that, father, eh? Catching35 air rather, isn’t it?’
‘Not a better air in the whole piece, Artie; but, my boy, who do you think will ever understand the meaning of the words. The gods themselves won’t know what you’re driving at.’
‘But I’m going to strike out a new line, Daddie dear. I’m not going to play to the gallery; I mean to play to the stalls and boxes.’
‘Was there ever such a born aristocrat36 as this young parson is!’ cried the old man, lifting up both his hands with a playful gesture of mock-deprecation. ‘He’s hopeless! He’s terrible! He’s incorrigible37! Why, you unworthy son of a respectable Paddington shoemaker, if even the intelligent British artizans in the gallery don’t understand you, how the dickens do you suppose the oiled and curled Assyrian bulls in the stalls and boxes will have a glimmering38 idea of what you’re driving at? The supposition’s an insult to the popular intelligence—in other words, to me, sir, your Progenitor.’
Berkeley laughed. ‘I don’t know about that, father,’ he said, holding up the page of manuscript music at arm’s length admiringly before him; ‘but I do know one thing: this comic opera of mine is going to be a triumphant39 success.’
‘So I’ve thought ever since you began it, Artie. You see, my boy, there’s a great many points in its favour. In the first place you can write your own libretto40, or whatever you call it; and you know I’ve always held that though that Wagner man was wrong in practice—a most inflated41 thunder-bomb, his Lohengrin—yet he was right in theory, right in theory, Artie; every composer ought to be his own poet. Well, then, again, you’ve got a certain peculiar42 vein43 of humour of your own, a kind of delicate semi-serious burlesque44 turn about you that’s quite original, both in writing and in composing; you’re a humourist in verse and a humourist in music, that’s the long and the short of it. Now, you’ve hit upon a fresh lode45 of dramatic ore in this opera of yours, and if my judgment46 goes for anything, it’ll bring the house down the first evening. I’m a bit of a critic, Artie; by hook or by crook47, you know, paper or money, I’ve heard every good opera, comic or serious, that’s been given in London these last thirty years, and I flatter myself I know something by this time about operatic criticism.’
‘You’re wrong about Wagner, father,’ said Arthur, still glancing with paternal48 partiality at his sheet of manuscript: ‘Lohengrin’s a very fine work, a grand work, I assure you. I won’t let you run it down. But, barring that, I think you’re pretty nearly right in your main judgment. I’m not modest, and it strikes me somehow that I’ve invented a genre49. That’s about what it comes to.’
‘If you’d confine yourself to your native tongue, Mr. Parson, your ignorant old father might have some chance of agreeing or disagreeing with you; but as he doesn’t even know what the thingumbob you say you’ve invented may happen to be, he can’t profitably continue the discussion of that subject. However, my only fear is that you may perhaps be writing above the heads of the audience. Not in the music, Artie; they can’t fail to catch that; it rings in one’s head like the song of a hedge warbler—tirree, tirree, lu-lu-lu, la-la, tirree, tu-whit, tu-whoo, tra-la-la—but in the words and the action. I’m half afraid that’ll be over their heads, even in the gallery. What do you think you’ll finally call it?’
‘I’m hesitating, Daddy, between “Evolution” and “The Primate50 of Fiji.” Which do you recommend—tell me?’
‘The Primate, by all means,’ said the old man gaily51. ‘And you still mean to open with the debate in the Fijian Parliament on the Deceased Grandmother’s Second Cousin Bill?’
‘No, I don’t, Daddy. I’ve written a new first scene this week, in which the President of the Board of Trade remonstrates52 with the mermaids53 on their remissness54 in sending their little ones to the Fijian Board Schools, in order to receive primary instruction in the art of swimming. I’ve got a capital chorus of mermaids to balance the other chorus of Biological Professors on the Challenger Expedition. I consider it’s a happy cross between Ariosto and Aristophanes. If you like, I’ll give you the score, and read over the words to you.’ ‘Do,’ said the old man, settling himself down in comfort in his son’s easy-chair, and assuming the sternest air of an impartial55 critic. Arthur Berkeley read on dramatically, in his own clever airy fashion, suiting accent and gesture to the subject matter through the whole first three acts of that exquisitely56 humorous opera, the Primate of Fiji. Sometimes he hummed the tune57 over to himself as he went; sometimes he played a few notes upon his flute58 by way of striking the key-note; sometimes he rose from his seat in his animation59, and half acted the part he was reading with almost unconscious and spontaneous mimicry60. He read through the famous song of the President of the Local Government Board, that everybody has since heard played by every German band at the street corners; through the marvellously catching chorus of the superannuated61 tide-waiters; through the culminating dialogue between the London Missionary62 Society’s Agent and the Hereditary63 Grand Sacrificer to the King of Fiji. Of course the recital64 lacked everything of the scenery and dresses that give it so much vogue65 upon the stage; but it had at least the charmingly suggestive music, the wonderful linking of sound to sense, the droll66 and inimitable intermixture of the plausible67 and the impossible which everybody has admired and laughed at in the acted piece.
