For some reason known to the Foreign Office, but understood and appreciated by no one else, Salvador is incorporated with Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Honduras in its representation by a Minister-Resident and Consul-General combined. Other nations in Europe of less importance, and the United States of America, are represented by separate Ministers and Consuls-General, and in some instances by both. The niggardly5 Foreign Office, however, when it has contributed the munificent6 sum of ￡2,000 for the Minister-Resident's salary, and a further ￡300 as office allowance as well as ￡200 for the Consul's office expenses, has done all that it thinks necessary to sustain the dignity of Great Britain in a foreign country whose people are peculiarly susceptible7 to compliments of this kind, and leaves Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Honduras—separated from one another not alone by hundreds of miles in actual distance, but by many days' travel on horseback or by steamship—to make the best they can of the arrangement. The inconvenience alike to the particular Minister, to the British subjects living in[97] these Republics, and to the Governments concerned, is considerable, and at times becomes of very serious import.
The British Minister to Salvador is Mr. Lionel Edward Gresley Carden, a man of altogether exceptional ability and culture, a born diplomat8, and one of the most attractive personalities9 that one could meet with. He was born in 1851, and is a son of the Rev10. Lionel Carden, of Barnane, Co. Tipperary, his mother being the beautiful Miss Lucy Lawrence Ottley; and from her Mr. Carden has doubtless inherited much of his physical attractiveness. Educated at Eton, he was at the age of twenty-six given his first Government appointment, namely, that of Vice-Consul at Havana, Cuba, in 1877. A few years afterwards—namely, in 1883—Mr. Carden was attached to Sir S. St. John's Special Mission to Mexico, and two years later he was appointed H.B.M.'s Consul at Mexico City. It was then that his valuable services as the British Commissioner11 at the Mexican Mixed Claims Court were rendered, the Commission sitting on and off between 1885 and 1889. While in Mexico Mr. Carden upon two occasions took entire charge of the Legation, and in 1898 he went back to Cuba, this time as Consul-General, remaining there until 1902.
Mr. Carden created a profoundly friendly feeling for the British during these four years, and he is still spoken of with the greatest esteem12, not only by members of the British community, but by the Cubans themselves, with whom he was always persona grata. In 1902 he was created Minister at Havana, and he remained there until 1905, when he took up his present post as H.B.M. Minister-Resident and Consul-General to Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras.
Mr. Carden married Miss Anne Eliza Lefferts, a daughter of Mr. John Lefferts, of "Flatbush," New York, U.S.A., a gracious and talented lady who, by her kindness of heart and refined hospitality, has endeared herself to all foreigners resident or travelling in Guatemala. The British Legation, one of the handsomest residences in Guatemala City, is the centre of much friendly and cultured intercourse13, not only among the British and American colonies, but with many of the Guatemalan notabilities and families.
The only recognition that has been paid by the British Government to Mr. Carden so far, in connection with his long and valuable services in Latin America, has been the bestowal15 of the Coronation Medal in 1902. Beyond relieving him in 1908 of the burden of representing the Government in Costa Rica in addition to Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala, the King's advisers16 have done nothing to show that they appreciate Mr. Carden or recognize the onerous17 and responsible mission which he has had to fulfil. And yet he is both by education and temperament18 essentially19 one of the most useful and reliable diplomats20 that the Government can call upon. His proper sphere would be at one of the European Courts, or, better still, at Washington, where his valuable and unique knowledge of Latin-American countries and Governments would enable him to more adequately and advantageously represent and protect British commercial interests than does the present complacent21 Minister, who suggests the idea of being more of an American in his sympathies than a Britisher.
Carden
Mr. Lionel Edward Gresley Carden, C.M.G.
H.B.M. Minister-Resident at Salvador (as well as at Guatemala, Nicaragua and Honduras.)
It will be scarcely credible22, but it is none the less a fact, that the British Government has issued no Consular23 Trade Report upon the Republic of Salvador[99] for nearly twenty years! This fact is set forth24 in the following correspondence which I attach:
"Pondtail Lodge25,
"Fleet, North Hants,
"April 23, 1911.
"To the Right Hon. Sir Edward Grey, Bart., Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Foreign Office, Downing Street, London, W.
