Through it winds and flows the great river of which Homer speaks as “Egypt’s Heaven descended9 stream” and that more than any other has set its stamp upon the country and its inhabitants. So potent10 for weal or woe11 is it that one scarce wonders it was worshipped as a deity12, and the Arabs call it “El Bahari,” the sea. It is difficult to find the word travel in their language, with the Egyptian it is always up and down stream. From the river he drew the fish which formed part of his daily food, its fructifying13 waters, spreading over the land, called forth14 abundant harvests, and from the mud on its banks he built the hut in which he lived, or manufactured the bricks for the construction of his[2] tomb or other more ambitious edifice15. The rushes that grew beside it furnished his writing material, and its muddy or turbid16 water, as a beverage17, had for him the charm of a crystal rill.
Leigh Hunt says of the Nile:
“It flows through old hushed Egypt and its sands
Like some grave mighty18 thought threading a dream;
And times and things as in that vision seem
Keeping along it their eternal stands.”
The Nile has been said to be less like a river than a sinuous19 lake with islands and sand-bars interspersed20.
The sacred name of the Nile was “Hapi, the Concealed21.” The early Egyptians believed that its source was in fountains, bottomless and far away, and the tears of the goddess Isis caused its ebb22 and flow. The explorations of comparatively modern travellers have solved the mystery of its being, and to-day we know that it springs from great lakes which their discoverers named respectively, Victoria and Albert Nyanza.
Of the three great rivers, the Nile, the Mississippi, and the Amazon, the first is the longest, the second has the largest number of ramifications23, and the third the greatest volume of water.
A Nilometer, a pillar standing24 in a pit, chronicles the rise of the tide, and great festivities attended the opening of the canals which were dug in all directions to carry its beneficent stream. A human victim was sacrificed to appease25 the river god. A young girl was each[3] year dedicated26 to this purpose. Bound to a stake, adorned27 with flowers, and hailed as “Aruseh, the bride of the Nile,” she stood and watched the on-coming flood which was to shut out for her the light of day. Perhaps it was in the terror with which the bounding pulses of youth must ever regard the great Destroyer. Perhaps with the heroic spirit of a martyr28 she awaited her fate, glorying in it and giving herself up a willing sacrifice, as the Hindoo woman is said occasionally to have done in the Suttee, when she cast herself on the funeral pile of her husband.
It was a Mohammedan general who put an end to this annual tragedy and refused to permit the usual offering. The river delayed its rising, and the murmurs29 of the people waxed loud against him. In this dilemma30 he appealed to the Kadlif Omar, he who destroyed the Alexandria library, saying that if it agreed with the Koran it was useless to preserve it, and if it differed it was pernicious. But in this matter he showed himself larger-minded. He obligingly wrote a letter which was cast into the water and ran thus: A. D. 640, “From Abd Allah Omar, Prince of the Faithful, to the Nile of Egypt. If thou flow of thine own accord, flow not, but if it be Allah, the One, the Mighty, who causeth thee to flow, then we implore31 Him to make thee flow.”
The prayer was successful and the inundation began. Henceforth a mud pillar, originally no doubt in human form, and still called “the Bride of the Nile,” was substituted for a trembling[4] maiden32, and melted away before the encroaching stream. At the inundation the land looks like a marsh33, the towns, etc., being just above the level of the water, and even now the crier announces the rise of the current.
The juncture34 of the White and Blue Nile shows the difference in the tint35 of the water for some time after. The Nile has no tides. The dews are heavy in Lower Egypt and the nights cool and refreshing36, while the temperature is, as a rule, most agreeable. From the low, long, level shore and with a coast line much the same as three thousand years ago, we follow the river through a fertile valley, which in time narrows between mountains and table-lands of sand. At the cataracts37 the stream surges and swells39 round little rocky islands and the rapids cause navigation to be difficult if not dangerous.