The old shoemaker listened in breathless silence, keeping his eye fixed68 steadily69 all the time upon the clean copy of the score. Only once he made a wry70 face to himself, and that was in the chorus to the debate in the Fijian Parliament on the proposal to leave off the practice of obligatory71 cannibalism72. The conservative party were of opinion that if you began by burying instead of eating your deceased wife, you might end by the atrocious practice of marrying your deceased wife’s sister; and they opposed the revolutionary measure in that well known refrain:—
Of change like this we’re naturally chary73,
Nolumus leges Fijiae mutari.
That passage evidently gave the Progenitor deep pain.
‘Stick to your own language, my boy,’ he murmured; ‘stick to your own language. The Latin may be very fine, but the gallery wil never understand it.’ However, when Arthur finished at last, he drew a long breath, and laid down the roll of manuscript with an involuntary little cry of half-stifled applause.
‘Artie,’ he said rising from the chair slowly, ‘Artie, that’s not so bad for a parson, I can tell you. I hope the Archbishop won’t be tempted74 to cite you for displaying an amount of originality75 unworthy of your cloth.’
‘Father,’ said Arthur, suddenly, after a short pause, with a tinge76 of pensiveness77 in his tone that was not usual with him, in speaking at least; ‘Father, I often think I ought never to have become a parson at all.’
‘Well, my boy,’ said the old man, looking up at him sharply with his keen eyes, ‘I knew that long ago. You’ve never really believed in the thing, and you oughtn’t to have gone in for it from the very beginning. It was the music, and the dresses, and the decorations that enticed78 you, Artie, and not the doctrine79.’
Arthur turned towards him with a pained expression. ‘Father,’ he said, half reproachfully, ‘Father, dear father, don’t talk to me like that. Don’t think I’m so shallow or so dishonest as to subscribe80 to opinions I don’t believe in. It’s a curious thing to say, a curious thing in this unbelieving age, and I’m half ashamed to say it, even to you; but do you know, father, I really do believe it: in my very heart of hearts, I fancy I believe every word of it.’
The old man listened to him compassionately81 and tenderly, as a woman listens to the fears and troubles of a little child. To him, that plain confession82 of faith was, in truth, a wonder and a stumbling-block. Good, simple-hearted, easy-going, logical-minded, sceptical shoemaker that he was, with his head all stuffed full of Malthus, and John Stuart Mill, and political economy, and the hard facts of life and science, how could he hope to understand the complex labyrinth83 of metaphysical thinking, and childlike faith, and aesthetic84 attraction, and historical authority, which made a sensitive man like Arthur Berkeley, in his wayward, half-serious, emotional fashion, turn back lovingly and regretfully to the fair old creed85 that his father had so long deserted86? How strange that Artie, a full-grown male person, with all the learning of the schools behind him, should relapse at last into these childish and exploded mediaeval superstitions87! How incredible that, after having been brought up from his babyhood upward on the strong meat of the agnostic philosophers, he should fall back in his manhood on the milk for babes administered to him by orthodox theology! The simple-minded old sceptic could hardly credit it, now that Arthur told him so with his own lips, though he had more than once suspected it when he heard him playing sacred music with that last touch of earnestness in his execution which only the sincerest conviction and most intimate realisation of its import can ever give. Ah well, ah well, good sceptical old shoemaker; there are perhaps more things in heaven and earth and in the deep soul of man than are dreamt of in your philosophy.
