The chronology of Egypt, as before said, has always been a subject of difficulty to students, and their researches lead many to different conclusions. Even in the time of the Ptolemies, which seems modern compared to the periods we[349] have been considering, the same problem confronts us, and the fact that the Olympian and the Julian year do not coincide makes exact chronology impossible. Constant discoveries are adding new light, and often in this and other respects proving earlier conclusions incorrect. Thus even in the Ptolemy period we do but approximate to some of the dates, etc.
The testimony4 of the coins is of extreme value, and we feel that like hard facts they never lie, yet it is difficult to draw the line between the conventional and the real likeness5 and between a flattering and an unflattering presentment. The portraits of the queens, celebrated6 in their own times and in succeeding ages as miracles of beauty and charm, sometimes strikes us with amazement7 so utterly8 devoid9 do they seem of either. We have to recall the possible potency10 of coloring and animation11, the fascination12 of manner and of voice to rehabilitate13 them, reflecting how sometimes even in the modern photograph, for which it is said “the sun cannot lie,” the plain woman sometimes appears beautiful and the beauty almost plain.
As a rule the women of the Ptolemy family seem to have been handsome, ambitious, capable, daring and cruel, and, save in the cases of the three first kings, were in many instances superior to their husbands. They shared with husbands and brothers the desire to keep the reins15 of power in their own hands, and the willingness to do away with those who stood in their path. Murder and assassination16 were but the means to an end and daunted17 but few of them. Yet here[350] and there we come across an incident or an anecdote18 which throws a softer light upon their history, a touch of amiability19 or kindness, which reveals “the eternal feminine” still latent in their hearts.
The long line of Arsinoes, Berenikes and Cleopatras is like a tangled20 skein of many colors and most difficult to disentangle and render distinct. Mother, daughter and sister perhaps bear the same appellation21, and one is reminded of the English fashion of using the same or very similar names for a whole region, as Highbury, Highbury Hill, Highbury Crescent, etc., till the stranger is fairly bewildered.
In the division of the vast landed possessions of Alexander the Great, Ptolemy, son of Lagos and Arsinoe, chose Egypt for his share and founded a new line of kings. He was one of Alexander’s generals and allied22 to him by blood, some say the natural son of his father Philip.
It is probably the eagle on the Ptolemy coins that suggested the fable23 or tradition that the first Ptolemy was cared for by an eagle, as Romulus and Remus by a wolf. Mahaffy, one of the later and most reliable authorities on the Egypt of this period, says that Ptolemy was, it is probable, born 367 B. C., and hence was some years older than Alexander, but still young enough to be associated with him, and accompanied him into exile, returning to court on his accession.
Whether he went with Alexander to Egypt is not positively24 known, but it seems likely that some personal acquaintance with and admiration25 for that country dictated26 his choice. It may be[351] said to have been a love match between Ptolemy and the land of his adoption27, which could hardly have been the case had he never seen it. Virtually he threw himself into the arms of this new mistress, who received him with no less enthusiasm, stiff-necked rebel as she had been against Persian rule. He and his successors, especially the earlier ones, embraced the Egyptian theology, built temples to the gods, accepted the manners and customs of the people and affiliated28 themselves with them in every way.
They married their nearest relatives in Egyptian fashion and even surpassed their predecessors29 in the dubious30 nature of these unions. Alternately they seem to have adored the women whom they selected as partners, to whom they paid special honors, having their portraits stamped upon the coins (up to this time gold rings had been used as a medium of exchange) and naming various cities after them or to have quarrelled with and even murdered them.
To the massive dignity of design in the Egyptian architecture the Ptolemies added something of the Greek ideal, and the temples erected31 in their time are among the most beautiful in the land.
The seat of power and government changed from time to time. First Memphis, the “City of the Good”; the “White Walled,” founded by Menes, with its great temple of Ptah, which dominated it like a fortress32. Next “Hundred-gated Thebes,” the “City of Amon”; then Sais, situated33 on a hill, with a royal citadel34 and storied and painted houses. Tanis, recreated from an earlier[352] settlement and stamped with his signet, his giant statue, eighty or a hundred feet in height by Rameses the Great—all these in turn were sovereign in the land and the dwelling35 places of the queens. Now under Ptolemies, Alexandria, one of the masterpieces of the great Macedonian, rose into prominence36, vieing with Athens as a seat of learning and the scene of unrivaled splendor37, magnificence and debauchery.