The Delta40, so called from its resemblance to the Greek letter, is a level plain, highly cultivated, varied41 by lofty dark brown, ancient mounds42, on which villages are often built, surrounded by palm trees. The Greeks and Romans divided Egypt into the Delta, or Lower Egypt, and the Thebaid or Upper. The rocks are generally of limestone43, till one reaches Thebes, and then they are of sandstone, while at the first Cataract38 red granite44 bursts through the sandstone. The granite is yellowish or reddish, with no vegetation on the rocks. The drifts of yellow sand are everywhere. In some parts the mountains are three hundred feet high, and at Thebes they rise to four times that height. On the eastern side they are close to the water, while on the[5] western they are further from the edge. What is called the Fayum is a fertile tract45 in the hollow of the desert, while at the furthest extremity46 is a lake of brackish47 water.
Upper Egypt is bounded by mountains, through which the river has cut its way, their height overshadowing it, but not rising into sharp peaks. It is narrow and cultivated. From the mouth of the Nile to the first cataract is six hundred miles of fertile valley, and it is said that the scenery of the first cataract resembles nothing but that of the second.
The beauty of Egypt is in its coloring. The small proportion of green is compensated48 for by its intensity49. Over the velvet6 soil hangs a sky of turquoise50 blue, the sand sparkles like precious stones and the clear air is luminous51. “The land where it is always afternoon” might almost be named the golden land. The traveller with the poetic52 or enthusiastic temperament53 revels54 in the delicate variety of its hues55. He sees the sun turning the sands to gold, the river reflecting the sky, the blue lotus blossoms and the reeds, the picturesque57 buffaloes58 standing in the water with sleepy blue eyes and the vivid green of wheat fields. Another describes the rusty59 gold of the Libyan rocks, the paler hue56 of the driven sand slopes, the warm mauve of the nearer Pyramid, which from a distance is a tender rose, like the bloom of an apricot, in delicate tone against the sky. Low on the horizon, soft and pearly tints60, blue and luminous at the zenith, while opalescent61 shadows, pale blue and violet and greenish grey, nestle in the hollows of the rocks and curves of[6] the sand drifts. Lakelike plains, with palm groves62 and corn flats, relieve the glowing distance. Even in the moonlight one seems to see the color.
From the top of the Pyramids the valley of the Nile looks like a carpet of rich green, the groves of palm trees like figures woven in deeper tints. Another speaks of the palms as sculptured in jasper and malachite against the rosy63 evening sky.
A sense of rest and tranquillity64 pervades66 the mind.
“Straight in his ears the gushing67 of the wave
Far, far away did seem to mourn and rave5.”
Even the conscience slumbers68. But the prosaic69 traveller hurries through all with unseeing eyes. Like the tourist who visited Cologne and was too sleepy to get up and look at the Cathedral, he gapes70 at the Pyramids, viewing them perhaps as “warts on the face of creation,” and sees no glory in the heavens, no beauty in the earth, the story of the ages has no charm for him.
Long before “Once upon a time,” if such a period can be conceived of, the great monuments were raised, the colossal71 temples were built, which have been the wonder of all succeeding centuries, and yet still back of and beyond that, stretching away to the confines of Eternity72, we picture to ourselves the land as it then was, without these marvels73 of Art, when Nature ruled supreme74. Then as now the plains stretched out, the yellow cliffs rose against the azure75 sky, the[7] desert spread afar, the purple cloud of the simoom hovered76 over it. The sun sank in splendor77 of violet, rose and gold, the torn and ragged78 sides of the mountains poured down their torrents79 of shining sand, the fissures80 burning with a crimson81 lustre. The splendor passed and ashy paleness followed; then a second paler but intense yellow hue, ere the stars shone out. And ever the Nile calm and unruffled swept on with its eternal flow, while the air breathed balm. Sometimes the waters gained, sometimes the sand. The byblos or papyrus82, now almost extinct, abounded83; along the waters edge forests and reeds, later destroyed, were plentiful84, and wild bear, hippopotami and crocodiles whose ancient haunts know them no more, roved freely. The lakes abounded with fish, pelicans85 and ducks lived on the shores, and turtle doves brooded on the palm trees. The language of Egypt has been changed once, the religion twice, but the natural conditions remain steadfast86.
