Before the South could possibly secure arms and ammunition2 with which to equip the army of Albert Sidney Johnston, these gunboats were steaming down the Ohio and Mississippi bearing thousands of troops armed, drilled and led by stark3, game-fighting generals from the West.
By the end of November the Federal troops threatening Tennessee numbered fifty thousand and they were rapidly re?nforced until they aggregated4 a hundred thousand.
General Albert Sidney Johnston sent the most urgent appeals for arms to the Governors of Georgia and Alabama, to General Bragg at Pensacola and to the Government at Richmond. He asked for thirty thousand muskets5 and got but one thousand. The guns were not in the South. They could not be manufactured. Fully7 one-half his men had no arms at all. Whole brigades remained without weapons for months. The entire force at his command never numbered more than twenty-two thousand during this perilous8 fall. And yet, by the masterly handling of his little army, its frequent and rapid expeditions, he kept his powerful opponents in constant expectations of an attack and produced the impression that he commanded an enormous force.
In the meantime the sensational10 newspapers were loud in their demands.
The Richmond yellow Journal shouted:
"Let Johnston muster11 his forces, advance into Kentucky, capture Louisville, push across the Ohio and carry the war into Africa."
Swift and terrible the blow fell.
And always the navy's smoke on the horizon. From the Ohio, the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers could be navigated12 for hundreds of miles into Tennessee and Alabama. But two forts guarded the rivers and protected these States.
Early in February, 1862, the gunboats under Admiral Foote slowly steamed up the Tennessee and attacked Fort Henry. The array they covered was commanded by General Grant. The Federal fleet and army hurled13 twenty thousand men and fifty-four cannon14 against the little fort of eleven guns. With but forty men General Tilghman fought this host and held them at bay for two hours and ten minutes, until the main body of his garrison15 of twenty-five hundred troops had marched out and were safely on their way to Fort Donelson, twelve miles across the country on the banks of the Cumberland. Fort Henry was of small importance. Fort Donelson commanded the approach to Nashville.
There was not a moment's delay. Grant telegraphed Halleck that he would capture Fort Donelson two days later. Admiral Foote sent three light gunboats up the Tennessee to clear the river into Alabama, swept down stream with his heavier craft to the Ohio and turned into the Cumberland. Grant pressed directly across the strip of twelve miles with his army bearing on Fort Donelson.
The commander at Fort Donelson had at first but six thousand men including the garrison from Fort Henry which had just arrived. Had Grant been able to strike on the eighth of February, the day he had wired to Halleck he would capture the fort, its fall would have been sure. But high water delayed him, and Albert Sidney Johnston hastened to pour in re?nforcements. Every available soldier at his command was rushed to the rescue. He determined16 to fight for Nashville at Donelson. General Buckner's command of Kentuckians, General Pillow's Tennesseeans and General Floyd's brigade of Virginia troops were all poured into the fort before the thirteenth. This force, approximating twenty thousand men, properly commanded should hold Donelson indefinitely.
The fortification was magnificently placed on a bluff17 commanding the river for two miles. Its batteries consisted of eight thirty-two-pounders, three thirty-two-pound carronades, one ten-inch Columbiad and one thirty-two-pounder rifle. A line of entrenchments stretched for two miles around the fort enclosing it.
Into these trenches18 the newly arrived troops were thrown.
Dick Welford, with Floyd's Virginians, gripped his musket6 with eager enthusiasm for his first real battle. His separation from Jennie had been a bitter trial. In his eagerness to get to the front he had the misfortune to serve in the ill fated campaign in West Virginia, which preceded Bull Run. Beauregard and J. E. Johnston were in easy touch with Richmond. His unlucky brigade had been transferred to Albert Sidney Johnston's command.
The men had been in the trenches through the long miserable19 night expecting an attack at any moment.
Half waking, half dreaming, he lay on the cold ground wondering what Jennie was doing—and always with the nightmare of that foreign snake winding20 his way into her favor. Well, his chance would come in this battle. He would lead his men in a charge. He was a corporal now. He would come out of it with straps21 on his shoulders, he could see Jennie's eyes flash with tears of pride as she read the story of his heroism22 and his promotion23.
