The colossal4 empire created by the splendid military audacity5 combined with the judicious6 tolerance7 of Alexander the Great may be said to have dropped to pieces by its own weight, and a comparatively few years after his short career was ended, for he died at thirty-two, it had been partitioned among his generals.
Roxane or Roxana, first or chief wife of Alexander, for he married others later, could only in a theoretic sense be called Queen of Egypt, as of other countries of which her husband was master. The mad rush of battle and conquest left little time for the ostentatious display of royalty8. Alexander was rather a great general than a reigning9 king intent upon the government and internal improvement of the various countries under his sway. He seemed to have hardly time to place one crown upon his head before he was fighting for another, and the outward trappings[336] of his office must have been military rather than royal. There could have been little opportunity for his wife to realize the grandeur10 of her position. Hence it was, in all probability, not till after his death that Roxane, the queen, entered Egypt, and then it was rather as a captive than as a reigning princess.
By a previous connection, not a legal marriage, with Barsine, widow of Darius’ best Greek general, Memnon, Alexander had a son named Herakles, who afterwards laid some claim to the kingdom, but it was Roxane, a Bactrian princess, famed for her beauty, that he first made his lawful11 wife. She was the daughter of Oxyartes, “who commanded the Sagdian rock for Darius,” and on the reduction of this fortress12, married the conqueror.
We can picture to ourselves a beautiful mountain region, the mad onrush of troops, the clang of arms, the brief delirium13 of a battle and then a cessation of hostilities14 and the natural man seeking once more excitement in amusement. It is said that it was at a feast or drinking bout15, where dancing was also going on, that Alexander first saw and at once fell in love with the handsome Roxane, spoken of by one writer as “of surpassing beauty and a grace rarely seen among barbarians16.”
Alexander himself was a handsome man in the perfection of manhood. Born 356 B. C. he was twenty-nine years of age at the time of this marriage, which is said to have united two strains of Indo-European blood. The bride was probably much younger. Of him many likenesses,[337] usually busts19 or profiles on coins, exist. There is a bust20 of him in the British Museum, a terra-cotta in Munich, and he appears as the sun-god in the Capitoline Museum in Rome, as the Vernal-sun in a marble relief in the Louvre, in Paris, beside other places and his head on the coins. He was fair and ruddy, with finely cut features, an alert agreeable expression, a look of power and intellect and a full eye which could blaze with anger or melt into tenderness.
As opposites attract, and judging by the race from which she sprang (Bactria was approximately the present Bokhara and “has no small claim to be called the cradle of our present civilization”), we may believe Roxane to have been dark as Alexander was fair. A soft yet brilliant black or brown eye, raven21 tresses, ideal in feature and in form, and endowed with every grace. Alexander had proved himself invulnerable to many of the sex. The wife and daughter of Darius—women famed for their good looks—were treated by him with a respect and indifference22 to their charms unusual in such times and in such cases. He worshipped the god of war rather than the god of love. But the fair Roxane proved irresistible23. He left her for a brief time and then returned and married her. To be the bride of the conqueror, especially when he was young and handsome, what more could any maiden24 desire? “None but the brave deserve the fair,” physical courage was the most admired of all the virtues25, holding its place even in these latter days, and of that Alexander had a large share, as well as of other lovable qualities, impulsive,[338] generous and large-minded, as he often showed himself. He wore a great plume26 of white feathers on either side of his helmet which made his ever a conspicuous27 object of the field of battle, yet he bore a charmed life and escaped injury.
Cruel at times, he was still warm-hearted. Between his mother and himself existed a strong affection, and in a quarrel between her and his father, Philip, he took her side and fled with her. She was the imperious, passionate28 and fanatical Olympias, daughter of Neoptolemus, king of Epirus, to which country she returned with the son who inherited some of her traits, and to whom she was passionately29 attached. Plutarch gives many pleasant anecdotes30 of Alexander and refers to the numerous letters he wrote to his mother and other relatives and friends. He deprecated his mother’s interference with matters of war and state, but bore her reproaches with patience, and when Antipater wrote to him complaining of her he nobly replied, “One tear of a mother effaces31 a thousand such letters as these.”