Still, though the avowal88 shocked and disappointed him a little, the old man could not find it in his heart to say one word of sorrow or disapproval89, far less of ridicule90 or banter91, to his dearly loved boy. He felt instinctively92, what Herbert Le Breton could not feel, that this sentimental93 tendency of his son’s, as he thought it, lay far too deep and seemed far too sacred for mere94 argument or common discussion. ‘Perhaps,’ he said to himself softly, ‘Artie’s emotional side has got the better of his intellectual. I brought him up without telling him any thing of these things, except negatively, and by way of warning against superstitious95 tendencies; and when he went to Oxford, and saw the doctrines96 tricked out in all the authority of a great hierarchy97, with its cathedrals, and chapels98, and choirs99, and altars, and robes, and fal-lal finery, it got the better of him; got the better of him, very naturally. Artie’s a cleverer fellow than his old father—had more education, and so on; and I’m fond of him, very fond of him; but his logical faculty100 isn’t quite straight, somehow: he lets his feelings have too much weight and prominence101 against his calmer reason! I can easily understand how, with his tastes and leanings, the clericals should have managed to get a hold over him. The clericals are such insinuating102 cunning fellows. A very impressionable boy Artie was, always; the poetical103 temperament104 and the artistic105 temperament always is impressionable, I suppose; but shoemaking certainly does develop the logical faculties106. Seems as though the logical faculties were situated107 in the fore-part of the brain, as they mark them out on the phrenological heads; and the leaning forward that gives us the shoemaker’s forehead must tend to enlarge them—give them plenty of room to expand and develop!’ Saying which thing to himself musingly108, the father took his son’s hand gently in his, and only smoothed it quietly as he looked deep into Arthur’s eyes, without uttering a single word.
As for Arthur Berkeley, he sat silent, too, half averting109 his face from his father’s gaze, and feeling a little blush of shame upon his cheek at having been surprised unexpectedly into such an unwonted avowal. How could he ever expect his father to understand the nature of his feelings! To him, good old man that he was, all these things were just matters of priestcraft and obscurantism—fables invented by the ecclesiastical mind as a means of getting fat livings and comfortable deaneries out of the public pocket. And, indeed, Arthur was well accustomed at Oxford to keeping his own opinions to himself on such subjects. What chance of sympathy or response was there for such a man as he in that coldly critical and calmly deliberative learned society? Not, of course, that all Oxford was wholly given over even then to extreme agnosticism. There were High Churchmen, and Low Churchmen, and Broad Churchmen enough, to be sure: men learned in the Fathers, and the Canons, and the Acts of the General Councils; men ready to argue on the intermediate state, or on the three witnesses, or on the heretical nature of the Old Catholic schism110; men prepared with minute dogmatic opinions upon every conceivable or inconceivable point of abstract theology. There were people who could trace the Apostolic succession of the old Cornish bishops111, and people who could pronounce authoritatively112 upon the exact distinction between justification113 and remission of sins. But for all these things Arthur Berkeley cared nothing. Where, then, among those learned exegetical114 theologians, was there room for one whose belief was a matter, not of reason and argument, but of feeling and of sympathy? He did not want to learn what the Council of Trent had said about such and such a dogma; he wanted to be conscious of an inner truth, to find the world permeated115 by an informing righteousness, to know himself at one with the inner essence of the entire universe. And though he could never feel sure whether it was all illusion or not, he had hungered and thirsted after believing it, till, as he told his father timidly that day, he actually did believe it somehow in his heart of hearts. Let us not seek to probe too deeply into those inner recesses116, whose abysmal117 secrets are never perfectly118 clear even to the introspective eyes of the conscious self-dissector himself.
After a pause Arthur spoke119 again. He spoke this time in a very low voice, as one afraid to open his soul too much, even to his father. ‘Dear, dear father,’ he said, releasing his hand softly, ‘you don’t quite understand what I mean about it. It isn’t because I don’t believe, or try to believe, or hope I believe, that I think I ought never to have become a parson. In my way, as in a glass, darkly, I do strive my best to believe, though perhaps my belief is hardly more in its way than Ernest Le Breton’s unbelieving. I do want to think that this great universe we see around us isn’t all a mistake and an abortion120. I want to find a mind and an order and a purpose in it; and, perhaps because I want it, I make myself believe that I have really found it. In that hope and belief, with the ultimate object of helping121 on whatever is best and truest in the world, I took orders. But I feel now that it was an error for me. I’m not the right man to make a parson. There are men who are born for that r?le; men who know how to conduct themselves in it decently and in seemly fashion; men who can quietly endure all its restraints, and can fairly rise to the height of all its duties. But I can’t. I was intended for something lighter122 and less onerous123 than that. If I stop in the Church I shall do no good to myself or to it; if I come out of it, I shall make both parties freer, and shall be able to do more good in my own generation. And so, father, for the very same reasons that made me go into it, I mean to come out again. Not in any quarrel with it, nor as turning my back upon it, but just as the simple acknowledgment of a mistaken calling. It wouldn’t be seemly, for example, for a parson to write comic operas. But I feel I can do more good by writing comic operas than by talking dogmatically about things I hardly understand to people who hardly understand me. So before I get this opera acted I mean to leave off my white tie, and be known in future, henceforth and for ever, as plain Arthur Berkeley.’