"I'll show that reptile24 what a man can do!" he muttered.
The tired body relaxed and his big blond head sank on his arms.
A sudden crash of thunder and he sprang to his feet, his hand tight on his gun. There they were in the gray light of the chill February morning—the fleet of Federal gunboats under Foote, their big black funnels25 pouring clouds of smoke into the sky, darkening the dull red glow of the rising sun. He counted six of them—Carondalet, Pittsburgh, Louisville, St. Louis, Tyler and Conestoga.
A white breath of smoke flashed from the Carondalet's bow, and Dick watched the shell rise with a shriek26 and fall short of the fort.
The fleet moved closer and another shell screamed through the sky and again fell short. They moved again, found the range, and for four hours the earth trembled beneath the steady roar of their forty-six guns.
At eleven o'clock Dick saw the long lines of men in blue deploy27 for an assault on the entrenchments. They moved with quick sure step, these men under Grant. He was sorry for them. They were marching to certain death.
On the blue waves rolled, pouring volley after volley into the heaps of earth behind which the Southerners lay.
They were close enough now and the quick command rang along the trenches.
"Fire!"
A storm of death swept the ranks in the open fields. They stood their ground stubbornly, those dogged western fighters. Dazed and cut to pieces, they rallied and pressed forward again only to be mowed28 down in heaps.
They gave it up at last and sullenly29 withdrew, leaving the dead piled high and the wounded slowly freezing to death where they lay.
The artillery30 kept the earth quivering with the steady roar of their guns and the Federal sharpshooters harassed31 the trenches without a moment's respite32. It was impossible to move for food or water until nightfall.
At dawn next day Dick once more gripped his gun and peered over the embankment. The morning passed without attack. What could it mean? They saw at last—another fleet. Clouds of black smoke on the river told the story. Re?nforcements had arrived.
At half-past two o'clock the fleet formed in line of battle—threw their big flags to the breeze and dashed squarely on the fort.
They swept now within point blank range of three hundred yards, pouring in a storm of shot.
But the Confederate batteries were too heavy and too well manned. Fifty-seven shells struck the flagship and more than a hundred took effect on the five boats leading the assault. The fleet was crushed and put out of commission. Every boat was disabled except one and that withdrew beyond the range of the batteries.
Dick watched the magnificent spectacle with thrilling pride. He could have enjoyed the show but for the bitter cold. It was twenty degrees below the freezing point, and while the battle raged between the fleet and fort it began to sleet33 and snow. When the crippled boats at last drifted down the yellow tide and out of range, he found to his amazement34 that a thick coat of ice had formed on the hand in which he held his musket. His clothes were frozen stiff on his body.
He leaped to his feet and beat his arms fiercely, and glanced over the embankment toward those ominous35-looking piles of blue. The sleet was sheathing36 their bodies in crystal shrouds37 now. No flag of truce38 was allowed and the wounded lay freezing and dying where they fell. He could hear the stronger ones still crying for help. Their long piteous moans rang above the howl of the wind through the breaking boughs39 of the trees.
It was hideous40. Why didn't they rescue those men? Why didn't they proclaim a truce to bury the dead and save the wounded? Grant must be a fiend! Far off on the river another black smudge was seen in the sky. More re?nforcements were coming.
The three Confederate generals suddenly waked with a shock to realize that their foe41 had landed a second army, cutting their communications with Nashville.
A council of war was hastily called on the night of the fourteenth. It was a discordant42 aggregation43. Floyd, the former Secretary of War in Buchanan's administration, was the senior officer in command. He was regarded more as a politician than a soldier and his exploits in West Virginia had not added to his fame. The men around him had little respect for his capacity as a commander. Besides quarreling had become the fashion in the armies of the victorious44 South since the affair at Bull Run. The example of Joseph E. Johnston and Beauregard was contagious45.
There was but one thing to do. The wrangling46 generals were unanimous on that point. They must make a desperate assault next morning on Grant's right wing and re?stablish their communications with Nashville at all hazards.
Under cover of the darkness on the morning of the fifteenth, the men were marched from their trenches and massed on the Federal right. But a handful were left to guard the entrenchments on the Confederate right.