"Sir,—I should esteem it a great courtesy if you would let me know whether any Consular Report has been published by the Foreign Office in connection with the Republic of Salvador; what was the date of such report; and whether any other report of a later period is likely to be published—and if so, when? I have been making diligent26 inquiries27 with regard to this matter, but can obtain absolutely no information, a fact which seems more remarkable28 in view of the trade relations which prevail, and have for so many years prevailed, between Great Britain and the Republic of Salvador.
"My interest in the matter must plead my excuses for troubling you, and awaiting your courteous29 reply,
"I remain, sir,
"Yours obediently,
"Percy F. Martin."
"Foreign Office,
"April 25, 1911.
"The Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs presents his compliments to Mr. P. F. Martin, and, by direction of the Secretary of State, acknowledges the receipt of his letter of the 23rd inst., which is receiving attention."
"Foreign Office,
"May 8, 1911.
"Sir,—With reference to your letter of the 23rd ultimo, I am directed by Secretary Sir E. Grey to transmit to you[100] herewith, a copy of the Consular Trade Report for Salvador for the year 1892, which is the last received.
"I am, sir,
"Your most obedient humble30 servant,
"(Signed) W. Langley."
"Pondtail Lodge, "Fleet, North Hants,
"May 9, 1911.
"To the Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Foreign Office, London, W.
"Mr. Percy F. Martin presents his compliments to the Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and begs to acknowledge the receipt of a copy of the Consular Report concerning trade in Salvador for the year 1892, which he notes is the last which has been issued."
It may be asked why the Foreign Office grants an office allowance of ￡200 to the Consul at San Salvador if the services of that gentleman do not include the supply of at least an occasional report upon the trade conditions of that important country? In view of the fact that the share of the Republic's trade with Great Britain is still of some moment, even if it has shrunk considerably31 in magnitude from what it formerly32 was, it seems astonishing that not a word concerning the conditions prevailing33, nor of the opportunities which exist for promoting trade in that country, should have emanated34 from a Department of State which presumably exists to protect the interests of the nation's trade and commerce abroad.
Assuredly, never at any time were the stinging sarcasms35 uttered by Burke, concerning Government services of this kind, in 1780, more deserved than to-day. In his memorable36 speech on "Economical[101] Reform," Burke observed that the Board of Trade was "a sort of gently ripening37 hothouse where members received salaries of ￡1,000 a year in order to mature at a proper season a claim for ￡2,000." If our Consuls are expected to do nothing more than sit in their offices in order to qualify eventually for a pension, the sooner they are abolished altogether the better for the country's pocket.
It is to be observed that certain among the Latin-American States have a much clearer idea of the proper qualifications for, and the functions of, a Consul and a Vice-Consul than our own Foreign Office, which has challenged criticism and earned condemnation38 on account of the ridiculous appointments which it has made, and continues to make, to such offices. Quite recently the Government of Salvador published a very important Regulation relative to Consular appointments, and this contains so much good sense, and offers so many points which might be adopted with advantage by our own "Circumlocution39 Office," that I make no apology for reproducing the gist40 of it here.
According to Article I., Clause (b), of this Regulation, the Consular career "has for its aim above all to promote and increase the commerce of the country, and also to insure for it social and political representation." Then this official Regulation gives a general review of the obligations imposed upon members of the Diplomatic and Consular Corps41, and adds: "Certainly, in order to fulfil these, special knowledge is needed, which can only be acquired by patient and careful study. Diplomats and Consuls, who go to represent Salvador in foreign lands, must especially be presentable and must possess individuality. If any unfortunate circumstance makes them appear ridiculous,[102] discredit42 will fall, not only on themselves, but on their fellow-countrymen." The Regulation continues:
"Travellers have been heard to say that they have sometimes found the Salvador coat of arms lying in a dark, dirty hovel, or in close proximity43 to a pawnshop; whilst some diplomatists have been rendered conspicuous44 by their ignorance of the language and customs of the country to which they have been sent, and, above all, by their absolute lack of patriotism45. A Professor of International Law has related of an Envoy46 Extraordinary of the Republic of Salvador, that he once had to be arrested by the police in the centre of the City of Mexico for drunkenness."
