The bombardment of Namur commenced on the 21st of August, at 10 o'clock A.M., and was directed simultaneously2 on the Andoy, Marchovelette, and Cognelée Forts, as well as on the intervals3.
During the morning of the 22nd of August, the garrison4 made dashes in the direction of the besiegers' lines. They were greeted by a violent discharge of musketry and by the fire of machine-guns. Towards 10 o'clock, on the arrival of three French Battalions6, an attack on Wartet was attempted, but the troops were compelled to fall back and the bombardment continued without respite7.
On the 23rd of August, at three in the morning, after the hard fighting of the preceding days, overwhelmed by mental and physical fatigue8, I had fallen into a troubled sleep. An order which was brought to me roused me completely. The last batteries we had were to be taken to the Citadel9, immediately, for the defence of the town redoubt.
This was the end of the resistance. Namur, shattered by the cannon10, was living its last hours. The retreat of the active troops was about to commence. A fresh order reached me, telling me to take my detachment of Artillery to Bois-de-Villers and to await instructions there.
[Pg 97]
In the radiant brightness of that beautiful summer morning, whilst the shooting of the guns and the roar of the cannon was to be heard on all sides, I led my little troop in the direction of Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse. My men were silent and sorrowful. I saw the anguish11 in my own heart reflected on their faces. At Liége, after the most heroic defence, we had seen our men obliged to fall back before the foreigner. At Namur, it was to be a repetition of the same thing. There, as here, we had hoped and hoped, up to the last minute, that friendly reinforcements would arrive. It was different here though! From Liége, our retreat had been towards the centre of our own country, we were at home and we knew that we were going to join our comrades of the army in campaign. From Namur, alas12, we should be moving towards the frontier, getting farther and farther away from our fellow-soldiers, from our friends, and from our families.
After Liége, every man in our detachment had answered to the roll-call. On leaving Namur, we thought sorrowfully of those of our comrades who were sleeping for ever at the border of the Grandes-Salles Wood, or who were dying, in pain, in hospital beds.
"Courage! though," I said to myself, "we must keep our hearts up. We must throw a veil over the past and look ahead. At any rate, I must save the brave men under my care."
The information I had with regard to the enemy was very vague. The Germans were said to be stopped at the Sambre, on one side, and repulsed13 in the Dinant neighbourhood, some distance from the Meuse, on the other. The truth, as we were soon to see, was quite different. At Bois-de-Villers, where I arrived[Pg 98] towards nine o'clock, I noted14 that there was intense firing in the direction of Sart-St. Laurent. There was no doubt possible. The Germans had forced the passages of the Sambre.
I made a hasty reconnaissance in the direction of the valley of the Meuse. The inhabitants told me that the French had placed outposts as far as Profondeville, but that they had taken them away the evening before, and that enemy patrols were moving about on the right bank.
It was, therefore, impossible to start with my column along the road from Profondeville to Dinant. This road, which skirts the river, is commanded, only a short distance away, by the heights of the right bank.
There was only one thing to be done, and that was to return to Namur for instructions.
At one o'clock in the afternoon, I was back again as far as the St. Héribert Fort. The Commander informed me that he no longer had telephonic communication with the Governor of the position. He could only give me all the information he had from private sources. The Germans had crossed the Sambre in great masses and were being held, at the present moment, between Fosse and St. Gérard, by a French army. The Meuse also had been forced by the enemy at Dinant.
The situation was, therefore, most critical for the Namur garrison. It would probably be completely encircled and it only had one road left for retreat towards France.
We accordingly set off and, as I was mounting my horse, I gave one last look at the town. The sight was[Pg 99] both imposing16 and terrible. In Namur itself, many of the houses were burning. The Citadel seemed to have a halo round it, formed by the fleecy bursting of the shrapnels. Farther away, the villages of Champion, Bonnine, and Bouge were in flames. Muffled17 detonations18, repeated by the echoes, reverberated19 on every side. On all the roads from Namur and from Flawinne, could be seen the heads of the column of troops of the 4th Division, who were endeavouring to escape from the grasp of the enemy. Poor Namur! With heavy hearts, we then began that long retreat, which was to lead us, by Belgian and French roads, to the environs of Paris. I arrived at Ermeton-sur-Biert towards half past eight in the evening. I went a little further on than the village and fixed20 on an oat-field for our bivouac. An uninterrupted firing could be heard from a northerly direction. The march of the German troops was indicated, over half the horizon, by the villages and farms in flames. In a south-easterly direction, an immense glow, in strong contrast to the darkness of the night, revealed the incredible crime of Dinant.