Deinocrates, the gifted architect of Alexander, created a city of noble proportions, and inaugurated a new style of architecture, happily combining the values of the Oriental and the Greek. The so-called “Pompey’s pillar” is the only one remaining of the forest of columns which formed part of the Greek temple of Serapis, the platform on the top reached by a hundred steps, and the walls incrusted with metals and jewels. It stood high above the city, which was regularly laid out, with streets cutting each other at right angles, and bordered with colonnades38. Among the other noted39 buildings of which nothing now remains40, were the Mausoleum of Alexander, the harbor works uniting the city and island of Pharos, the temple of Pan, and that built by Ptolemy II, on the outside of one of the city gates, to celebrate the Elusinian mysteries, the aqueduct and others, of which no trace remains, but of whose existence we learn from early writers. The present Rue14 de Rosette is said to follow the course of the ancient main street, which crossed the city from the east to the west gates. The paintings still seen on the walls of Pompeii give us an idea of the decorations of Alexandrine architecture.
[353]
The great museum was a combination of university, club and social gathering41 place. The early Ptolemies, especially, were patrons of learning, and people of all nations met at their brilliant court, and thus it is said “arose in Egypt the Neo-Greek culture which we are accustomed to call Hellenism.” Literature, science and sculpture flourished, and painting took on new forms and woke to new life. The beautiful head of Alexander in the British Museum and many other fine examples of sculpture have come down to us from this period.
The goldsmith’s work was also a fashionable art and as Louis XVI of France amused himself by being a locksmith—and how differently might life have ended for him had Nature made him of that class—Ptolemy II amused himself by being a goldsmith.
For several years Ptolemy Sotor I, of the House of Diodachi, reigned42 as nominal43 satrap or governor. He then assumed the title of king, which he bore for twenty-three years, dying at the advanced age of eighty-four. His administration was beneficial to the country, and he attached the people to him by kindness and clemency44, in marked contrast to his Persian predecessors. He had not hesitated to secure his throne by permitting the murder of the young king, but showed himself, in general, less cruel and blood-thirsty than many of his contemporaries. He established wise regulations, encouraged literature and art, and brought captive Jews to people Alexandria. His title of Sotor or Saviour45 was derived46 from the assistance he lent the people of Rhodes[354] against their enemies. Though brought up to a military life and often engaged in war he evidently did not love it for its own sake, and was not the dashing soldier, but where diplomacy47 and cautious measures would serve his purpose, preferred to employ them.
The only portrait of Ptolemy Sotor is on the coins, coinage being introduced into Egypt under the Ptolemies. Here he appears, like other members of the family with a full, rounded face, a forehead not high but fleshy over the eyes, arched brows, a nose rather too short and with wide nostrils48, a firm mouth and a prominent chin. Not so handsome as Alexander, the Ptolemies, especially the earlier ones, must yet have had considerable claim to good looks.
The cartouches of Ptolemy I are uncertain and not familiarly known, while those of Ptolemy XIV and XV had not up to a very recent date been found.
What is called the throne names of the Ptolemies were as follows: Ptolemy Sotor, Arsinoe III, and Philip Arridaeus had the same pre-nomen “chosen of Ra, beloved of Ra.”
Arsinoe IV “Joy of the heart of Amen, chosen of Ra, living image of Amen.” Ptolemy III and his wife were spoken of as “Fraternal gods, chosen of Ra, living image of Amen.”
Ptolemy IV was spoken of as “heir of the beneficent gods, chosen of Ptah, strength of the Ka of Ra, living image of Amen.”
Ptolemy VII as “heir of the (two) manifest gods, form of Ptah, chosen of Amen, doing the rule of Ra.”
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Ptolemy IX, “heir of the (two) manifest gods, chosen of Ptah, doing the rule of Amen, living image of Ra.”
Ptolemy X, “heir of the beneficent god and of the beneficent goddess, chosen of Ptah, doing the rule of Ra, living image of Amen.”
Ptolemy XI one cartouch “heir of the (two) beneficent gods, chosen of Ptah, doing the rule of Amen, living image of Ra.”
A second cartouch reads “Ptolemy, called Alexander, living forever, beloved of Ptah.” Ptolemy XIII, “heir of the god that saves, chosen of Ptah, doing the rule of Amen, living image of Ra.”
