The Eighteenth Dynasty is included in the Golden Age of Egyptian history, and in no period was its power more widely felt, its individual monarchs5 more remarkable7 or its architectural and literary remains8 grander or more impressive.
Before his death Tahutmes I seems to have had celebrated10 the marriage of his two children,[126] his daughter of twenty-four and his son of seventeen. All things combined to put Hatshepsut in the first place, her more royal heritage, by the mother’s side, her father’s devotion to her, her superiority in years and her more striking talents, while Tahutmes II was perhaps both physically11 and mentally her inferior. Death at last had severed12 the tie which bound father and daughter together, but no such tender feeling seems to have existed between the two now occupying the throne, hers was the dominant13 will, hers is the prominent figure. After this she frequently wore male attire14 and the dress and ornaments15 belonging to a king, and doubtless, had it been a matter of choice, she would have been a man.
She styles herself “King Horus abounding16 in divine gifts, mistress of diadems17, rich in years (not a claim the modern lady is ever anxious to establish) the golden Horus, goddess of diadems, queen of Upper and Lower Egypt, daughter of the sun, consort18 of Ammon, daughter of Ammon, living forever and dwelling19 in his breast.” Another inscription reads, speaking of her by her name Cheremtamun, “He has created (her) in order to exalt4 his splendor20. She who creates beings like the god Chefr’a. She whose diadems shine like those of the god of the horizon.”
She used both the male and female sign and the title, “daughter of the sun.” As the sphinx bore sometimes a male, sometimes a female head, so this strange and wonderful woman assumed now the one, now the other character. A curious life this old Egyptian history brings before us, so permeated21 as it was with the constant[127] thought of death and its belief, real or assumed, in the actual intercourse22 with a race of superior beings, gods, and yet set forth23 in the lowest images of the brute24 creation. To the poor and uneducated doubtless as in all idolatrous countries, the semblance25 seemed the reality and their thought did not pierce beyond the image before them, but the more intellectual and spiritual minds must have rent the veil of sense and stretched out longingly26 to the infinite beyond, if peradventure they might “feel after and find” the truly godlike.
Hatshepsut did not at once set to work, like the early kings, to build a pyramid in which she might herself be interred27. Mundane28 subjects at first occupied her, and later she built a memorial to her father in the form of an obelisk29 which described his powers and virtues30, and temples for the worship and to the glory of the gods.
Probably the regulation of the country and the administration of internal affairs occupied the earliest years of Hatshepsut’s rule, after the death of Tahutmes I, but in them she was also preparing for the expedition which was one of the great features of her reign32 and took place in its ninth year. Punt, a country on the eastern bank of the Red Sea, had been, to some extent, known to the Egyptians in the earliest times, those of Chafre’ of the Fourth Dynasty. “Under the name of Punt,” says one writer, “the old inhabitants of Kemi meant a distant land washed by the great ocean, full of valleys and hills, abounding in ebony and other rich woods, balsams, spices, precious metals and stones and of animals,[128] hunting-leopards, panthers, dog-headed apes, etc.” It was the Ophir of the Egyptians, the present coast of Somali, perhaps the land in sight of Arabia, but separated by the Red Sea.
Old traditions said that it was the original seat of the gods, and from it had travelled the holy ones to the Nile valley, at their head Amen, called Kak, as king of Punt, Horus and Hathor. This last was the queen and ruler of Punt, Hor, the holy morning star, which rose to the west of the land. The god Bes also was peculiarly associated with the country. Under the last king of the Eleventh Dynasty is said to have taken place the first journey to Ophir and Punt, and the envoys34 sent were attended by three thousand men and brought back spices and precious stones. After that it seemed to relapse in the popular imagination into a sort of fairyland which was inhabited by strange serpents.