At the first streak47 of dawn, the concentrated lines of the Confederates were hurled on the division of McClernand. Before two o'clock Grant's right wing had been crushed into a shapeless mass with the loss of his artillery. The way was open to Nashville and the discordant commanding generals of the Confederacy paused.
Buckner ordered up his artillery and reserves to pursue the enemy or hold his newly-won position. Pillow flatly refused to allow a single gun to be withdrawn48 from the entrenchments and sent peremptory49 orders to his victorious subordinate to return to the trenches on the right.
As Buckner was reluctantly returning to the old lines he encountered Floyd.
"Where are you going?" the Commander-in-Chief demanded.
"I am ordered back to the entrenchments—"
"You think it wise to walk back into the trap we've just escaped from?"
"I do not!" was the short answer. "We are outnumbered three to one. We can not hold our connections open in the face of such an army backed by gunboats and transports which can bring re?nforcements daily. The road is open, we should save our army by an immediate50 juncture51 with Albert Sidney Johnston before Nashville."
"I agree with you," Floyd replied. "Hold your troops until I consult with Pillow."
While Floyd and Pillow wrangled52, Grant dashed on the scene. He had not been present during the battle. The wounded Commodore had begged him for a consultation53 on board his flagship five miles below.
When Grant reached the field he met a sight that should have dismayed him and sent his shattered army to the shelter of the gunboats and a hasty retreat down the Cumberland to a place of safety.
McClernand had been crushed and his disorganized troops thrown back in confusion in front of the entrenchments of the Confederate right. His troops had been on the field for five days and five nights drenched54 in snow, sleet, mud, ice and water. The field was strewn with the dead and wounded. Great red splotches of frozen blood marked the ground in all directions. Beneath the sheltering pines where the white, smooth snow lay unbroken by the tramp of heavy feet and the crush of artillery, crimson55 streams could be seen everywhere. For two miles the ground was covered with the mangled56 dead, dying, and freezing. Smashed artillery and dead horses lay in heaps. In the retreat the heavy wheels of the artillery had rolled over the bodies of the dead and wounded, crushing and mangling57 many beyond recognition.
No general ever gazed upon a more ghastly scene than that which greeted the eye of U. S. Grant in this moment of his life's supreme58 crisis. The suffering of his wounded who had fought with the desperation of madness to save themselves from the cold, had left its mark on their stark, white faces. The ice had pressed a death mask on the convulsed features and held them in the moment of agony. They looked up into his face now, the shining eyes, gaping59 mouths, clenched60 fists, and crooked61 twisted limbs.
McClernand's raw troops retreating over this field of horrors were largely beyond control. Grant knew the enemy had been re?nforced. He could reasonably assume from the evidence before him of the terrific slaughter62 in the open field that his own army was in peril9. The transports were in sight ready to move his army to a place of safety where he might reform his broken ranks.
His decision was instantaneous and thoroughly63 characteristic. He turned to C. F. Smith in command of his left wing whose division had been but slightly engaged.
"General Smith, the enemy does not follow up their advantage. They are probably in a worse condition than I am. Mass your men and charge their entrenchments on the right—never let up for a minute—drive—drive—drive them!"
The charging hosts swept the thin lines of the half abandoned trenches with the fury of a cyclone64. The Confederate right was broken and rolled back in confusion, fresh troops were rushed from the Federal reserves and a new cordon65 of death thrown round the fort.
On the night of this fatal fifteenth of February Dick Welford was detailed66 for guard duty at the door of General Floyd's tent. He heard their council of war with sinking heart.
General Pillow favored a second desperate assault on the enemies' right to re-open the way to Nashville.
Buckner faced him with rage:
"It was possible to-day, sir, and we did it. Now the enemy has been re?nforced for the third time. If you had sent my guns as I ordered the way would still be open—"
"We can yet cut our way out," Pillow growled67.
"Yes, with the sacrifice of three fourths of our brave men to save one fourth. I'll not be a party to such butchery. We're caught now in a death trap. The only rational thing to do is to surrender."
Floyd rose nervously68.