With Alexander the name of Cleopatra is introduced into Egypt, where it was borne by a bewildering number of the subsequent royal family. His father put away his mother and married a second wife of that name, and to his sister Cleopatra, who married her uncle Alexander, her mother’s brother, King of Epirus, he was, as well as to Olympias, warmly attached.
The marriage of the conqueror with the native[339] princess placated32 the Bactrians and peace was restored. But the restless spirit of Alexander know no pause—he could not stay to dally33 in the arms of his love, no matter how beautiful, ambition was even a more powerful mistress and he rushed onward34 to new conquests.
He had adopted a conciliatory policy towards the Jews, he showed the same in Egypt. He sacrificed to the gods of the land, to Apis in particular, in marked and acceptable contrast to the conduct of Cambyses and Ochus, showed great favor to the priests and placed native Egyptians in posts of honor and command. He made a journey into the desert, a most difficult, hazardous35 and dangerous expedition, to visit the oracle36 of Amon, and caused himself to be proclaimed son of the god, with a curious mingling37 of faith in the oracle and deliberate adoption38 of a policy which conduced to his own interest as well as to those of the people whom he had conquered. He founded the city of Alexandria, which alone might have made famous any single or ordinary man, in addition to all else that he accomplished39 in his comparatively short life. The old Naucrates yielded its trade to the new city and the port of Canopus was closed, while Alexandria grew in splendor40, importance and intellectual prestige and became one of the renowned41 cities of the world.
Separation and the life of constant excitement which he led may have lessened42 the hold of Roxane upon Alexander’s affection and a sudden passion for other women have overtaken him,[340] but it is more probable that motives43 of policy dictated44 his subsequent course.
At Suza occurred what was called “the great marriage of Europe and Asia.” Planned by Alexander to celebrate his victories and perhaps to hasten the return of peace and good-will. He took to wife Statira, daughter of Darius, and some authorities say, also Parysatis, daughter of Ochus, brother of Darius and one of the last Persian kings of Egypt. He coerced45 or persuaded his officers to follow his example, and not one but many marriages were then performed.
So intent was Alexander on his purpose that he put a premium46 on such connections and promised to pay the debts of those who would take Persian wives. At this time Ptolemy, later king of Egypt, was united to a certain princess Aatakama, daughter of Artabanes, of whom we find no further mention, suggesting that these enforced unions were not lasting47, and were perhaps regarded by their principals as a mere48 spectacular performance, or even a comedy. These nuptials49 were celebrated50 with great magnificence the banqueting hall was laid with tables for numberless guests and was gorgeously decorated. Pillars of gold and silver, set with jewels, upheld the awning51 above, and nothing that Eastern luxury could suggest was spared to embellish52 the feast. According to the Persian custom a row of armchairs was placed for the bridegrooms and one beside each for the brides, who came in procession, fair to look upon, in beautiful and shining garments, enhanced by all the appliances of the[341] toilette, and took each her place beside her lord.
It was a marriage of fatal import to all concerned. We can imagine the jealous passion aroused in the breast of Roxane at the sight or report of all this, doubtless in striking contrast with her own simple nuptials, jeopardizing53 as it did the right of succession which might be claimed by her own children, yet unborn. Perchance the new queen added fuel to the flame by a haughty54 demeanor55, a half-concealed or openly expressed contempt for the barbarian17 chief’s daughter who had preceded her. Be this as it may, Roxane rested not till, with the aid of Perdiccas, one of Alexander’s generals, she had her put to death. The story goes that after Alexander was dead she sent a forged letter to Statira, either as coming from him or with purport56 that he was still alive and got Queen Statira into her power and caused both her and her sister, perhaps the before-mentioned Parysatis, to be murdered and their bodies thrown into a well and covered with earth. Having thus disposed of a hated rival, she rested in fancied security, but her own destruction eventually avenged57 this cruel deed.
The life of Alexander, lived too fast, and with little regard perhaps either to the laws of health or morality, came to a speedy close. He died 323 B. C. Either ignorant of or indifferent to the approaching birth of a child of his own, he is said to have left his kingdom to “the worthiest,” or some say “the strongest”—the first a person far to seek in the midst of such a grasping blood-thirsty throng58. Some months after[342] Alexander’s death Roxane bore a son, who was named Alexander Aegus, and the infant, in conjunction with Alexander’s natural brother Philip Arridaeus, apparently59 a man of weak intellect, were nominally61 kings, under the regency of Perdicas, or Perdikkas, one of Alexander’s most prominent generals. No such giant succeeded the heroic figure, almost that of a demi-god, whose life had just closed, and the conglomerate62 kingdom which he had created fell into numerous fragments or divisions.