Like a new Columbus the great queen decided36 to attempt the rediscovery and exploration of these distant shores. Amen of Thebes, the lord of gods, it is said, had suggested the thought to her, “because he held this ruler so dear, dearer than any other king who had been in this country.” Pictures and accounts of this expedition were afterwards placed in illustration on the walls of the temple of Deir-el-Bahari, built by the queen, and the inscription concludes with the statement that nothing like it had been done under any king before. “And,” says an authority on these subjects, “it speaks the truth. Hatasu showed her people the way to the land whose products were later to fill the treasuries37 not only[129] of the Pharaohs, but also of the Phoenicians and the Jews.”
It was a peaceful expedition, perhaps the only one that had ever been sent forth, this voyage of discovery, nearly sixteen hundred years before the Christian38 Era; but of course great preparations and even some military ones had to be made that in case of unexpected attack they might be prepared. Ships were built for the expedition, and doubtless years passed between the time of the first conception of the enterprise and its execution.
An inscription by the picture of the squadron thus describes it. “Departure of the squadron of the Lord of the two Worlds, traversing the great sea on the Good Way to the Land of the gods, in obedience39 to the will of the King of the gods, Amen of Thebes. He commanded that there should be brought to him the marvellous products of the Land of Punt, for he loveth the Queen Hatasu above all other kings that have ruled this land.”
A canal connecting the Nile with the Red Sea which has been attributed to Seti I Miss Edwards claims as an engineering feat31 of Hatasu, as it would shorten the length of the voyage rather than to take the almost inconceivably long trip around the west coast of Africa, the Cape40 of Good Hope, the Mosambique Channel and the coast of Zanzibar.
The ships, five in number, were large and stately for the time. They are described as having a narrow keel with stern and prow41 high above the water, seventy feet in length and with[130] no cabin accommodations. A raised platform at either end, with a balustrade, probably afforded some shelter to the officers. A single mast supported the spreading sail, there were no decks and the hull42 was fitted with seats for the rowers. After the Old Empire all large boats were adapted for sailing, as well as rowing. Other vessels44 of this or a little later time were one-decked galleys45 with thirty oars47, with seats and shrines48 and the stern ornamented49 with figures of animals. The cabin of those of royal or high rank was a stately house, with roof and pillars, sides brightly colored, in the fore9, large paintings and the stern a gigantic lotus. The blade of the oar46 was like a bouquet50 of flowers with the head of the king at top, the sails the richest cloth of gay colors. A royal vessel43 of this description belonged to King Thothmes III, Hatasu’s successor and was called “Star of the two countries.”
Another description speaks of war ships having the poop twisted, with armed mariners51 in helmets of brass52, with four short masts and on each a large castle containing bowmen with steel-headed arrows. Upon the prow a sort of fortress53, the soldiers carrying long spears and oval shields decorated with hieroglyphics55 in brilliant colors. Above the rowers large black Ethiopians in steel cuirasses and long swords. The captains in variegated56 armor and accompanied by a thousand soldiers and three hundred rowers. The prow ornamented with a lion’s head and colossal57 shoulders across a broad gilded58 image of the feathered globe of the sun, the emblem59 of Egypt[131] and the inscription, “Mistress of the World.” But Hatasu’s fleet was going on a peaceful errand and required no such panoply60 of war. Experienced seamen61 managed it, while soldiers, ambassadors and, some say, even ladies, accompanied it and bore with them a variety of presents to win the friendship and favor of the inhabitants of this strange land. The envoys had a small guard of soldiers, but all included did not number more than two hundred and ten men.
The voyagers were met with a friendly welcome and returned with stores of treasures. The inhabitants of Punt lived in little round shaped huts, built on stages and reached by ladders, all under the shade of spreading palms. A picture on the wall of the temple shows the prince of the land Parihu by name, with his wife, Ati or Aty, the latter fat and ungainly (though probably considered a specimen62 of great beauty by her countrymen), with a donkey to ride upon, followed by two sons and a young daughter, the last giving promise of rivaling her mother in rotundity of outline. Gold, spices, ivory, incense63 bearing trees, to the number of thirty-one, precious gums, used in the service of the temple, and various animals were brought back to Egypt as a result of this most successful journey. The return was celebrated by a high festival in the temple. Hatshepsut or Hatasu appeared in fullest royal attire, adorned64 in the richest manner, a helmet on her head, a spotted65 leopard33 skin covering her shoulders and her limbs “perfumed like fresh dew.” She offered incense to the god Amen, as his priestess, bearing[132] two bowls full and weighing out gold with her own hand. This was before the sacred boat of Amen Ra, with a ram’s head at each end, and carried by high priests, also in leopard skins. The Naka, or incense bearing trees, were borne in tubs, and the weights for weighing the precious metals were gold rings in the shape of recumbent oxen.