"I'm not going to surrender, gentlemen. The North has accused me of treachery in Buchanan's Cabinet. I couldn't expect decent treatment from them. A steamer with recruits has just arrived from Nashville. I shall make my escape on it with as many men as can be carried."
"And I'll accompany you," Pillow declared.
"Go if you like, gentlemen," Buckner replied. "I'll stand by my men and share their fate."
Floyd and Pillow hastily began their preparations to go.
Buckner quietly asked:
"Am I to consider the command turned over to me?"
"Certainly," Floyd answered. "I turn over the command."
"I pass it, too," Pillow quickly added.
General Buckner called for pen, ink and paper and dispatched a courier immediately to General Grant. The reply was in two words:
"Unconditional69 surrender."
Pillow crossed the river under cover of the night and made his way into the country.
Floyd offered to take Dick Welford on board the little steamer.
"No, thank you," the young Virginian answered curtly70.
"You prefer to surrender?"
"I'm not going to surrender. I'm going to join Col. Forrest's cavalry71 and fight my way out."
With a wave of his arm Floyd hurried on board the steamer and fled to Nashville.
Dick had seen Forrest lead one of his matchless charges of cavalry in their fight that day. With a handful of men he had cut his way through a solid mass of struggling infantry72 and thrown them into confusion.
He had watched this grave, silent, unobtrusive man of humble73 birth and little education with the keenest interest. He felt instinctively74 that he was a man of genius. From to-day he knew that as a leader of cavalry he had few equals. He had pointed75 out to his superiors in their council of war a possible path of escape by a road partially76 overflowed77 along the river banks. It was judged impracticable.
In the darkness of the freezing night Dick rode behind his silent new commander along this road with perfect faith. Forrest threw his command into Nashville and saved the city from anarchy78 when the dreaded79 news of the fall of Donelson precipitated80 a panic.
The South had met her first crushing defeat—a defeat more disastrous81 than the North had suffered at Bull Ran. Grant had lost three thousand men but the Confederate garrisons82 had been practically wiped out with the loss of more than fifteen thousand muskets, every big gun and thirteen thousand prisoners of war.
When Grant met Buckner, the victor and vanquished83 quietly shook hands. They had been friends at West Point.
"Why didn't you attack me on Friday?" the Northerner asked.
"I was not in command."
"If you had, my re?nforcements could not possibly have reached me in time."
Buckner smiled grimly.
"In other words a little more promptness on one side, a little less resolute84 decision on the other—and the tables would have been turned!"
"That's just it," was the short answer.
It was an ominous day for the South. Bigger than the loss of the capital of Tennessee which Johnston evacuated85 the next day, bigger than the loss of fifteen thousand men and their guns loomed86 the figure of a new Federal commander. Out of the mud, and slush, ice and frozen pools of blood—out of the storm cloud of sleet and snow and black palls87 of smoke emerged the stolid88, bulldog face of Ulysses S. Grant. Lincoln made him a major general.