Before Menes, the first king of whom any distinct record has yet been recovered, man, civilized87 man, possessed88 the earth. In tracing the course of Egyptian history we never, as with many other nations, seem to reach primeval humanity. Like Minerva, springing ready armed from the brain of Jupiter, the earliest Egyptian known is in a measure civilized. The wild savage89, who develops into the more perfect man, exists in theory, but we cannot lay our hand upon him. Some authorities, as Professor Petrie, attribute the beginning of Egyptian civilization, as the Greeks found it, to Mesopotamian influences,[8] and think the conquering race came over the Red Sea and the conquered were of the same general type as the Libyans of North Africa. But none of these stories have yet been proved beyond the possibility of differing opinion by other students. Strabo said “The Egyptians lived from the first under a regular form of government, they were a people of civilized manners and settled a well-known country.”
Claiming to be the most ancient of peoples the old story tells how the Egyptians yet yielded their pretensions90 to the Phrygians. The king caused a shepherd to bring up two children, nursed by a goat, and to observe what word they first spoke91. Running towards him they cried “Beccos,” the Phrygian for bread, which decided92 the question, but the wise mother goat perhaps considered they were but imitating her “ba-a!”
The early Egyptian believed that Osiris and Isis, brother and sister, as also husband and wife, were the children of Seb (Saturn), and Nepthys was the sister of Isis. The two were called “the incubators,” who spread their wings over the mummy to impart new life, Isis, represented as a female figure, wearing on her head the pshent or crown of Upper and Lower Egypt, was the earth, the receptive one, was regarded as the mother of all and held somewhat the position to the Egyptians that Juno did to the Greeks. The Egyptians also believed that the heavens were upheld by four pillars and that the stars were lamps lighted therein at night. Osiris and Isis stood for the Nile and Egypt, and Osiris was the sun’s power, the winter solstice,[9] the birth of Horus the summer solstice, the inundations of the Nile the autumnal Equinox. His gods and goddesses were innumerable, their images existing for him in the shape of various animals and birds, and, among royalties93, the ancestors were deified.
We of to-day thrust from us the thought of death, and live as much as may be in the present. Not so the Egyptian, it pervaded94 his daily life and it shared in his feasts and festivals. It rang in his laughter, “Let us eat and drink for to-morrow we die!” and his favorite occupation was the building of his tomb.
No other nation possesses such a variety of monuments, says one writer. Their stone quarries95 were inexhaustible, their facilities for transportation on the great river unlimited96, and the sand and the climate combined to preserve what the hand of man erected97. Kings pressed their signets on the mountains that the generations to come might know of them and their power.
The sun and soil of Egypt, we are told, demands one breed of men and will no other. The children of aliens die, and the special race characteristics remain to the present day. The Fellah woman, in the picture often seen, crouching98 beside the statue of an ancient king, has the same contour of face, the same high cheek bones and nose, and the same immutable99 expression. As the life rule of Egypt’s great river changes not, year after year repeating the same history, so the race shows the same characteristics, century after century. She shares with China her changelessness. Like Japan, she has her types[10] of face, long, oval, slender, with heavy lidded eyes, and nose characteristically depressed100 at the tip, with sensitive open nostrils101, the under lip slightly projecting, the chin short and square, with a slim square shouldered figure. Or a lower, squatter102 type, belonging to the plebeian103, forehead low, nose depressed and short, face prognathous and sensual-looking, the chin heavy, the jaw104 large, the lips thick and projecting. Both exist on the earliest monuments and to our own time. One writer thinks that the mummies differ from the Arabs of the present day in having a better balance of the intellectual and moral faculties105. It is also said that in men the countenance106 is narrower than in women. The forehead small and retreating, with a long large black and well-shaped eye, a long nose, with a slight bridge, cheek bones a little prominent, an expressive107 mouth, with full lips, and white regular teeth, and a small round chin. The complexion108 of men a dark brown, that of women olive to a pink flesh color. The women and girls are slender, with small straight brows and close lashes109 on each lid, which gives an animated110 expression to their almond-shaped eyes, the use of kohl (sometimes said to be sanitary111 in its effects) enhancing this. The forehead is receding112, cheekbones high, the bridge of the nose low, the mouth wide and thick-lipped. The peasantry are darker than the townspeople and the color deepens from pale brown to bronze as you go south.