Later, as was his iconoclastic66 wont67, Rameses II destroyed some of these pictures and inscriptions68 and inserted his own name.
Although the name of Tahutmes II, husband and co-ruler with the queen, is not specially69 mentioned in connection with this great expedition, he shared in the after festival. He, too, designated by his court name of King Menkhefer-ka-ra, offered incense in the boat of Amen, carried on the shoulders of men. “Thus,” says Miss Edwards, “to the sound of trumpets70 and drums, with waving of green boughs71 and shouts of triumph, and followed by an ever gathering72 crowd, the great procession takes its way between avenues of sphinxes, past obelisks73 and pylons74, and up one magnificent flight of steps after another till the topmost terrace of the Great Temple is reached, where the Queen herself welcomed them to the presence of Hathor, the Beautiful, the Lady of the Western Mountain, the Goddess Regent of the Land of Punt.”
At what period is not exactly known, but of course earlier than this, since he is believed to have designed the beautiful temple of Deir el Bahri, the queen called to her assistance the services[133] of the architect Senmut, whose statue is in the Berlin Museum. He, it is implied, usurped75 the place in Hatasu’s affection which rightfully belonged to her husband, but of this it is not possible to speak with any degree of certainty or authority. We only know that he was a man of great ability in his own line, of intelligent mind and skillful hand, and was highly appreciated by her majesty76. In an inscription in the Berlin Museum he says his lady ruler made him “great in both countries” and “chief of the chiefs” in the whole of Egypt. The buildings which the queen and he erected77 are said to be among the most tasteful, complete and brilliant in the land. He was of lowly birth, and therefore his position was the more surprising. He appears to have occupied in the queen’s counsels something of the place of Disraeli to Queen Victoria, whose Jewish origin made his occupancy of the position he gained remarkable. After Senmut’s death Hatasu raised to him a stone memorial as a token of gratitude78, with his portrait in black granite79 and in an attitude of repose80. On his shoulder were the short but significant words, “there was not found in writing his ancestors.” He is also introduced in an inscription, as himself speaking, where he used the male pronoun “he” in mentioning the queen refers to his own services and ends with styling her “the lord of the country, the King of Makara.”
Senmut was evidently the chief counsellor and favorite of Hatshepsut, but there was also another highly regarded officer who shared with[134] or succeeded him in the queen’s favor and good graces. This was a certain Aahmes, who had also served her father, Thothmes, or Tahutmes I, and whose tomb was discovered by Brugsch, and bears this inscription, “I was during my existence in the favor of the king, and was rewarded by His Holiness, and a divine woman gave me further reward, the defunct81 great queen Makara (Hashop), because I brought up her daughter, the great queen’s daughter, the defunct Nofrerura.” It is of course plain that he survived the queen, but we do not know whether he met with equal favor at the hand of her successor. Possibly the mother’s heart, little given to tenderness, may have had an especial softness towards this “nurse” or tutor of her dead child, her father’s trusted servant and perhaps, on that very account, hers also.
Two children were born to the queen, both daughters, Neferura, the heiress, who is spoken of as “the mistress of both lands,” who died in the beginning of the reign of Tahutmes III, and Hatasu Meri or Merytra, who it is estimated was born about 1512 B. C. and became heiress Princess, inheriting all her mother’s rights. To establish the throne more firmly therefore, she was married to Tahutmes III. This king was long supposed to be the youngest son of Tahutmes I, but the latest authorities, although they do not speak with absolute assurance, incline to believe he was the son of Tahutmes II, by a concubine, hence he was in one case the uncle, and in the other the half or step-brother of the young[135] princess, but with a less direct title to the throne than she. A certain Renekheb is also spoken of as a tutor of the young queen. This marriage appears to have taken place when they were both children and before the death of Tahutmes II, which is proved by the cartouches of Tahutmes II and Tahutmes III being found together upon some of the monuments, and at the same time suggests that the juvenile82 pair, nominally83 at least, shared in the government.