Whilst some of my gunners were dressing21 the wounds of half a dozen French soldiers whom we had picked up at Denée, and the drivers were getting some oats for their tired horses, I remained at the roadside, anxiously questioning the dark figures who passed by in the night. The most contradictory22 rumours23 were circulating. According to some, the British troops had driven the Germans back, between Mons and Charleroi. According to others, on the contrary, we had already been turned by these same Germans.
[Pg 100]
I had been at my observation post more than an hour, when some French batteries passed by at a quick trot24. There was no doubt now; it was very evident that the French were retreating. Tired though we were, it was indispensable that we should follow the movement. We, therefore, set out once more. It took us three hours to go the five miles which separate Ermeton from Rosée, as the road was blocked by waggons25, trucks, refugees' carts, and vehicles of all sorts. They were advancing with the greatest difficulty, three or four abreast27. Numbers of refugees on foot, men, women, and children, from the neighbouring villages, had slipped in among the horses and vehicles, adding considerably28 to the confusion. The night was particularly dark, and this darkness was only relieved by the distant light of the flaming houses and, from time to time, by the bright flashes of the St. Héribert Fort search-lights, which seemed to be sending us a last farewell message. We reached Philippeville at four o'clock the following morning. During the night, my column had increased in numbers. Soldiers of all arms, who had lost their regiments30, had joined us, feeling instinctively31 that they were lost if they had not an officer in command.
The first person I met, on arriving at Philippeville, was Duruy, the French Battalion5 Chief, whom I had known before the war as Military Attaché at Brussels. Three months later, he was killed in Flanders, whilst marching bravely at the head of a Colonial Regiment29.
I explained my situation to him quickly and asked for news of the battle. What he told me was by no means re-assuring. The Allies had been crushed[Pg 101] by the invading stream and they were falling back, inch by inch.
I soon received instructions from the French officer in command of the district. I was to collect all the Belgian troops now in Philippeville and take them to Rocroi. We were to be in Rocroi that same day.
Twenty-two miles to march with troops which had been marching already for twenty-four hours! The order was definite, though, and I felt myself that it was necessary. Once more we set out.
Before leaving, I went and shook hands silently with my brave comrade, Hankar. Only the day before he was a lively Sub-Lieutenant32 from the Military School, and now he was lying in a motor-ambulance, with his foot smashed by a shell. I could do absolutely nothing for him. What a terrible thing war is!
I also took the wounded French soldiers we had brought from Denée to an ambulance.
I will not describe the Calvary of that long march and the sufferings of my exhausted33 soldiers. It was eight o'clock at night when we reached Rocroi, and the men were then able to take their first meal that day.
We had to think of the horses, too, and to get some oats for them. I plead guilty to having acted in a manner that was incorrect, but I hope I may be forgiven for it under the circumstances. At that late hour, the forage34 stores were closed, and the man in charge did not consider himself obliged to supply me until the next day.
Necessity knows no law. In accordance with this precept35, somewhat lax, but indispensable in time of war, I ordered my men to break open the door and[Pg 102] take, manu militari, the oats necessary. I left a receipt, quite honestly, for what I had taken.
I spent the night, with my men, in the big Square of the town, but I could not close my eyes. Too many thoughts crowded to my mind, for, from what I had heard and seen on the way, I was convinced that the Germans would soon be at Rocroi and that we should have to move on southwards.
Where were we to go though? How were we to rejoin the Belgian army, when we did not know where it was? I had not even a map of the district.