Roxane evidently could play the part of a Margaret of Anjou and her subsequent history is but a pitiful tale. She and her son fell into the power of the generals, who, like vultures, settled upon their prey63. No noble emotion of protecting the helpless stirred in their breasts. It was a period of the world’s history in which weakness courted its own destruction. “Might was right,” a theory not altogether known in modern times, was the general rule of existence and some years after Alexander’s death Roxane and the young Alexander were put out of the way to make room for the grasp of stronger hands than those of a woman and child.
At first the spoilers called themselves Satraps, but eventually claimed or accepted the title of king. Ptolemy took Egypt; Seleucus, Babylon and Syria; Antigonus, Asia Minor64, and Antipater, Macedon, later conquered by descendants of Antigonus; Lysimachus took Thrace; Leonatus, Phrygia; and Eumenes, Cappadocia.
Alexander Aegus, like Caesarion, son of Cleopatra VI of Egypt, was never allowed to succeed[343] his father, but his life was cut short in youth. Mother and child were simply used as pawns65 on the great chess board of kings and when their existence interfered66 with the designs of those in power they were disposed of. The then known world was in a tumult67, war was the order of the times, peace almost unknown. The uprising and overthrow68 of one power and of one individual after another was continuous, the pages of history were stained with the blood, alike of the guilty and the innocent.
The years succeeding the death of Alexander must have been ones of anxiety, if not of absolute terror to Roxane, and the possibility of a violent death for herself and her child could not but have suggested itself to her. Nominally wife and mother of a king, she enjoyed little of the pleasures of state, but was hurried here and there and from camp to camp with scant69 ceremony. A possession too valuable to those who held her to let her go and in the end too valuable to keep.
The disposal of Alexander’s body was a matter of dispute. A counsel of officers decreed that it should be buried in the Oasis70 of Amon, where Alexander had been adopted by the god; Perdikhas wished that it should be laid with the ancient Macedonian kings, while Ptolemy was determined71 that it should rest in Alexandria, the new city. Ptolemy triumphed and the sarcophagus of gold remained there for some time; we do not know how long. Diodorus says “a coffin72 of beaten gold was provided, so wrought73 by the hammer as to answer the proportion of the body.[344] It was half filled with aromatic74 spices, which served as well to delight the senses as to preserve the body from putrefaction75. Over the coffin was a cover of gold, so exactly fitted as to answer the higher part every way. Over this was thrown a curious purple coat, near to which were placed the arms of the deceased, that the whole might represent the acts of his life.” This was placed on a magnificent chariot adorned77 with figures, symbolic78 designs, arches, floral designs in gold and funerary urns79, an absorbing spectacle to the people. It seems almost strange that so much honor was paid to the body of Alexander, so little to his very flesh and blood.
This settlement of the place of burial brought on a conflict with the regent who came to Egypt, bringing King Philip and his wife Euridike and Alexander IV and his mother Roxane, perhaps her first visit to a land where she had been nominally queen. Perdikhas acted in his treatment of soldiers and enemies with great cruelty, Ptolemy with a marked clemency80, and the cavalry81 of the former rose up and murdered him. Ptolemy was then offered the regency and the charge of the royal princes. But he was a cautious and far-seeing man and content with what he had already secured—the mastership of Egypt—firmly declined so dangerous a responsibility. The regency was then conferred upon or seized by Antipator, and new distributions and divisions of ownership ensued.
A mother and sister of Alexander, Olympias and Cleopatra, had raised a faction76 against Antipator and divided the government between them.[345] A firm believer in “women’s rights” were these ancient and warlike dames82; rights in which there should be no distinction of sex, yet as ever the weaker went to the wall. Cleopatra, it is said, lived a royal widow at Sardis, wooed by all the world—a woman doubtless of beauty, as she showed herself of vigor83 and capacity. She would have married Perdikhas or Leonatus, who had died, but spurned84 the rest. Like England’s Queen Elizabeth, she had many suitors. At last to escape Antigonas she agreed to marry Ptolemy, and thereby85 secured her own destruction, for Antigonas could not contemplate86 a union which might prove so injurious to himself and had her secretly murdered. Some one seems always to have stood ready for the commission of such deadly crimes. But to throw dust in the eyes of the people Antigonas gave her a magnificent funeral and proceeded against the woman who had been instrumental in her murder.