Various amours are credited to Ptolemy I which at this late date would be difficult to either prove or disprove, among many with a bad record he was not notably49 vicious. Three wives might legally have claimed the title, but his love was evidently given to the last and probably the youngest. Doubtless at Alexander’s behest he first took a Persian wife, the Princess Artakama, the daughter of Artabasus. Only two of these Persian wives are known to appear in later history, Amestris, daughter of Oxyartes, and probably a sister or half sister of Roxane, married to Krateras and subsequently to Lysimachus, and Apame, who married Seleukas and became the ancestress of the Seleukid dynasty.
Ptolemy I married the Princess Artakama 330 B. C., which would make him, if born 367 B. C., thirty-seven years of age at his first marriage. He again wedded50 Eurydike, daughter of Antipater, nine years later, and Berenike, evidently his[356] favorite wife, when he was fifty. All the ladies were doubtless much his juniors. The Princess Artakama could not properly be called queen, since she passes out of Ptolemy’s life and history before he assumed the title of king.
The marriage with Eurydike, the daughter of Antipater, who had subsequently made himself king of Macedon, may have been merely a matter of policy and not dictated by any motives52 of affection. Ptolemy’s subsequent action and marked preference for Berenike seems to suggest this; but that he lived with her as his legal wife and acknowledged the children of both is matter of history. Eurydike came with a retinue53 to Egypt, in the style of a great princess. It seems to have been after the death of her father and during the reign1 of her brother Cassander, with whom Ptolemy had formed an alliance and wished to keep on peaceful terms, perhaps this very marriage was a pledge of their friendship. We judge Eurydike to have been of less fiery54 temper and disposition55 than Roxane, since she seems to have accepted a successor and rival with comparative equanimity56 and apparently57 made no effort to get rid of or destroy her. In her train came a grand niece of Antipater, doubtless young and beautiful, a widow with all the fascinations58 pertaining59 to that class, which probably she did not hesitate to use upon the middle-aged60 king. The situation bears some resemblance to that of Catharine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn, though less fatal in its immediate61 results.
One writer has made Berenike daughter of Lagos and therefore step-sister of Ptolemy, but[357] Mahaffy says “it is likely he was misled by the formula ‘wife and sister’ applied62 to Egyptian queens as a mere51 title of honor and which was probably used in many documents regarding the present princess.” And since Sotor was one of the few Ptolemies who did not marry his immediate relatives, it is well he should have credit therefor.
Both ladies appear to have been amiably63 disposed and Berenike was evidently a strong character as well, who maintained a life-long influence over her husband and secured for herself and her children the first place. She was more strictly64 speaking the queen, since it was after this last marriage that Ptolemy assumed the title, and it was Berenike’s son who succeeded to the throne, as did the son of Atossa; Eurydike had children, a son Ptolemy Keraunos and others, and several daughters, whose claims were all set aside for those of the more favored Berenike. So in 317 B. C. Ptolemy married his chosen princess and gave her and her children the first place. By her previous marriage Berenike already had three children, a son, Magas, and two daughters, Theoxena and Antigone. These three Ptolemy seems to have accepted almost as his own, using the princesses as the cards or dice65 of the great games he was playing, as auxiliaries66 in cementing his political alliances. In arranging all these marriages we may infer that Berenike’s opinions and wishes had weight and who knows but she may have used her influence to induce Ptolemy himself to assure the title of King of Egypt. She would be neither the first nor the[358] last wife who has endeavored to fire her husband with ambition.
To anticipate somewhat, her son, Magas, became King of Cyrene, and Theoxena was married to Agathocles of Syracuse, who was an upstart and adventurer, but clever and able and making so much of himself and his opportunities that he had to be reckoned with by the contesting powers. “Antigone was married to Pyrrus; Lysandra to Sassander’s son, Alexander; Lysandra (probably a second of the name), to Agathocles, son of Lysimachus of Thrace; Arsinoe to Lysimachus himself; Eirene to Eunostos, king of Soli in Cyprus, and ultimately in 287 B. C., even Ptolemais to Demetrius.” Thus Ptolemy Sotor utilized67 his large family, consisting, it is said, of twelve children, to serve his political purposes.
Ptolemy Keraunos, the eldest68 son and rightful heir of his father, beheld69, with bitterness, himself set aside in favor of his younger brother and continued, during his stormy life, to be a thorn in the side of the Ptolemy succession. Our line of research is to follow the domestic histories rather than the public acts of the king, already made familiar by the pens of many able writers.