Co-existent with, prior even, perhaps, to the pyramids is the great Sphinx. Maspero believed[11] that it dated before the time of Menes. Battered113, mutilated, time worn, yet rearing itself nobly still with its majestic114 face in its tranquil65 grandeur115, turned towards the East. Towering sixty feet above one of the sand dunes116, with a background of yellow sand or sapphire117 sky, or whitening in the moonlight against the starlit indigo118 heavens rises this colossal head and shoulders. “Mutilated though it is,” says one traveller, “the changeless serenity119, the eternal repose120 of the noble countenance impresses and awes121 all beholders.” The typical sphinx, a male or female head, with an animal’s body, in the Greek “the strangler,” signifies intelligence or force. It was a favorite form in architecture and sometimes the face was a portrait of an existing king or queen. The great Sphinx is said, from an inscription122 at Edfu, to represent one of the personifications of the god Horus. It was designated as Horem Khou, “Horus on the Horizon,” and bore the shape of a human-headed lion to vanquish123 Typhon (Set) principle of evil, and turning East awaited the resurrection of his father Osiris. As Horus was supposed to have reigned124 over Egypt, kings took the name Horus, or “Golden Hawk125.”
A picture of the Sphinx, by Elihu Vedder, is very impressive. The great head looms126 skyward, the desert spreads around, the silence of Eternity broods over all. A crouching figure, old and tattered127, kneels before it and lays his ear to the silent lips, as if to learn their hidden secrets.
The land is rich in fruits and vegetables, but it has comparatively few trees, and no great variety[12] of flowers. Palms, sycamores, figs128, and accasias are among the most frequent of the former. Vegetables are peas, lentils, leeks129, onions, garlic, celery, cucumbers, carrots, turnips130, tomatoes, egg-fruit, peppers, etc. Fruits are melons, of which the flesh is often a rich golden color, grapes, dates, almonds, figs, pomegranates, apricots, peaches, etc. The lotus, now comparatively rare, might once have been called the national, as it certainly was the favorite flower. It was used at feasts and for decorations, and its buds, blossoms and leaves were continually reproduced in architectural designs. It was chiefly because the water lily bud opened its petals131 at sunrise and closed them at sunset that the ancients held it sacred to the sun. Pliny says: “It is reported that in the Euphrates the flower of the lotus plunges132 into the water at night, remaining there until midnight, and to such a depth that it cannot be reached with the hand. After midnight it begins gradually to rise, and as the sun rises above the horizon the flower also rises above the water, expands and raises itself some distance above the element in which it grows.” “And it was also through this peculiarity,” says another writer, “that Hankerville proved that the Egyptians considered the lily an emblem133 of the world as it rose from the waters of the deep.”
Other flowers include the rose, jassamine, narcissus, lily, convolvulus, violet, chrysanthemum134, geranium, dahlia, basil, etc.
The horse was not an early inhabitant—there were camels, elephants, and cattle of special breeds, doves and other birds and many varieties[13] of fish. A number of animals were tamed in Egypt and some of them would seem to us a singular collection of pets, lions, leopards135, monkeys, gazelles and even crocodiles, and, above all, cats were household pets, as were the last two among the sacred animals.
Everywhere possible at the present day excavation136 is going on. Seventy-five centimes a day was at one time the rate for the diggers and fifty for the children who carried away the baskets of rubbish, the food consisting of bread, water, a few dates, cucumbers or onions, and, rarely if ever, any meat.