As soon as it was daylight, my first idea was to try to get a map, but how was I to find it in a town that was asleep? I knocked at several doors, but there was not a map to be had. Presently, I met a young cyclist who had a road-map of Northern France. I am about to confess my second indelicate act. I said to the young cyclist:
"How much did you give for your map?"
"Three francs," he replied.
"I will give you five francs for it."
"I won't sell it," he answered, "as I cannot get another one."
"I will give you ten francs," I insisted.
"No," he replied.
"Then I shall have to take it," I said and, before the cyclist had time to recover from his surprise, I took his precious map and made off like the thief I was.
After examining various projects, I decided on going to Rethel. There was an important junction36 of railways and roads there. I could communicate by wire with our Military Attaché of Paris and receive instructions.
[Pg 103]
We set out once again, but our march was slow, as my detachment was composed of soldiers of all arms, most of whom were on foot.
The problem of food for my men was causing me serious anxiety, when, a few miles from Rocroi, I came across a column with food, stationed in a little village. A sub-officer, whom I had sent on reconnaissance, came back telling me that the officer in command of this column had given orders that no food was to be given to Belgian troops, except in case of a requisition written by the General commanding the 4th Belgian Division.
I have already confessed to breaking into forage stores and to theft. I must now confess to an abuse of confidence. I signed an order for food with my own name, preceded by the following words: "By order of the General commanding the 4th Belgian Division."
I had no right to do this, if I am to be quite frank. I obtained the food though and, as will be seen later on, Lieutenant General Michel himself reaped some advantage from my indelicacy.
The scene took place at Liart, where we arrived the second day after this incident.
Taught by experience, I always arranged for our bivouac to be near places where food columns were quartered. I sent a subordinate at once to establish a liaison37 between this column and mine.
One night when we were quartered near Liart, my liaison agent, when sending my food, let me know that a goods train was to return empty to Rheims, the following day. He had made arrangements with the military Commander at the station for me to make use of this transport.
[Pg 104]
Glad to spare my men fatigue, and to gain time, I accepted the offer. I did not wait for daylight, but set out at once for Liart.
A surprise was in store for us. Lieutenant-General Michel was there, at the head of his Division. There was no question now of our making use of the train, as it was, of course, to be reserved for the troops on foot. The mounted soldiers were to go to Laon by the ordinary way. A column was formed under the orders of Colonel Iweins.
Whilst the men were eating, I remembered that I had some beefsteak in reserve. General Michel, who was passing near, honoured me by coming to our table and sharing our meal.
Do you remember this, General? I did not own then that it was, in reality, you inviting38 me, as I had obtained that meat, thanks to "an order" from you.
One thing surprised us, though. We did not meet any French troops. We met columns with food, with ammunition40, and various carts with accessories, but absolutely no fighting troops.
Our surprise increased when we had passed Laon. Neither at Soissons, Chateau-Thierry, Coulommiers, nor anywhere else, along that long road which led to the south-east of Paris, did we meet either Infantry41, Artillery, or Cavalry42. We began to wonder where the French army was, or whether a French army existed?
It was not until a few days later, after the victory of the Marne, that we understood General Joffre's wonderful man?uvre. We will not anticipate, though, so we must return to Laon.
[Pg 105]
We stayed there two days and we took advantage of this time for reorganising our column.
The cannons43 and waggons of the old pattern were packed and sent to the south of France; the horses were divided among the existing units, and all the men we did not need were sent to Rouen. In this way, we formed a column of Cavalry, Artillery, Gendarmerie, and accessory services.
I was no longer in command, but, as there was a question of taking part in the operations of the French army, I did not like the idea of being sent to a dép?t.
I asked for a place now vacant as Deputy Commander of a group and I was fortunate enough to obtain it.
We left Laon rather suddenly and went in the direction of Soissons. In my new function, I had to form the vanguard. With a few others, I would arrive unexpectedly in the villages, where our foreign uniforms generally created alarm, as we were taken for German patrols.
In order to avoid mistakes, I used to send a horseman on in front to announce the arrival of friends.