The first child of Sotor by his marriage with Berenike was a daughter, later the well-known Arsinoe II, queen of Egypt. The son Ptolemy Philadelphus, who succeeded his father, was born in 308 B. C. (on the island of Kos, a favorite retreat from Alexandria) during one of the campaigns of Ptolemy in the Aegean, whither Berenike had accompanied her husband, either from[359] the affection between them which forbade separation, or the desire on the queen’s part to keep near the king that she might continue to use her great influence, seeking to bend the course of events as they arose, to her own purposes. She might well have earned the title both of Berenike the Ambitious, and Berenike the Successful, but scarcely those of Berenike the Just or the Generous. The virtues70 of self-sacrifice and generosity71 were sometimes shown under the ancient moral code, but consideration and Justice were fruits of the Christian72 Dispensation.
Ptolemy Sotor did not marry young, but lived to see his children grow up and to associate with him, on the throne, his son Ptolemy, called Philadelphus, son of Berenike, and for the last years of his life seemed to have resigned the regal power into his hands. So large a family, composed of such diverse elements, would, even in modern times, have been apt to have difficulties as regards matters of inheritance, and it is little to be wondered at perhaps that such was supremely73 the case in this instance. But, during his lifetime, the arrangements of Ptolemy Sotor seem to have been accepted, in a great degree, and it was not till after his death that a fierce conflict broke out among the rival claimants.
Ptolemy Sotor is said to have eaten with the poor and borrowed plate from the rich. The use of gold, silver and copper74 coins had been common in Phoenicia and other countries before it was introduced into Egypt by the first Ptolemy, but Poole says “the monograms75 and symbols indicating mints are more constant and regular[360] in the coinage of the Ptolemies than in any other series of Greek regal money.” The pictures of the kings and queens on the coins, albeit76 frequently conventionalized, assist us much in our search for knowledge concerning them. The regular silver coinage presents the heads of kings and queens on one side, often those of the gods, eagles, etc., on the other. The place of the mint name was usually on the reverse side, and, if dated, on opposite sides of the field. A rare place for the mint name was between the legs of the eagle. The gold coinage was often not struck in the time of those whose heads it bears. Thus Philadelphus honored both his parents after their decease. Queen Berenike I appears on the coins both alone and with her husband. The face is dignified77 and beautiful, a straight Greek nose and regular features. Of her death we find no record, but she appears to have been loved and honored by both husband and son, and whichever survived her no doubt she was buried with all possible respect.
Though many wars occurred during the reign of Ptolemy Sotor, yet it was so long that he had also much time to spare for the internal administration and improvement of his kingdom, and some writers believe that many things of benefit thereto, attributed to Ptolemy Philadelphus should really be credited, at least in their inception78, to Ptolemy Sotor. He built and added to some of the finest temples, extended and adorned79 Alexandria and is said to have written a history of Alexander’s campaigns, which, unfortunately, has been lost, and showed his appreciation80 of[361] mental attainments81 by surrounding himself with men of learning and culture.
Queen Eurydike seems to have endured with what grace she might the secondary place accorded to her and her children, till the younger Ptolemy was made king, when they all left Egypt, no doubt in bitterness of soul and resolved if possible to wrest82 from him, whom they regarded as a usurper83 of his elder brother’s rights, his regal powers.
The Ptolemies, called the Lagidae, were a popular race. Ptolemy Sotor seems to have possessed84 much suavity85 and personal charm of manner, and the Egyptians and other conquered peoples were treated by him and the earlier Ptolemies with much more consideration and humanity than by other more ruthless conquerors86. Ptolemy Sotor is said to have had at least twelve children by different wives, as well as by the courtezan Thais. Statues of him are mentioned by various writers, but have not been found, and his portrait on the coins is the only one that remains to us. The three earliest members of the family seem to have a stronger claim to good looks than their successors, who, both in regularity87 of outline and general expression, are distinctly below the ancestral level.
Eurydike, though probably the elder, may have survived her rival, but their part was now played on the stage of history and they passed from the scene, leaving it to a multitude of other actresses, some of whom excelled them in beauty and celebrity88, while others remain to us but as a shadow and a name.