The old shoemaker listened in respectful silence. ‘It isn’t for me, Artie,’ he said, as his son finished, ‘to stand between a man and his conscience. As John Stuart Mill says in his essay on “Liberty,” we must allow full play to every man’s individuality. Wonderful man, John Stuart Mill; I understand his grandfather was a shoemaker. Well, I won’t talk with you about the matter of conviction; but I never wanted you to be a parson, and I shall feel all the happier myself when you’ve ceased to be one.’
‘And I,’ said Arthur, ‘shall feel all the freer; but if I had been able to remain where I was, I should have felt all the worthier124, for all that.’
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1
lodgings
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| n. 出租的房舍, 寄宿舍 | |
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2
snug
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| adj.温暖舒适的，合身的，安全的；v.使整洁干净，舒适地依靠，紧贴；n.（英）酒吧里的私房 | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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deft
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| adj.灵巧的，熟练的（a deft hand 能手） | |
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progenitor
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| n.祖先，先驱 | |
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sitting-room
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| n.（BrE）客厅，起居室 | |
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destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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8
ambiguities
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| n.歧义( ambiguity的名词复数 )；意义不明确；模棱两可的意思；模棱两可的话 | |
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9
prospered
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| 成功，兴旺( prosper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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Oxford
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| n.牛津（英国城市） | |
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cantata
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| n.清唱剧，大合唱 | |
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qualms
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| n.不安；内疚 | |
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justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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monetary
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| adj.货币的，钱的；通货的；金融的；财政的 | |
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eloquent
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| adj.雄辩的，口才流利的；明白显示出的 | |
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dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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prospective
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| adj.预期的，未来的，前瞻性的 | |
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18
liturgy
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| n.礼拜仪式 | |
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lurk
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| n.潜伏，潜行；v.潜藏，潜伏，埋伏 | |
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20
conceits
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| 高傲( conceit的名词复数 )； 自以为； 巧妙的词语； 别出心裁的比喻 | |
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hesitations
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| n.犹豫( hesitation的名词复数 )；踌躇；犹豫（之事或行为）；口吃 | |
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miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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pittance
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| n.微薄的薪水，少量 | |
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sumptuous
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| adj.豪华的，奢侈的，华丽的 | |
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jugs
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| （有柄及小口的）水壶( jug的名词复数 ) | |
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melodious
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| adj.旋律美妙的，调子优美的，音乐性的 | |
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fiddle
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| n.小提琴；vi.拉提琴；不停拨弄，乱动 | |
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wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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indefatigably
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| adv.不厌倦地，不屈不挠地 | |
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retirement
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| n.退休，退职 | |
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vista
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| n.远景，深景，展望，回想 | |
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quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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joyfully
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| adv. 喜悦地, 高兴地 | |
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catching
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| adj.易传染的，有魅力的，迷人的，接住 | |
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aristocrat
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| n.贵族，有贵族气派的人，上层人物 | |
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incorrigible
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| adj.难以纠正的，屡教不改的 | |
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glimmering
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| n.微光，隐约的一瞥adj.薄弱地发光的v.发闪光，发微光( glimmer的现在分词 ) | |
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triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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libretto
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| n.歌剧剧本，歌曲歌词 | |
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inflated
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| adj.（价格）飞涨的；（通货）膨胀的；言过其实的；充了气的v.使充气（于轮胎、气球等）( inflate的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）膨胀；（使）通货膨胀；物价上涨 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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vein
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| n.血管，静脉；叶脉，纹理；情绪；vt.使成脉络 | |
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44
burlesque
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| v.嘲弄，戏仿；n.嘲弄，取笑，滑稽模仿 | |
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45
lode
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| n.矿脉 | |
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46
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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47
crook
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| v.使弯曲；n.小偷，骗子，贼；弯曲(处) | |
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48
paternal
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| adj.父亲的，像父亲的，父系的，父方的 | |
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49
genre
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| n.(文学、艺术等的)类型，体裁，风格 | |
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50
primate
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| n.灵长类（目）动物，首席主教；adj.首要的 | |
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51
gaily
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| adv.欢乐地，高兴地 | |
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52
remonstrates
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| v.抗议( remonstrate的第三人称单数 )；告诫 | |
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53
mermaids
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| n.（传说中的）美人鱼( mermaid的名词复数 ) | |
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54
remissness
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| n.玩忽职守；马虎；怠慢；不小心 | |
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55
impartial
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| adj.(in,to)公正的，无偏见的 | |
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56
exquisitely
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| adv.精致地；强烈地；剧烈地；异常地 | |
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57
tune
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| n.调子；和谐，协调；v.调音，调节，调整 | |
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58
flute
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| n.长笛；v.吹笛 | |
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animation
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| n.活泼，兴奋，卡通片／动画片的制作 | |
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60
mimicry
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| n.（生物）拟态，模仿 | |
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superannuated