The astrakhan talpack that I wore surprised the inhabitants of the villages and I overheard the following conversation:
"You see the one with a fur cap. He is an officer of the Russian vanguard." Another person probably better informed, with regard to distances, replied:
"Impossible, the Russians could not be here yet."
It is only fair to say that all the papers then were announcing, in big letters, formidable advances of the Russian army.
The day after leaving Laon, we arrived at Sermoise-sur-Aisne. An English patrol was there, under the[Pg 106] command of an officer, who told us that German forces had been signalled to the north of the Aisne.
Colonel Iweins, who had already had this information, told the English officer that some squadrons had been sent to reconnoitre and that news was awaited before authorising a bivouac there. He added that he would send an officer with the information he received to the English General then at Soissons. As I acted as interpreter and arrived with the vanguard, Colonel Iweins entrusted44 me with this mission.
He told me, too, that the detachment that he commanded was to start the following day by rail from Soissons. I was entrusted with the reconnaissance of the station and was to wait there for his arrival.
The squadrons soon returned without having anything special to report. The bivouac was therefore organised and I started. I was delighted at having this mission as, when I had accomplished45 it, I should be able to dine on something else than rabbit, which had been our food for several days, and I should also have a good hotel bed instead of sleeping on straw at the bivouac.
I was accompanied only by my orderly and, with a light heart, smoking a cigarette, I arrived in Soissons after an enjoyable ride. It was just getting dark. There was not a person in the street, and a death-like silence prevailed. I wondered what this meant?
Finally, I met an English cycling platoon. The officer in command informed me that the Germans were at the gates of the town, on the other side of the Aisne.
[Pg 107]
"Surely," I said, "there must be some mistake, as there is an English General at Soissons."
"We beat a retreat in a south-westerly direction," replied the officer, "and we form the extreme left rear."
I went at once to the station and found that all the rolling stock had been removed. After some time, I found one of the station officials.
"Have you been informed that some Belgian troops are coming to Soissons to-morrow to take the train?" I asked. "To-morrow!" exclaimed the man, in amazement46. "Why, the Boches are there, on the other side of the river. The station has been evacuated48 and...."
I did not stay to hear the end of his sentence, but rushed off to the Prefecture of police, where I was assured that the German vanguards were quite near the town.
"But surely there must be some military authority here in Soissons!" I said.
"Perhaps you may find the Commander of arms. He lives at the house with the stone steps, in the first street to the left."
I went there and found him.
"Colonel," I said, "I have just come from Sermoise and have a communication for an English General whom I expected to find here. I am also to make arrangements for some Belgian troops to take the train from here to-morrow."
"But, are you not aware that the Germans may enter the town from one minute to another?" he asked. "I have given orders for the bridges to be blown up as soon as they are in sight, and immediately after that I am starting for Rheims. The English[Pg 108] Headquarters have been transferred, to-day, about ten miles away. I should advise you to take your communication there and to stay there yourself. The road is not safe...."
At that very moment, I heard some loud explosions. The Aisne bridges had been blown up.
"Au revoir," said the Colonel, getting into his motor-car, "and good luck!"
I remained there a moment half dazed. The communication I had was worthless, and dangerous too, as it gave wrong information.
The only thing that remained was to ride, at full speed, back to Sermoise and warn my chief there of the danger that threatened us.
An hour later, I arrived there breathless. Colonel Iweins was dictating49 his instructions for the journey of the following day. I informed him immediately of what I had learnt at Soissons.
The bivouac was at once broken up and Major Joostens set out in his motor-car to get instructions from the French Headquarters. He returned soon after with orders to start immediately for Chateau-Thierry.
The main road from Sermoise to Chateau-Thierry passes through Soissons. There is another way, but it is not practicable for artillery, and it would have caused us delay at a time when every moment was precious.
Colonel Iweins decided to send his horsemen to guard the passages of the Aisne. During that time the batteries and the vehicles with the accessories were to gallop50 through Soissons. The squadrons were to fall back and they would thus be able to protect the retreat.
[Pg 109]
This plan was carried out and only just in time. The gendarmerie waggon26, which was a little behind, was attacked and captured by the Germans.