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1
supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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stark
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| adj.荒凉的；严酷的；完全的；adv.完全地 | |
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aggregated
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| a.聚合的，合计的 | |
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muskets
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| n.火枪，（尤指）滑膛枪( musket的名词复数 ) | |
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musket
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| n.滑膛枪 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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sensational
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| adj.使人感动的，非常好的，轰动的，耸人听闻的 | |
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muster
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| v.集合，收集，鼓起，激起；n.集合，检阅，集合人员，点名册 | |
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navigated
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| v.给（船舶、飞机等）引航，导航( navigate的过去式和过去分词 )；（从海上、空中等）横越；横渡；飞跃 | |
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hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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bluff
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| v.虚张声势，用假象骗人；n.虚张声势，欺骗 | |
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trenches
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| 深沟，地沟( trench的名词复数 )； 战壕 | |
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miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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winding
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| n.绕，缠，绕组，线圈 | |
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straps
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| n.带子( strap的名词复数 )；挎带；肩带；背带v.用皮带捆扎( strap的第三人称单数 )；用皮带抽打；包扎；给…打绷带 | |
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heroism
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| n.大无畏精神，英勇 | |
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promotion
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| n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传 | |
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reptile
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| n.爬行动物；两栖动物 | |
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funnels
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| 漏斗( funnel的名词复数 )； （轮船，火车等的）烟囱 | |
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shriek
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| v./n.尖叫，叫喊 | |
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deploy
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| v.（军）散开成战斗队形，布置，展开 | |
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mowed
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| v.刈，割( mow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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sullenly
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| 不高兴地，绷着脸，忧郁地 | |
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artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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harassed
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| adj. 疲倦的，厌烦的 动词harass的过去式和过去分词 | |
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respite
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| n.休息，中止，暂缓 | |
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sleet
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| n.雨雪；v.下雨雪，下冰雹 | |
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amazement
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| n.惊奇，惊讶 | |
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ominous
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| adj.不祥的，不吉的，预兆的，预示的 | |
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sheathing
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| n.覆盖物，罩子v.将（刀、剑等）插入鞘( sheathe的现在分词 )；包，覆盖 | |
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shrouds
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| n.裹尸布( shroud的名词复数 )；寿衣；遮蔽物；覆盖物v.隐瞒( shroud的第三人称单数 )；保密 | |
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truce
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| n.休战，(争执，烦恼等的)缓和；v.以停战结束 | |
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boughs
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| 大树枝( bough的名词复数 ) | |
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hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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discordant
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| adj.不调和的 | |
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aggregation
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| n.聚合，组合；凝聚 | |
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victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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contagious
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| adj.传染性的，有感染力的 | |
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wrangling
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| v.争吵，争论，口角( wrangle的现在分词 ) | |
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streak
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| n.条理，斑纹，倾向，少许，痕迹；v.加条纹，变成条纹，奔驰，快速移动 | |
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withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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peremptory
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| adj.紧急的，专横的，断然的 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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juncture
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| n.时刻，关键时刻，紧要关头 | |
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wrangled
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| v.争吵，争论，口角( wrangle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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consultation
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| n.咨询；商量；商议；会议 | |
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drenched
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| adj.湿透的；充满的v.使湿透( drench的过去式和过去分词 )；在某人（某物）上大量使用（某液体） | |
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crimson
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| n./adj.深(绯)红色(的)；vi.脸变绯红色 | |
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mangled
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| vt.乱砍（mangle的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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mangling
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| 重整 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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gaping
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| adj.口的；张口的；敞口的；多洞穴的v.目瞪口呆地凝视( gape的现在分词 )；张开，张大 | |
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clenched
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| v.紧握，抓紧，咬紧( clench的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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crooked
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| adj.弯曲的；不诚实的，狡猾的，不正当的 | |
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slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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cyclone
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| n.旋风，龙卷风 | |
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cordon
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| n.警戒线，哨兵线 | |
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detailed
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| adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的 | |
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growled
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| v.（动物）发狺狺声， （雷）作隆隆声( growl的过去式和过去分词 )；低声咆哮着说 | |
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nervously
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| adv.神情激动地，不安地 | |
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unconditional
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| adj.无条件的，无限制的，绝对的 | |
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curtly
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| adv.简短地 | |
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cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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instinctively
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| adv.本能地 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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overflowed
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| 溢出的 | |
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anarchy
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| n.无政府状态；社会秩序混乱，无秩序 | |
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dreaded
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| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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precipitated
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| v.（突如其来地）使发生( precipitate的过去式和过去分词 )；促成；猛然摔下；使沉淀 | |
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disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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garrisons
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| 守备部队，卫戍部队( garrison的名词复数 ) | |
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vanquished
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| v.征服( vanquish的过去式和过去分词 )；战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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resolute
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| adj.坚决的，果敢的 | |
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evacuated
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| 撤退者的 | |
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loomed
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| v.隐约出现，阴森地逼近( loom的过去式和过去分词 )；隐约出现，阴森地逼近 | |
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palls
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| n.柩衣( pall的名词复数 )；墓衣；棺罩；深色或厚重的覆盖物v.（因过多或过久而）生厌，感到乏味，厌烦( pall的第三人称单数 ) | |
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stolid
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| adj.无动于衷的，感情麻木的 | |
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