Time passed on and Antipater was succeeded by his son Cassander, more ruthless, cruel and self-seeking, if possible, than his predecessor87, and he determined to rid himself of a charge become useless to him and assume full regal power. Olympias had meanwhile secured the death of Philip Arridaeus and his wife and carried off the young king and his mother to Pydna. Cassander besieged88 and took them, and Olympias was cited to appear before a public assembly of the Macedonians and answer for the murders she had committed. Trusting in her own power and influence she haughtily89 complied, but was condemned[346] to death and secretly executed by the relatives of those she had injured.
The young king and his mother were shut up in the castle of Amphipolis, where they were treated rather as captives than as royal personages, and finally put to death. It seems almost strange that Roxane, still young and probably beautiful, was not forcibly married by one of the contestants90, and the question settled in this way rather than by such tragic91 means, but it was not to be, and the son of Alexander must needs die or others could not grasp the power which should have descended92 to him.
Ptolemy, if not directly accessory, at least connived93 at this murder, and thus secured himself in his new kingdom. It is said that the restoration of the outward shrine94 of the great temple at Luxor, built by Thothmes III and ruined by the Persians, took place during the nominal60 sovereignty of Philip Arridaeus and Alexander IV, and therefore quite early in Ptolemy’s satrapy. This restoration of the inner cella was in the name of the boy king Alexander. A statue of the young king is in the Gizeh Museum. It is of granite95 and about nine feet in height. The gentle and melancholy96 expression seems well suited to the youth’s tragic fate, but he is represented as much older than when he died, and it is probably a conventional likeness18, with a mingling of the Egyptian and Greek in type and attributes. A certain inscription97 in Egypt mentions Ptolemy in the seventh year of the absent Alexander. His destroyer kept up the fiction of his authority, thus[347] Ptolemy granted lands in the name of Alexander and Philip after their decease.
We can almost imagine the unfortunate Queen Roxane ready to lay down her harassed98 and weary life, but such is the natural clinging to the known and visible that doubtless she had occasional periods of pleasure and even of reviving hope for her child and herself. She had committed or been accessory to the blackest crime to secure his succession. Surely it could not be in vain?
Alexander the Great was born in 355 B. C. and died in 323. His son Alexander IV was born 323 B. C. and died 310, but his name appears as king till 305. Thus all the family of Alexander the Great perished by violent deaths. First his mother, then his wife and child, and lastly in 309 B. C. his sister and his natural son Herakles or Hercules.
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yoke
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| n.轭；支配；v.给...上轭，连接，使成配偶 | |
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conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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colossal
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| adj.异常的，庞大的 | |
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audacity
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| n.大胆，卤莽，无礼 | |
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judicious
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| adj.明智的，明断的，能作出明智决定的 | |
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tolerance
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| n.宽容；容忍，忍受；耐药力；公差 | |
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royalty
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| n.皇家，皇族 | |
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reigning
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| adj.统治的，起支配作用的 | |
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grandeur
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| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
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lawful
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| adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的 | |
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fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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delirium
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| n. 神智昏迷,说胡话;极度兴奋 | |
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hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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bout
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| n.侵袭，发作；一次(阵，回)；拳击等比赛 | |
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barbarians
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| n.野蛮人( barbarian的名词复数 )；外国人；粗野的人；无教养的人 | |
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barbarian
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| n.野蛮人；adj.野蛮(人)的；未开化的 | |
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likeness
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| n.相像，相似（之处） | |
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busts
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| 半身雕塑像( bust的名词复数 )； 妇女的胸部； 胸围； 突击搜捕 | |
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bust
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| vt.打破；vi.爆裂；n.半身像；胸部 | |
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raven
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| n.渡鸟，乌鸦；adj.乌亮的 | |
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indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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maiden
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| n.少女，处女；adj.未婚的，纯洁的，无经验的 | |
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virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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plume
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| n.羽毛；v.整理羽毛，骚首弄姿，用羽毛装饰 | |
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conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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passionate
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，激昂的，易动情的，易怒的，性情暴躁的 | |
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passionately
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| ad.热烈地，激烈地 | |
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anecdotes
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| n.掌故，趣闻，轶事( anecdote的名词复数 ) | |
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effaces
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| v.擦掉( efface的第三人称单数 )；抹去；超越；使黯然失色 | |
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placated
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| v.安抚，抚慰，使平静( placate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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dally
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| v.荒废(时日)，调情 | |
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onward
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| adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先 | |
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hazardous
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| adj.(有)危险的，冒险的；碰运气的 | |
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oracle
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| n.神谕，神谕处，预言 | |
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mingling