Tahutmes II, born about 1533 B. C., appears to have died at about thirty, in 1503, and some writers maintain that Hatshepsut usurped the power which rightfully belonged to Tahutmes III, but Miss Edwards (ever ready to champion her heroine) finds in the above fact strong proof that the queen really protected the interests of her young half-brother or nephew. While Petrie admits that it would be unlikely and perhaps even unnatural84 that a capable and ambitious woman, still in the prime of life, should immediately hand over the reins85 of government, placed in her hands by her father, to a young and inexperienced boy and justifies86 her retention87 of them, the more that it was she and not he who had the stronger legal claim. Be this as it may, if Tahutmes III owed gratitude to Hatshepsut for care or protection he showed her little return. Whether from the general unpopularity of mothers-in-law, from her treatment of his brother or uncle, from the feeling that he was suppressed and kept in the background, or from some unknown cause, he evidently hated her. When he came into power he endeavored[136] to destroy the memorials of her from off the earth and cause her memory even to be forgotten. He injured or erased88 her name constantly and whenever possible and substituted that of his brother or himself.
Tahutmes I had continued the building of Thebes and set up his two granite obelisks. Tahutmes II and Hatshepsut continued building at Karnak, the temple having been in existence, it is said, as far back as the Eleventh Dynasty. So gigantic was the scale on which these architectural works were undertaken that one life seldom saw their completion. Like the coral reef the temples grew and were added to, monarch6 after monarch of succeeding generations taking a share in the general design.
Tahutmes I had raised at Karnak two obelisks seventy feet in height, his daughter’s far outdid them, for hers were the loftiest then known in Egypt, a flawless block of red granite or rose quartz89, rising 108 or 109 feet into the air. This was erected in the sixteenth year of her reign and after the death of her husband, which took place some dozen or more years after that of his father. Probably the ceremonial mourning was observed for him, but the heart of Hatshepsut was hard and cold and even if we exonerate90 her from the implication of being directly concerned in his decease, which stands “not proven,” there seems little doubt that she rejoiced to be comparatively free and hold the reins of power exclusively in her own hands. Nothing seemed missing from her life or her pursuits, which she followed with[137] renewed energy and appeared more constantly than ever in male attire, the short kilt and sandals, the war helmet and even perhaps, as in her reproduction, a beard. Architecture was evidently of great interest to her as to many of her predecessors91 and obelisks and temples still, after the lapse35 of centuries, bear witness to her power and skill.
It took nineteen months from its first inception92 to the completion of her great obelisk and even so, when one thinks of its magnificent proportions, the work seems to have proceeded with wonderful celerity. Inscriptions by Senmut record the quarrying93. Her brother’s name appears at the side. One face was covered with gold, which the queen is believed to have weighed out with her own hand. The beautifully carved centre was inlaid with electrum or silver gilt94 and related to herself. “Amen-Khnum Hatasu, the golden Horus, Lord of the two lands hath dedicated95 to her father, Amen of Thebes, two obelisks of Maket stone (red granite) hewn from the quarries96 of the South. Their summits were sheathed97 with pure gold, taken from the chiefs of all nations.” “His Majesty gave these two gilded obelisks to her father, Amen, that her name should live forever in his temple,” and adds towards the conclusion, “when Ra arises betwixt them as he journeys upward from the heavenly horizon they flood the two Egypts with the glory of their brightness.” Rosellini says, speaking of the fineness of the work, “every figure seems rather to have been impressed with a seal than graven with a chisel98.”[138] An inscription at the bottom states that it was erected to her father, Tahutmes I. This obelisk, with its mate, was to occupy a place in the centre court of the palace at Karnak. Dr. Naville, the explorer, discovered the burial chamber99 of Tahutmes in 1893 and a great altar erected by the queen.