On the Chateau-Thierry road, I saw once more the same scenes of desolation that I had already witnessed in Belgium: I mean the exodus51 of the population. Crowds of people and of animals, all hurrying along and knocking against each other; vehicles colliding with each other and barring the road, as the drivers, in their mad hurry to escape, blocked the way and increased the confusion. The most heart-rending of all the miseries52 of war are those which afflict53 the weak and unoffending.
On this long journey, I came across Belgian families from Hainault, who had been driven out of their peaceful villages by the barbarians54, and had been wandering for weeks. Wherever they had found a temporary refuge, they had been once more hunted out, and they were now going along, resigned to their fate, towards the unknown. When would the hour of deliverance ring out for them and for all of us?
We stopped a night at Chateau-Thierry, and the following day our column was divided; one detachment went in the direction of Coulommiers and the other in the direction of La Ferté-Gaucher.
I was with the latter detachment, under the command of Major Capilion, and, as usual, I was responsible for the vanguard. The batteries arrived at our halting-place rather late, and it was dark when the installation was finished.
I was very tired, and was just going to rest for a time, when I was informed that the two detachments were to start for Havre, by rail, the following day. Further orders were to be given us later on.
[Pg 110]
When everyone was lying down, before going to rest myself, I decided to go as far as the station. It was as though I had a presentiment55, for, on arriving there, at ten o'clock exactly, I found the station-master at the telephone. What I heard startled me. The Germans were at Chateau-Thierry. We had left there in the morning and they had arrived in the afternoon. They had bombarded the station, left the town, and were on the way towards Coulommiers and La Ferté-Gaucher.
I rushed to the telephone and asked for communication with Coulommiers. I told them to fetch an officer. Major Joostens was soon there.
"Do you know that Chateau-Thierry has been occupied to-day by the Germans, and that they have now left the town?" I said.
"What are you telling me?" he replied. "It is impossible. We have come fifty miles from Soissons and an army cannot go along at that rate."
"It is a fact nevertheless. Make enquiries at once, as we run the risk of being taken."
"Wait there, I will telephone to you as soon as I get any information."
A quarter of an hour later, Major Joostens confirmed what I had told him and informed me that he was having trains sent immediately to La Ferté-Gaucher. He told me to give the alarm and to commence embarking56 the troops during the night.
Never, I imagine, has any man alone, made as much noise in the night as I did that night at La Ferté-Gaucher. Thinking that we were far enough away from the enemy, our lodgings57 were separated from each other, from one end of the town to the other. For the first time for a month, each man had a bed. It[Pg 111] can readily be imagined that it was no easy task to wake everyone up.
At half-past twelve, the first battery arrived at the station, and the embarking of the troops commenced immediately. On account of various faulty installations, it took a considerable amount of time. At mid-day, our scouts58 informed us of the approach of the Germans. We were prepared to evacuate47 by road what we could not send by rail, but fortunately this was not necessary, as the enemy halted a few miles away from La Ferté-Gaucher.
The command of the last contingent59 was given to me. At four o'clock, all the waggons were on the trucks. I then embarked60 the Gendarmerie Platoon, which served as my support, and the train started.
It was an immense relief to me when we were once on the way, as we then knew that we should be able to join the Belgian army, and do our share towards defending our country.
Coulommiers and La Ferté-Gaucher were, as everyone knows, the extreme points reached on French soil by the German invasion.
From Havre, we went by boat to Zeebrugge and from Zeebrugge to Antwerp by rail. We found our Infantry Regiments there, as they had preceded us. The 4th Division was re-formed and it contributed gloriously, later on, to the defence of Antwerp and the Yser.
I dedicate these pages to the soldiers who were under me during this period of the war. They were composed of men of the oldest classes (the 14th and 15th) and of young volunteers. All of them behaved with the greatest courage.
Several weeks after the events I have just related,[Pg 112] when I was no longer the direct chief of these brave soldiers, I received from them the following letter, which moved me to tears. It is a letter which I shall ever keep as my most treasured recompense:
"Vieux Dieu (Fort 4),
"21.9.14.