“The Nile shore,” says Bayard Taylor, “shows either palm groves, fields of cane137 or doura, young wheat, or patches of bare sand blown from the desert. The villages have mud walls and the tombs of Moslem138 saints looking like white ovens. The Arabian and Libyan mountains sweep into the foreground, the yellow cliffs overhang and recede139 into a violet haze140 at the horizon, while the blue evening shadows lie on rose-hued mountain walls.”
Life in the East moves more slowly, even in modern times, than in the strenuous141 West. One traveller playfully remarks that one can perceive in the face after a Nile voyage something of the patience and resignation of the Sphinx, and another says that Egypt is the best place in the world to rest, and recommends that one “go 600 or 700 miles up the Nile before the season opens and occupy a hotel alone. You will find each day at least forty-eight hours long, and you will think of nothing but Egyptian antiquities[14] and Arabs, both of which are wonderfully soothing142 to the tired mind.”
Egypt may be likened to a woman with coloring and charm, who surpasses sometimes in attraction another of more beautiful and regular form. In this land of golden light, of perpetual sunshine, lived and moved the Egyptian queen. Different and yet the same as her sisters of to-day, now she seemed a goddess in might and beauty, and again as the meanest of her slaves, swayed by ambitions, torn by passions, swept by waves of love and hate—a woman still. Each in turn played her little part on the stage of life and passed beyond the curtain, leaving a few, and but few, traces of her existence. Passed into “the land which loveth silence,” the dim Amenti of the gods.
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1
hieroglyphic
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| n.象形文字 | |
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demotic
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| adj. 民众的，通俗的；n.（古埃及）通俗文字 | |
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3
loam
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| n.沃土 | |
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inundation
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| n.the act or fact of overflowing | |
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rave
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| vi.胡言乱语；热衷谈论；n.热情赞扬 | |
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6
velvet
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| n.丝绒，天鹅绒；adj.丝绒制的，柔软的 | |
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7
velvety
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| adj. 像天鹅绒的, 轻软光滑的, 柔软的 | |
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lustre
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| n.光亮，光泽；荣誉 | |
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descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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woe
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| n.悲哀，苦痛，不幸，困难；int.用来表达悲伤或惊慌 | |
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12
deity
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| n.神，神性；被奉若神明的人(或物) | |
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fructifying
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| v.结果实( fructify的现在分词 )；使结果实，使多产，使土地肥沃 | |
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14
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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edifice
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| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室) | |
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turbid
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| adj.混浊的，泥水的，浓的 | |
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beverage
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| n.(水，酒等之外的)饮料 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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sinuous
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| adj.蜿蜒的，迂回的 | |
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interspersed
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| adj.[医]散开的；点缀的v.intersperse的过去式和过去分词 | |
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concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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ebb
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| vi.衰退，减退；n.处于低潮，处于衰退状态 | |
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ramifications
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| n.结果，后果( ramification的名词复数 ) | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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appease
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| v.安抚，缓和，平息，满足 | |
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dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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martyr
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| n.烈士，殉难者；vt.杀害，折磨，牺牲 | |
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murmurs
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| n.低沉、连续而不清的声音( murmur的名词复数 )；低语声；怨言；嘀咕 | |
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dilemma
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| n.困境，进退两难的局面 | |
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implore
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| vt.乞求，恳求，哀求 | |
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32
maiden
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| n.少女，处女；adj.未婚的，纯洁的，无经验的 | |
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marsh
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| n.沼泽，湿地 | |
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juncture
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| n.时刻，关键时刻，紧要关头 | |
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tint
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| n.淡色，浅色；染发剂；vt.着以淡淡的颜色 | |
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refreshing
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| adj.使精神振作的，使人清爽的，使人喜欢的 | |
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cataracts
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| n.大瀑布( cataract的名词复数 )；白内障 | |
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cataract
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| n.大瀑布，奔流，洪水，白内障 | |
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swells
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| 增强( swell的第三人称单数 )； 肿胀； （使）凸出； 充满（激情） | |
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delta
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| n.（流的）角洲 | |
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varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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mounds
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| 土堆，土丘( mound的名词复数 )； 一大堆 | |