In an inscription on part of the rock-cut temple of Speos Artemidos, south Beni-hasan, reciting her re-establishment of Egyptian power and worship after destruction by the Hyksos, Hatshepsut says: “The abode100 of the mistress of Qes (Kusae on west side) was fallen in ruin, the earth had covered her beautiful sanctuary101 and children played over her temple—I cleared and rebuilt it anew—I restored that which was in ruins and I completed that which was left unfinished. For there had been Amu in the midst of the Delta102 and in Hanar and the foreign hoardes of their number had destroyed the ancient works. They reigned103 ignorant of the god Ra.”
The temple of Deir-el-Bahri or “Dayre-el-Bahari,” its present Arabic name, was perhaps the greatest work of Hatshepsut’s life and enough of the ruins still remained for the clever French architect, M. Brune, to reconstruct its plan for us. The site was one that would have been chosen by the Greeks for a theatre, but the Egyptian dedicated it to what he deemed a higher object, the worship of the gods. Situated104 on a green plain, near the tombs of the kings of the Twelfth Dynasty, it was a magnificent natural amphitheatre on the shore of the river and, terrace by[139] terrace, rose from the edge of the water to its steep background of golden brown rock, in which the inner temple, the “holy of holies,” was excavated105. Of its structure Senmut or Sen-Maut was the presiding genius. The name “Dayre-el-Bahari” means North church, or monastery106, and was, of course, applied107 to it in later times from the ruins of an old monastery which was yet young and modern beside the original erection. An avenue of sphinxes connected the landing for boats with the four terraces. These were supported by earth-works and stone and guarded by hawk-headed figures, in marble, bearing the uraeus. Columns also supported it, some of them polygonal108 in shape, with the head of the goddess Hathor as a capitol, and were later restored and kept in order till the time of the Ptolemies. “This temple,” says one writer, “was a splendid specimen of Egyptian Art history, whether we consider the treatment of the stone or the richness of the colored decorations,” and it was unique in design and differed from all others. In the inner recesses109 of the rock-cut chambers110 was a picture of the queen, representing her as sucking the milk of the sacred cow, the incarnation of the goddess Hathor, thereby111 intimating her divine origin.
Some sixteen or seventeen years after the death of Tahutmes II the cartouch of Tahutmes III becomes associated with that of Hatshepsut and then her brilliant career terminates, but the end is wrapped in mystery. Whether she voluntarily laid aside her royal power, which seems unnatural and unlikely, whether she met with foul112 play or[140] whether she died a natural death, we know not The remains of many others of her family, more or less illustrious, were found, but hers were not among them. Her place of sepulture was discovered by Mr. Rhind in 1841 in a cliff side near her temple, but, strange to say, was again lost sight of, and her successor, showing plainly his feeling towards her, has constantly chiselled113 out her name. A party of modern travelers, however, claim to have rediscovered it.
Her cartouch, which may be seen in Baedaker and other works, seems comparatively simple, beside the more elaborate ones of other monarchs. It is a circle with a dot in the centre, a small seated female figure, wearing the plumes114 of a goddess and below two right angles joined. The three hieroglyphic54 signs are explained to mean “Ma, the sitting figure of the goddess of Truth, Law and Justice; Ka, represented by the hieroglyphic of the uplifted arms and signifying Life, and the sun’s disk, representing Ra, the supreme115 solar god of the universe.”
Many memorials of this great queen, spite of the efforts made to destroy them, remain to us. The ruins of the temple, the great obelisks, one of which is still standing116, various statues and statuettes, many sun-dried brick with her cartouch and that of her father, some of which can be seen in our own Metropolitan117 Museum in New York, a cabinet in wood and ivory, her standard, her signet ring in turquoise118 and gold, in the possession of an English gentleman, and, most interesting of all perhaps, the remains of her throne[141] chair, now in the British Museum. It is made of a dark wood, not natural to Egypt, and probably from the land of Punt. The legs are decorated with ucilisks in gold, and the carven hoof119 of some animal. The other parts are ornamented with hieroglyphics in gold and silver and one fragmentary royal oval in which the name of Hatasu appears and thereby identifies the owner of the throne.