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| adj.老朽的，退休的；v.因落后于时代而废除，勒令退学 | |
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missionary
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| adj.教会的，传教(士)的；n.传教士 | |
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hereditary
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| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
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64
recital
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| n.朗诵，独奏会，独唱会 | |
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65
Vogue
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| n.时髦，时尚；adj.流行的 | |
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droll
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| adj.古怪的，好笑的 | |
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67
plausible
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| adj.似真实的，似乎有理的，似乎可信的 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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wry
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| adj.讽刺的；扭曲的 | |
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71
obligatory
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| adj.强制性的，义务的，必须的 | |
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72
cannibalism
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| n.同类相食；吃人肉 | |
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chary
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| adj.谨慎的，细心的 | |
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tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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originality
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| n.创造力，独创性；新颖 | |
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76
tinge
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| vt.(较淡)着色于，染色；使带有…气息；n.淡淡色彩，些微的气息 | |
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77
pensiveness
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| n.pensive（沉思的）的变形 | |
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78
enticed
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| 诱惑，怂恿( entice的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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subscribe
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| vi.(to)订阅，订购；同意；vt.捐助，赞助 | |
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compassionately
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| adv.表示怜悯地，有同情心地 | |
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82
confession
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| n.自白，供认，承认 | |
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83
labyrinth
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| n.迷宫；难解的事物；迷路 | |
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aesthetic
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| adj.美学的，审美的，有美感 | |
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creed
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| n.信条；信念，纲领 | |
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deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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superstitions
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| 迷信，迷信行为( superstition的名词复数 ) | |
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avowal
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| n.公开宣称，坦白承认 | |
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disapproval
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| n.反对，不赞成 | |
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ridicule
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| v.讥讽，挖苦；n.嘲弄 | |
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banter
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| n.嘲弄，戏谑；v.取笑，逗弄，开玩笑 | |
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instinctively
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| adv.本能地 | |
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sentimental
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| adj.多愁善感的，感伤的 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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superstitious
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| adj.迷信的 | |
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96
doctrines
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| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明 | |
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hierarchy
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| n.等级制度；统治集团，领导层 | |
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chapels
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| n.小教堂， （医院、监狱等的）附属礼拜堂( chapel的名词复数 )；（在小教堂和附属礼拜堂举行的）礼拜仪式 | |
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choirs
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| n.教堂的唱诗班( choir的名词复数 )；唱诗队；公开表演的合唱团；（教堂）唱经楼 | |
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faculty
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| n.才能；学院，系；(学院或系的)全体教学人员 | |
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prominence
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| n.突出；显著；杰出；重要 | |
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insinuating
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| adj.曲意巴结的，暗示的v.暗示( insinuate的现在分词 )；巧妙或迂回地潜入；（使）缓慢进入；慢慢伸入 | |
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103
poetical
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| adj.似诗人的；诗一般的；韵文的；富有诗意的 | |
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104
temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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105
artistic
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| adj.艺术(家)的，美术(家)的；善于艺术创作的 | |
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faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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107
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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108
musingly
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| adv.沉思地，冥想地 | |
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109
averting
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| 防止，避免( avert的现在分词 )； 转移 | |
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110
schism
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| n.分派，派系，分裂 | |
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111
bishops
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| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
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112
authoritatively
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| 命令式地，有权威地，可信地 | |
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113
justification
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| n.正当的理由；辩解的理由 | |
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114
exegetical
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| adj.评释的，解经的 | |
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115
permeated
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| 弥漫( permeate的过去式和过去分词 )； 遍布； 渗入； 渗透 | |
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116
recesses
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| n.壁凹( recess的名词复数 )；（工作或业务活动的）中止或暂停期间；学校的课间休息；某物内部的凹形空间v.把某物放在墙壁的凹处( recess的第三人称单数 )；将（墙）做成凹形，在（墙）上做壁龛；休息，休会，休庭 | |
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117
abysmal
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| adj.无底的，深不可测的，极深的；糟透的，极坏的；完全的 | |
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118
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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119
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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120
abortion
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| n.流产，堕胎 | |
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121
helping
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| n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的 | |
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122
lighter
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| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
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123
onerous
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| adj.繁重的 | |
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124
worthier
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| 应得某事物( worthy的比较级 )； 值得做某事； 可尊敬的； 有（某人或事物）的典型特征 | |
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