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limestone
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| n.石灰石 | |
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granite
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| adj.花岗岩，花岗石 | |
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tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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brackish
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| adj.混有盐的；咸的 | |
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48
compensated
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| 补偿，报酬( compensate的过去式和过去分词 )； 给（某人）赔偿（或赔款） | |
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49
intensity
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| n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度 | |
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50
turquoise
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| n.绿宝石；adj.蓝绿色的 | |
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51
luminous
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| adj.发光的，发亮的；光明的；明白易懂的；有启发的 | |
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52
poetic
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| adj.富有诗意的，有诗人气质的，善于抒情的 | |
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53
temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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54
revels
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| n.作乐( revel的名词复数 )；狂欢；着迷；陶醉v.作乐( revel的第三人称单数 )；狂欢；着迷；陶醉 | |
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hues
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| 色彩( hue的名词复数 )； 色调； 信仰； 观点 | |
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56
hue
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| n.色度；色调；样子 | |
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57
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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58
buffaloes
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| n.水牛（分非洲水牛和亚洲水牛两种）( buffalo的名词复数 )；（南非或北美的）野牛；威胁；恐吓 | |
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59
rusty
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| adj.生锈的；锈色的；荒废了的 | |
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60
tints
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| 色彩( tint的名词复数 )； 带白的颜色； （淡色）染发剂； 痕迹 | |
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61
opalescent
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| adj.乳色的，乳白的 | |
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62
groves
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| 树丛，小树林( grove的名词复数 ) | |
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63
rosy
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| adj.美好的，乐观的，玫瑰色的 | |
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64
tranquillity
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| n. 平静, 安静 | |
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65
tranquil
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| adj. 安静的, 宁静的, 稳定的, 不变的 | |
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66
pervades
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| v.遍及，弥漫( pervade的第三人称单数 ) | |
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67
gushing
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| adj.迸出的；涌出的；喷出的；过分热情的v.喷，涌( gush的现在分词 )；滔滔不绝地说话 | |
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68
slumbers
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| 睡眠，安眠( slumber的名词复数 ) | |
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69
prosaic
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| adj.单调的，无趣的 | |
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70
gapes
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| v.目瞪口呆地凝视( gape的第三人称单数 )；张开，张大 | |
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71
colossal
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| adj.异常的，庞大的 | |
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72
eternity
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| n.不朽，来世；永恒，无穷 | |
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73
marvels
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| n.奇迹( marvel的名词复数 )；令人惊奇的事物（或事例）；不平凡的成果；成就v.惊奇，对…感到惊奇( marvel的第三人称单数 ) | |
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74
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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75
azure
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| adj.天蓝色的，蔚蓝色的 | |
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76
hovered
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| 鸟( hover的过去式和过去分词 )； 靠近（某事物）； （人）徘徊； 犹豫 | |
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77
splendor
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| n.光彩；壮丽，华丽；显赫，辉煌 | |
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78
ragged
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| adj.衣衫褴褛的，粗糙的，刺耳的 | |
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79
torrents
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| n.倾注；奔流( torrent的名词复数 )；急流；爆发；连续不断 | |
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80
fissures
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| n.狭长裂缝或裂隙( fissure的名词复数 )；裂伤；分歧；分裂v.裂开( fissure的第三人称单数 ) | |
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81
crimson
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| n./adj.深(绯)红色(的)；vi.脸变绯红色 | |
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82
papyrus
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| n.古以纸草制成之纸 | |
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83
abounded
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| v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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plentiful
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| adj.富裕的，丰富的 | |
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85
pelicans
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| n.鹈鹕( pelican的名词复数 ) | |
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86
steadfast
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| adj.固定的，不变的，不动摇的；忠实的；坚贞不移的 | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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89
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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pretensions
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| 自称( pretension的名词复数 )； 自命不凡； 要求； 权力 | |
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91
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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royalties
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| 特许权使用费 | |
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pervaded