Thus ends in comparative mystery, darkness and silence this brilliant life, of which we were long in ignorance.
Says Curtis in his charming “Nile Notes”: “The history of Eastern life is embroidered120 to our youngest eyes in that airy arabesque—an Eastern book cannot be written without a dash of the Arabian Nights—the East throughout hath that fine flavor.”
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inscription
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| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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exalted
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| adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的 | |
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exalt
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| v.赞扬，歌颂，晋升，提升 | |
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monarchs
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| 君主，帝王( monarch的名词复数 ) | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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fore
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| adv.在前面；adj.先前的；在前部的；n.前部 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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physically
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| adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律 | |
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severed
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| v.切断，断绝( sever的过去式和过去分词 )；断，裂 | |
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dominant
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| adj.支配的，统治的；占优势的；显性的；n.主因，要素，主要的人(或物)；显性基因 | |
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attire
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| v.穿衣，装扮[同]array；n.衣着；盛装 | |
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ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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abounding
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| adj.丰富的，大量的v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的现在分词 ) | |
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diadems
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| n.王冠，王权，带状头饰( diadem的名词复数 ) | |
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consort
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dwelling
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splendor
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| n.光彩；壮丽，华丽；显赫，辉煌 | |
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permeated
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intercourse
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forth
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brute
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semblance
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longingly
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interred
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mundane
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| adj.平凡的；尘世的；宇宙的 | |
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obelisk
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| n.方尖塔 | |
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virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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feat
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| n.功绩；武艺，技艺；adj.灵巧的，漂亮的，合适的 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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leopard
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envoys
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| 使节( envoy的名词复数 )； 公使； 谈判代表； 使节身份 | |
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lapse
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| n.过失，流逝，失效，抛弃信仰，间隔；vi.堕落，停止，失效，流逝；vt.使失效 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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treasuries
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| n.（政府的）财政部( treasury的名词复数 )；国库，金库 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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40
cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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41
prow
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| n.(飞机)机头，船头 | |
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42
hull
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| n.船身；(果、实等的)外壳；vt.去(谷物等)壳 | |
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43
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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44
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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45
galleys
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| n.平底大船，战舰( galley的名词复数 )；（船上或航空器上的）厨房 | |
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46
oar
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| n.桨，橹，划手；v.划行 | |
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47
oars
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| n.桨，橹( oar的名词复数 )；划手v.划（行）( oar的第三人称单数 ) | |
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48
shrines
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| 圣地，圣坛，神圣场所( shrine的名词复数 ) | |
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49
ornamented
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| adj.花式字体的v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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50
bouquet
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| n.花束，酒香 | |
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51
mariners
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| 海员，水手（mariner的复数形式） | |
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52
brass
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| n.黄铜；黄铜器，铜管乐器 | |
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53
fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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54
hieroglyphic
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| n.象形文字 | |
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55
hieroglyphics
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| n.pl.象形文字 | |
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56
variegated
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| adj.斑驳的，杂色的 | |
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57
colossal
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| adj.异常的，庞大的 | |
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58
gilded
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| a.镀金的，富有的 | |
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59
emblem
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| n.象征，标志；徽章 | |
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60
panoply
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| n.全副甲胄，礼服 | |
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61
seamen
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| n.海员 | |
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62
specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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63
incense
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| v.激怒；n.香，焚香时的烟，香气 | |
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64
adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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spotted
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| adj.有斑点的，斑纹的，弄污了的 | |
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66
iconoclastic
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| adj.偶像破坏的，打破旧习的 | |