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| adj.混合的 | |
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adoption
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| n.采用，采纳，通过；收养 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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splendor
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| n.光彩；壮丽，华丽；显赫，辉煌 | |
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renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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lessened
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| 减少的，减弱的 | |
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motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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dictated
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| v.大声讲或读( dictate的过去式和过去分词 )；口授；支配；摆布 | |
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coerced
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| v.迫使做( coerce的过去式和过去分词 )；强迫；（以武力、惩罚、威胁等手段）控制；支配 | |
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46
premium
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| n.加付款；赠品；adj.高级的；售价高的 | |
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lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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nuptials
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| n.婚礼；婚礼( nuptial的名词复数 ) | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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awning
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| n.遮阳篷；雨篷 | |
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embellish
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| v.装饰，布置；给…添加细节，润饰 | |
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53
jeopardizing
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| 危及，损害( jeopardize的现在分词 ) | |
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haughty
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| adj.傲慢的，高傲的 | |
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demeanor
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| n.行为；风度 | |
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purport
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| n.意义，要旨，大要；v.意味著，做为...要旨，要领是... | |
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avenged
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| v.为…复仇，报…之仇( avenge的过去式和过去分词 )；为…报复 | |
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throng
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| n.人群，群众；v.拥挤，群集 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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nominal
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| adj.名义上的；(金额、租金)微不足道的 | |
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nominally
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| 在名义上，表面地； 应名儿 | |
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conglomerate
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| n.综合商社，多元化集团公司 | |
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prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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pawns
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| n.（国际象棋中的）兵( pawn的名词复数 )；卒；被人利用的人；小卒v.典当，抵押( pawn的第三人称单数 )；以（某事物）担保 | |
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interfered
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| v.干预( interfere的过去式和过去分词 )；调停；妨碍；干涉 | |
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tumult
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| n.喧哗；激动，混乱；吵闹 | |
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overthrow
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| v.推翻，打倒，颠覆；n.推翻，瓦解，颠覆 | |
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scant
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| adj.不充分的，不足的；v.减缩，限制，忽略 | |
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oasis
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| n.（沙漠中的）绿洲，宜人的地方 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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coffin
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| n.棺材，灵柩 | |
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wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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aromatic
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| adj.芳香的，有香味的 | |
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putrefaction
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| n.腐坏，腐败 | |
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faction
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| n.宗派，小集团；派别；派系斗争 | |
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adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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symbolic
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| adj.象征性的，符号的，象征主义的 | |
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urns
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| n.壶( urn的名词复数 )；瓮；缸；骨灰瓮 | |
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80
clemency
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| n.温和，仁慈，宽厚 | |
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cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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82
dames
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| n.（在英国）夫人（一种封号），夫人（爵士妻子的称号）( dame的名词复数 )；女人 | |
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vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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84
spurned
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| v.一脚踢开，拒绝接受( spurn的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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contemplate
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| vt.盘算，计议；周密考虑；注视，凝视 | |
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predecessor
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| n.前辈，前任 | |
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besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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haughtily
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| adv. 傲慢地, 高傲地 | |
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contestants
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| n.竞争者，参赛者( contestant的名词复数 ) | |
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tragic
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| adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的 | |
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descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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connived
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| v.密谋 ( connive的过去式和过去分词 )；搞阴谋；默许；纵容 | |
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shrine
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| n.圣地，神龛，庙；v.将...置于神龛内，把...奉为神圣 | |
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95
granite
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| adj.花岗岩，花岗石 | |
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96
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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inscription
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| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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harassed
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| adj. 疲倦的，厌烦的 动词harass的过去式和过去分词 | |
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