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| v.遍及，弥漫( pervade的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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quarries
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| n.（采）石场( quarry的名词复数 )；猎物（指鸟，兽等）；方形石；（格窗等的）方形玻璃v.从采石场采得( quarry的第三人称单数 )；从（书本等中）努力发掘（资料等）；在采石场采石 | |
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unlimited
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| adj.无限的，不受控制的，无条件的 | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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crouching
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| v.屈膝，蹲伏( crouch的现在分词 ) | |
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99
immutable
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| adj.不可改变的，永恒的 | |
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100
depressed
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| adj.沮丧的，抑郁的，不景气的，萧条的 | |
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101
nostrils
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| 鼻孔( nostril的名词复数 ) | |
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102
squatter
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| n.擅自占地者 | |
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103
plebeian
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| adj.粗俗的；平民的；n.平民；庶民 | |
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104
jaw
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| n.颚，颌，说教，流言蜚语；v.喋喋不休，教训 | |
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faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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107
expressive
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| adj.表现的，表达…的，富于表情的 | |
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108
complexion
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| n.肤色；情况，局面；气质，性格 | |
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109
lashes
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| n.鞭挞( lash的名词复数 )；鞭子；突然猛烈的一击；急速挥动v.鞭打( lash的第三人称单数 )；煽动；紧系；怒斥 | |
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110
animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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111
sanitary
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| adj.卫生方面的，卫生的，清洁的，卫生的 | |
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112
receding
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| v.逐渐远离( recede的现在分词 )；向后倾斜；自原处后退或避开别人的注视；尤指问题 | |
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113
battered
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| adj.磨损的；v.连续猛击；磨损 | |
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majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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115
grandeur
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| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
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116
dunes
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| 沙丘( dune的名词复数 ) | |
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117
sapphire
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| n.青玉，蓝宝石；adj.天蓝色的 | |
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118
indigo
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| n.靛青，靛蓝 | |
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119
serenity
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| n.宁静，沉着，晴朗 | |
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120
repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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121
awes
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| n.敬畏，惊惧( awe的名词复数 )v.使敬畏，使惊惧( awe的第三人称单数 ) | |
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122
inscription
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| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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123
vanquish
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| v.征服，战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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124
reigned
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| vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式） | |
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125
hawk
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| n.鹰，骗子；鹰派成员 | |
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126
looms
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| n.织布机( loom的名词复数 )v.隐约出现，阴森地逼近( loom的第三人称单数 )；隐约出现，阴森地逼近 | |
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127
tattered
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| adj.破旧的，衣衫破的 | |
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128
figs
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| figures 数字，图形，外形 | |
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129
leeks
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| 韭葱( leek的名词复数 ) | |
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130
turnips
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| 芜青( turnip的名词复数 )； 芜菁块根； 芜菁甘蓝块根； 怀表 | |
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131
petals
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| n.花瓣( petal的名词复数 ) | |
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132
plunges
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| n.跳进，投入vt.使投入，使插入，使陷入vi.投入，跳进，陷入v.颠簸( plunge的第三人称单数 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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133
emblem
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| n.象征，标志；徽章 | |
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134
chrysanthemum
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| n.菊，菊花 | |
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135
leopards
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| n.豹( leopard的名词复数 )；本性难移 | |
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136
excavation
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| n.挖掘，发掘；被挖掘之地 | |
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137
cane
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| n.手杖，细长的茎，藤条；v.以杖击，以藤编制的 | |
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138
Moslem
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| n.回教徒，穆罕默德信徒；adj.回教徒的，回教的 | |
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139
recede
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| vi.退(去)，渐渐远去；向后倾斜，缩进 | |
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140
haze
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| n.霾，烟雾；懵懂，迷糊；vi.(over)变模糊 | |
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141
strenuous
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| adj.奋发的，使劲的；紧张的；热烈的，狂热的 | |
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142
soothing
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| adj.慰藉的；使人宽心的；镇静的 | |
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