"To our Commander Paulis:
"The sub-officers of your old group beg you to accept, in their name and in the name of all the Brigadiers and Privates who have been under your orders, their respectful homage61 and the assurance of their sincerest feelings of gratitude62, in remembrance of the way you led them under fire, and saved them during the retreats from Liége and Namur.
"Rest assured, Commander, that you will never, never be forgotten by us, and that your name will ever be included in our ardent63 wishes for the welfare of our King, our Country and our families."
[Here follow the signatures.]
"Pervyse, October 15, 1915."
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1
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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simultaneously
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| adv.同时发生地，同时进行地 | |
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intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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battalion
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| n.营；部队；大队(的人) | |
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battalions
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| n.（陆军的）一营（大约有一千兵士）( battalion的名词复数 )；协同作战的部队；军队；（组织在一起工作的）队伍 | |
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respite
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| n.休息，中止，暂缓 | |
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fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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citadel
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| n.城堡；堡垒；避难所 | |
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cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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anguish
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| n.(尤指心灵上的)极度痛苦，烦恼 | |
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alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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13
repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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muffled
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| adj.（声音）被隔的；听不太清的；（衣服）裹严的；蒙住的v.压抑，捂住( muffle的过去式和过去分词 )；用厚厚的衣帽包着（自己） | |
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detonations
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| n.爆炸 （声）( detonation的名词复数 ) | |
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reverberated
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| 回响，回荡( reverberate的过去式和过去分词 )； 使反响，使回荡，使反射 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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dressing
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| n.(食物)调料；包扎伤口的用品，敷料 | |
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contradictory
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| adj.反驳的，反对的，抗辩的；n.正反对，矛盾对立 | |
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rumours
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| n.传闻( rumour的名词复数 )；风闻；谣言；谣传 | |
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trot
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| n.疾走，慢跑；n.老太婆；现成译本；(复数）trots:腹泻（与the 连用）；v.小跑，快步走，赶紧 | |
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waggons
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| 四轮的运货马车( waggon的名词复数 )； 铁路货车； 小手推车 | |
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waggon
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| n.运货马车，运货车；敞篷车箱 | |
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abreast
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| adv.并排地；跟上(时代)的步伐，与…并进地 | |
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considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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instinctively
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| adv.本能地 | |
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lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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forage
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| n.(牛马的)饲料，粮草；v.搜寻，翻寻 | |
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precept
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| n.戒律；格言 | |
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junction
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| n.连接，接合；交叉点，接合处，枢纽站 | |
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liaison
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| n.联系，（未婚男女间的）暖昧关系，私通 | |
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inviting
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| adj.诱人的，引人注目的 | |
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interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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cannons
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| n.加农炮，大炮，火炮( cannon的名词复数 ) | |
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entrusted
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| v.委托，托付( entrust的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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amazement
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| n.惊奇，惊讶 | |
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evacuate
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| v.遣送；搬空；抽出；排泄；大(小)便 | |
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evacuated
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| 撤退者的 | |
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dictating
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| v.大声讲或读( dictate的现在分词 )；口授；支配；摆布 | |
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gallop
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| v./n.(马或骑马等)飞奔；飞速发展 | |
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exodus
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| v.大批离去，成群外出 | |
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miseries
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| n.痛苦( misery的名词复数 )；痛苦的事；穷困；常发牢骚的人 | |
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afflict
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| vt.使身体或精神受痛苦，折磨 | |
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barbarians
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| n.野蛮人( barbarian的名词复数 )；外国人；粗野的人；无教养的人 | |
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presentiment
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| n.预感，预觉 | |
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embarking
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| 乘船( embark的现在分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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lodgings
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| n. 出租的房舍, 寄宿舍 | |
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scouts
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| 侦察员[机，舰]( scout的名词复数 )； 童子军； 搜索； 童子军成员 | |
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contingent
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| adj.视条件而定的；n.一组，代表团，分遣队 | |
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embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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homage
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| n.尊敬，敬意，崇敬 | |
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gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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