I have heard of at least one British diplomatic representative in South America who ought to have been arrested for a similar offence, but who escaped the indignity47 by reason of the wholesome48 respect which the Government had for the country which he represented, even if it had none for the representative.
"Consuls and diplomatists," goes on this document, "must not only possess special knowledge, but must be cultured persons, honourable49, tactful, and sympathetic." In a word, they must possess the difficult gift of knowing "how to please."
The Regulation does not actually detail these latter qualities, but gives it to be understood that they are indispensable. It, however, emphasizes the necessity of "facility of expression" as an attribute of the aspirant50 to the Consular and Diplomatic Service, at the same time, without requiring him to be an orator51. He must be capable of "getting out of a difficulty decently, without making himself ridiculous."
It would be advisable, the Regulation points out, that youths who possess the desired qualifications[103] should be employed by the Government in subordinate positions connected with the Consulates52 and Legations, before they receive higher appointments or become Heads. As Secretaries or supernumeraries, they would have an opportunity of becoming familiar with the language and customs of the people among whom they were placed. All the necessary expenses for this arrangement should naturally be borne by the State.
"It must also be remembered," this practical Regulation continues, "that those who fulfil the required conditions are losers from the point of view of any financial advantages, since for some time their remuneration will not equal that which might have been gained by entering commerce or professional work. At the same time, youths who dedicate themselves to this career must have sufficient patriotism and ambition to figure in the posts of honour. No time must be lost in the task of training up Consuls, and as the perfection of human work has resulted in the evolution of specialists, so the Government must not too seriously consider the question of economy, but must allow these young men to be sent to other countries, and to remain in the same post long enough to specialize in their profession."
According to the new laws affecting the appointment of Consuls, the regulations call for a division into two distinct ranks—consuls-general and consuls de carrière (irregular); and consuls ad honorem (honorary). The first-named are appointed to: Hamburg (Germany), Antwerp (Belgium), Barcelona (Spain), San Francisco (U.S.A.), Mexico City (Mexico), Paris (France), London (Great Britain), Genoa (Italy), Guatemala City (Guatemala), Tegucigalpa (Honduras),[104] Managua (Nicaragua), San José (Costa Rica). The annual remuneration is ￡720 for the Consuls-general, and ￡480 for the Consuls.
The honorary consuls are at Panamá City, Panamá; New York City, U.S.A.; Liverpool, England; Bordeaux, France; Berlin, Germany; and New Orleans, U.S.A.
The first-named officials must be Salvadoreans and citizens of the Republic; while the second may be of any nationality. These latter may deduct53 from the fees collected by them such amounts as may be necessary to cover office expenses, and the remuneration allowed them under Article 186 of the organic law of the consular service.
The Government of Salvador considers that "those States which maintain permanent Legations should keep themselves regularly informed of all the antecedents and course of the questions that are to be discussed. They should have a perfect knowledge of the circumstances that may contribute to a solution favourable54 to their interests; their diplomatic Ministers should have had an opportunity of quietly studying the weaknesses of those persons with whom they have to negotiate. The State that does not maintain permanent representatives will experience difficulties of all kinds in the most insignificant55 negotiation56. If its Government conducts affairs by means of a Foreign Office, by the post or telegraph, it will be exposed to evasive replies and delays, which will be to the advantage of the other State; and if a Special Mission is sent, whatever may be the personal capacity of its chief, he will be in unknown territory, and will lose precious time whilst he is studying men and things sufficiently57 to master the situation, and to be able to[105] deduce from it the necessary material to bring to a successful issue the negotiations58 entrusted59 to him."
These are all very sensible and apt observations, which I respectfully bring to the attention of Sir Edward Grey, our present Foreign Secretary, and the many "Official Barnacles" who surround him and advise him in regard to the appointments to the Consular Service.
The last British Consular Report from Salvador is dated "June 30, 1893," and relates to what took place during the previous year, namely, "1892." It is from the pen of Mr. C. S. Campbell, then Consul-General, and is addressed to the Foreign Minister of that day, the Earl of Rosebery. It is apparent from this document, which consists of exactly six pages, that Great Britain stood second on the list of Imports, and third on the list of Exports, the figures being as follows:
Imports. Exports.
Country. 1891. 1892. 1891. 1892.