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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reigns
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| n.君主的统治( reign的名词复数 )；君主统治时期；任期；当政期 | |
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investigation
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| n.调查，调查研究 | |
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testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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likeness
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| n.相像，相似（之处） | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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amazement
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| n.惊奇，惊讶 | |
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utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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devoid
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| adj.全无的，缺乏的 | |
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potency
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| n. 效力，潜能 | |
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animation
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| n.活泼，兴奋，卡通片／动画片的制作 | |
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fascination
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| n.令人着迷的事物，魅力，迷恋 | |
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rehabilitate
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| vt.改造(罪犯)，修复；vi.复兴，(罪犯)经受改造 | |
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rue
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| n.懊悔，芸香，后悔；v.后悔，悲伤，懊悔 | |
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reins
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| 感情，激情； 缰( rein的名词复数 )； 控制手段； 掌管； （成人带着幼儿走路以防其走失时用的）保护带 | |
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assassination
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| n.暗杀；暗杀事件 | |
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daunted
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| 使（某人）气馁，威吓( daunt的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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anecdote
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| n.轶事，趣闻，短故事 | |
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amiability
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| n.和蔼可亲的，亲切的，友善的 | |
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tangled
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| adj. 纠缠的，紊乱的 动词tangle的过去式和过去分词 | |
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appellation
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| n.名称，称呼 | |
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allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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fable
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| n.寓言；童话；神话 | |
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positively
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| adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实 | |
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admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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dictated
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| v.大声讲或读( dictate的过去式和过去分词 )；口授；支配；摆布 | |
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adoption
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| n.采用，采纳，通过；收养 | |
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affiliated
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| adj. 附属的, 有关连的 | |
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predecessors
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| n.前任( predecessor的名词复数 )；前辈；（被取代的）原有事物；前身 | |
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dubious
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| adj.怀疑的，无把握的；有问题的，靠不住的 | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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citadel
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| n.城堡；堡垒；避难所 | |
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dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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prominence
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| n.突出；显著；杰出；重要 | |
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splendor
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| n.光彩；壮丽，华丽；显赫，辉煌 | |
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colonnades
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| n.石柱廊( colonnade的名词复数 ) | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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reigned
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| vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式） | |
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43
nominal
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| adj.名义上的；(金额、租金)微不足道的 | |
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clemency
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| n.温和，仁慈，宽厚 | |
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saviour
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| n.拯救者，救星 | |
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46
derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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diplomacy
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| n.外交；外交手腕，交际手腕 | |
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48
nostrils
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| 鼻孔( nostril的名词复数 ) | |
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notably
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| adv.值得注意地，显著地，尤其地，特别地 | |
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50
wedded
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| adj.正式结婚的；渴望…的，执著于…的v.嫁，娶，（与…）结婚( wed的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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51
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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52
motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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53
retinue
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| n.侍从；随员 | |
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fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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equanimity
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| n.沉着，镇定 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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fascinations
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| n.魅力( fascination的名词复数 )；有魅力的东西；迷恋；陶醉 | |
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pertaining
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| 与…有关系的，附属…的，为…固有的(to) | |
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middle-aged
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| adj.中年的 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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amiably
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| adv.和蔼可亲地，亲切地 | |
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strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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dice
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| n.骰子；vt.把（食物）切成小方块，冒险 | |
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auxiliaries
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| n.助动词 ( auxiliary的名词复数 )；辅助工，辅助人员 | |
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utilized
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| v.利用，使用( utilize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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generosity
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| n.大度，慷慨，慷慨的行为 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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supremely
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| adv.无上地，崇高地 | |
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copper
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| n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的 | |
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monograms
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| n.字母组合( monogram的名词复数 ) | |
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albeit
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| conj.即使；纵使；虽然 | |
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dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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inception
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| n.开端，开始，取得学位 | |
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adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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appreciation
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| n.评价；欣赏；感谢；领会，理解；价格上涨 | |
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attainments
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| 成就，造诣； 获得( attainment的名词复数 )； 达到； 造诣； 成就 | |
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wrest
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| n.扭，拧，猛夺；v.夺取，猛扭，歪曲 | |
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usurper
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| n. 篡夺者, 僭取者 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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suavity
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| n.温和；殷勤 | |
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conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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regularity
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| n.规律性，规则性；匀称，整齐 | |
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celebrity
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| n.名人，名流；著名，名声，名望 | |
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