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67
wont
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| adj.习惯于；v.习惯；n.习惯 | |
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68
inscriptions
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| （作者）题词( inscription的名词复数 )； 献词； 碑文； 证劵持有人的登记 | |
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69
specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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70
trumpets
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| 喇叭( trumpet的名词复数 )； 小号； 喇叭形物； （尤指）绽开的水仙花 | |
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71
boughs
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| 大树枝( bough的名词复数 ) | |
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72
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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73
obelisks
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| n.方尖石塔，短剑号，疑问记号( obelisk的名词复数 ) | |
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pylons
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| n.（架高压输电线的）电缆塔( pylon的名词复数 )；挂架 | |
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usurped
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| 篡夺，霸占( usurp的过去式和过去分词 )； 盗用； 篡夺，篡权 | |
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76
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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77
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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78
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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79
granite
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| adj.花岗岩，花岗石 | |
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repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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81
defunct
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| adj.死亡的；已倒闭的 | |
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82
juvenile
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| n.青少年，少年读物；adj.青少年的，幼稚的 | |
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83
nominally
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| 在名义上，表面地； 应名儿 | |
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84
unnatural
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| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
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85
reins
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| 感情，激情； 缰( rein的名词复数 )； 控制手段； 掌管； （成人带着幼儿走路以防其走失时用的）保护带 | |
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86
justifies
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| 证明…有理( justify的第三人称单数 )； 为…辩护； 对…作出解释； 为…辩解（或辩护） | |
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87
retention
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| n.保留，保持，保持力，记忆力 | |
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88
erased
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| v.擦掉( erase的过去式和过去分词 )；抹去；清除 | |
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89
quartz
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| n.石英 | |
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90
exonerate
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| v.免除责任，确定无罪 | |
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91
predecessors
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| n.前任( predecessor的名词复数 )；前辈；（被取代的）原有事物；前身 | |
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92
inception
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| n.开端，开始，取得学位 | |
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93
quarrying
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| v.采石；从采石场采得( quarry的现在分词 )；从（书本等中）努力发掘（资料等）；在采石场采石 | |
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94
gilt
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| adj.镀金的；n.金边证券 | |
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95
dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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96
quarries
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| n.（采）石场( quarry的名词复数 )；猎物（指鸟，兽等）；方形石；（格窗等的）方形玻璃v.从采石场采得( quarry的第三人称单数 )；从（书本等中）努力发掘（资料等）；在采石场采石 | |
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97
sheathed
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| adj.雕塑像下半身包在鞘中的；覆盖的；铠装的；装鞘了的v.将（刀、剑等）插入鞘( sheathe的过去式和过去分词 )；包，覆盖 | |
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98
chisel
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| n.凿子；v.用凿子刻，雕，凿 | |
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99
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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100
abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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101
sanctuary
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| n.圣所，圣堂，寺庙；禁猎区，保护区 | |
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102
delta
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| n.（流的）角洲 | |
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103
reigned
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| vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式） | |
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104
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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105
excavated
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| v.挖掘( excavate的过去式和过去分词 )；开凿；挖出；发掘 | |
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106
monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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107
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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108
polygonal
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| adj.多角形的，多边形的 | |
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109
recesses
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| n.壁凹( recess的名词复数 )；（工作或业务活动的）中止或暂停期间；学校的课间休息；某物内部的凹形空间v.把某物放在墙壁的凹处( recess的第三人称单数 )；将（墙）做成凹形，在（墙）上做壁龛；休息，休会，休庭 | |
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110
chambers
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| n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅 | |
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111
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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112
foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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113
chiselled
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| adj.凿过的，凿光的； （文章等）精心雕琢的v.凿，雕，镌( chisel的过去式 ) | |
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114
plumes
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| 羽毛( plume的名词复数 )； 羽毛饰； 羽毛状物； 升上空中的羽状物 | |
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115
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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116
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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117
metropolitan
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| adj.大城市的，大都会的 | |
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118
turquoise
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| n.绿宝石；adj.蓝绿色的 | |
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119
hoof
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| n.(马，牛等的)蹄 | |
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120
embroidered
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| adj．绣花的 | |
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