￡ ￡ ￡ ￡
United States 122,047 104,587 247,632 397,055
England 121,523 121,210 100,974 110,043
Germany 46,744 37,018 212,276 108,618
France 74,444 58,819 163,079 131,586
Italy 12,504 9,514 92,282 55,128
Spain 3,905 3,772 5,297 3,126
Sundry 60,214 43,557 146,544 136,692
Total 441,381 378,477 968,084 942,248
It is clear from these figures that British trade with Salvador was something considerable and well worth maintaining, having at that time approached near that of the United States of America, in spite of the great[106] geographical61 advantage which the latter country possessed—and still, of course, possesses—over Great Britain or any other European country. Let us now glance at the position of affairs a few years later:
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS BY COUNTRIES, IN GOLD DOLLARS ($4.85 = ￡1).
Imports.
Year. Country. Amount. Percentage.
$
1904 England 1,304,576 36·1
Germany 404,422 11·2
United States 1,002,437 27·8
Other Countries 898,642 24·9
Exports.
Year. Country. Amount. Percentage.
$
1904 England 1,482,319 22·4
Germany 958,533 14·4
United States 1,103,030 16·6
Other Countries 3,091,563 46·6
It will be observed that Great Britain in 1904 actually led in the Republic's trade with foreign countries; but nevertheless the Foreign Office deems this fact so unimportant that it will not trouble to publish a syllable62 concerning the commerce of that Republic, for the information of the industrial and trading world.
The average total of the foreign trade of the Republic of Salvador may be taken as $10,600,000 (gold), or, say, ￡2,120,000, with a balance of $2,250,000 (gold), or, say, ￡450,000, in favour of the Republic. And it is when we come to analyze63 the imports from foreign countries that we recognize how closely Great Britain and the United States run together, and how[107] greatly we have to fear our keen American rivals as competitors. For the year 1909 we see that—
Great Britain sold to Salvador goods worth $1,438,613.90
United States sold to Salvador goods worth 1,344,315.79
A trifling64 balance in favour of Great Britain of $94,298.11
—or, say, ￡18,859. Our principal trade was in cotton, both manufactured and yarn65; while the United States took premier66 place in flour, hardware, drugs and medicines, boots, shoes, machinery67, and agricultural implements68. In these latter goods no country can touch the United States for cheapness and general novelty; but it is only fair to add that the goods are "made to sell," or, in other words, they are "cheap and nasty"—a fact which the purchasers are finding out for themselves. Until British manufacturers export something considerably cheaper than the implements and farm machinery that they supply at present, the Americans will continue to hold this market. The Germans barely as yet have made much impression with their agricultural implements. Although upon some of the fincas which I visited—mostly owned or managed by Germans—I came across some ploughs and reaping machines from the Fatherland, I was frankly69 informed that they were entirely70 unsatisfactory, and were about to be discarded in favour of some United States machines which had been offered "at one-half the price paid for the German inventions."
STATEMENT OF EXPORT TRADE TO JUNE 30, 1910.
Country. Value of Exports. Country. Value of Exports.
$ $
Germany 1,410,693.10 Austria-Hungary 388,035.33
United States 1,358,868.85 Great Britain 352,843.73
France 1,043,402.71 Spain 164,907.21
Italy 584,312.60
These figures are remarkable for the fact that they show inter14 alia that Germany had in the course of twelve months ousted71 France from first place on the export list, and had supplanted72 her by an extraordinary amount of advance. To prove this I give the official figures for the first half of 1909, and which are as follows:
$
France took goods value 1,062,674
Germany goods value 837,040
United States goods value 636,721
Italy goods value 352,122
Spain goods value 281,961
Great Britain goods value 111,312
It would therefore appear that, while Germany increased her trade with Salvador from $837,040 in 1909 (six months) to $1,410,693 in 1909-10 (twelve months), France showed a decrease over the same period of from $1,062,674 to $1,043,402. Great Britain's position is so inferior as to need no comment whatever.
It will be noticeable that Germany was in 1910 the best customer to the Republic, and took fully60 four times as much of her produce as Great Britain. The greatest amount was represented by coffee, as will be seen from the subjoined particulars of the class of articles which were exported, as well as from the values which I add:
Article. Value. Article. Value.
$ $
Coffee 4,661,440.98 Tobacco (manufactured and leaf) 9,638.67
Gold, silver, lead 560,569.64 Lumber 3,773.07
Sugar (brown) 222,379.47 Rice 3,312.23
Indigo 107,936.72 Deerskins 2,837.63
Balsam and balsam seed 39,187.97 Hat palms 2,723.21
Cattle and hides 36,167.46 Miscellaneous 23,247.92
Rubber 23,491.58
Total 5,696,706.85
school
Front of Sergeants73' School, San Salvador.
Sargeants
That the Germans mean to thoroughly74 exploit the Republic of Salvador, moreover, and if they cannot secure a holding in one branch of trade they intend to try in another, or in a dozen others, is abundantly clear. In the month of September, 1909, a Treaty of Commerce between the Republic and Germany was celebrated75, and so far the results have been very encouraging. Out of 463 steamers and 89 sailing vessels76 which visited the different Salvadorean ports last year (1909-10), during the first nine months there were 153 German, as against 245 United States, 79 Salvadorean, 74 Honduranean, and not one British bottom.
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indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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consul
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| n.领事；执政官 | |
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consuls
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| 领事( consul的名词复数 )； （古罗马共和国时期）执政官 （古罗马共和国及其军队的最高首长，同时共有两位，每年选举一次） | |
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supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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niggardly
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| adj.吝啬的，很少的 | |
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munificent
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susceptible
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| adj.过敏的，敏感的；易动感情的，易受感动的 | |
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diplomat
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| n.外交官，外交家；能交际的人，圆滑的人 | |
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personalities
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| n. 诽谤，（对某人容貌、性格等所进行的）人身攻击； 人身攻击；人格, 个性, 名人( personality的名词复数 ) | |
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rev
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commissioner
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esteem
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intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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inter
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| v.埋葬 | |
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bestowal
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| 赠与，给与； 贮存 | |
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advisers
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| 顾问，劝告者( adviser的名词复数 )； （指导大学新生学科问题等的）指导教授 | |
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onerous
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temperament
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essentially
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diplomats
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complacent
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credible
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| adj.可信任的，可靠的 | |
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consular
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| a.领事的 | |
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forth
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lodge
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diligent
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inquiries
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| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
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remarkable
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courteous
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humble
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considerably
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formerly
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prevailing
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emanated
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sarcasms
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memorable
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ripening
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condemnation
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circumlocution
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| n. 绕圈子的话，迂回累赘的陈述 | |
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gist
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corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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discredit
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| vt.使不可置信；n.丧失信义；不信，怀疑 | |
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proximity
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conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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envoy
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| n.使节，使者，代表，公使 | |
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indignity
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| n.侮辱，伤害尊严，轻蔑 | |
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wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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honourable
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| adj.可敬的；荣誉的，光荣的 | |
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aspirant
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orator
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| n.演说者，演讲者，雄辩家 | |
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consulates
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| n.领事馆( consulate的名词复数 ) | |
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deduct
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| vt.扣除，减去 | |
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favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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negotiation
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| n.谈判，协商 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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negotiations
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| 协商( negotiation的名词复数 )； 谈判； 完成（难事）； 通过 | |
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entrusted
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| v.委托，托付( entrust的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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geographical
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| adj.地理的；地区(性)的 | |
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syllable
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| n.音节；vt.分音节 | |
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analyze
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| vt.分析，解析 (=analyse) | |
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trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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yarn
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| n.纱，纱线，纺线；奇闻漫谈，旅行轶事 | |
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premier
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| adj.首要的；n.总理，首相 | |
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machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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implements
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| n.工具( implement的名词复数 )；家具；手段；[法律]履行（契约等）v.实现( implement的第三人称单数 )；执行；贯彻；使生效 | |
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frankly
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| adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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ousted
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| 驱逐( oust的过去式和过去分词 )； 革职； 罢黜； 剥夺 | |
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supplanted
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| 把…排挤掉，取代( supplant的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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sergeants
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| 警官( sergeant的名词复数 )； （美国警察）警佐； （英国警察）巡佐； 陆军（或空军）中士 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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