(June 2, 1915)
This day's work was more terrible than the Dixmude battles. I certify3 that Corporal Libois has given an exact account of the critical situation in the Death Trench of Milestone4 16 on the Yser. Sub-Lieutenant5 Vueghs of the 12th Line Regiment.
Extract from a letter, 12.9.15.
The French offensive of Arras led to unusual activity on our front. Our Regiment, which had just come back from the thankless Oostkerke Sector6, had some very painful experiences during that week, and some of our Battalions7 were severely8 tried.
On the night in question, our Company had to relieve guard. Certain sections were ordered to the outposts.
"To-morrow," said Lieutenant Vueghs, "we shall occupy a position on the Yser dyke9. Our various posts will be ranged along a communication trench that has been made by the Engineers, but in this trench, a result of recent attacks, there are still about thirty dead men. As we come across them, we are to pick them up and place them on the parapet. The stretcher-bearers will then take them away. One[Pg 351] more word, this trench leads into the German lines on the other side of the Yser, and comes, therefore, under the enemy's firing. You will have to stoop down, and even creep along, when the passage is too low. There must be great caution as you go along. That is all I have to say. As for the rest, I trust to you."
The Lieutenant was to command the sap head, Trench No. 1. This was the most advanced of all the posts, only thirty yards away from the Boches. I was to be there too, and Sergeant10 Deltenre with about ten men. What would be the outcome, we wondered? At any rate, it would be something fresh, and we were delighted at this.
The summer twilight11 came very gradually. The soldiers lined up, with their heavy knapsacks on their backs, and their wallets containing provisions for two days.
"Right! Four in a line! March!" and quite tranquilly12, the Company filed by in a long column, crossing the meadows and the fields of sweet-scented horse-beans. We went along humming and singing. Half-way, we had the usual halt and rest. The soldiers lying in the fields, in the dusk, gave a picturesque13 note to the scene. The purple-tinted clouds of the beautiful sunset of Flanders gradually took a pinky shade. In front of us, towards the east, was the horribly mutilated steeple of the Oostkerke Church, standing14 out, with extraordinary clearness, against the great red disc of the moon, which was just rising. And in the background could already be seen mysterious stars flashing forth15 from the earth. These were the brilliant and ephemeral enemy fuses. Everything else was absolutely calm. From time to time, a[Pg 352] cricket replied to another cricket. A cool wind swept over us and, from the various groups, here and there, melancholy16 refrains lulled17 us and made us dreamy.
Our officers appeared to be enjoying the poetry of it all, for they gave us a rather longer halt than the time fixed18.
"Laugh and sing," they perhaps thought, "be gay and joyful19, a little later on, we shall, perhaps, bring back with us, the glorious remains20 of one or other of your comrades, now singing there!"
On the Yser plains, there are probably places destined21 for many of us. Heaven knows that we all value life, and yet these thoughts do not make us sad and, thanks to a force of character which we never suspected, there is more liveliness and sincere gaiety to be found among the simple soldiers than anywhere else.
Presently the order came to shoulder arms, and we set off once more. The calm that we had enjoyed was only a truce22. It was now broken by the deafening23 volleys of our guns. The enemy's lines were being bombarded and it was a great joy to us to see the flashes over there, to the right, produced by the explosions of our shells. We had now entered the danger zone and the darkness was intense. We advanced in Indian file, one platoon at a time. In the background, lighted up almost all the time by the luminous24 fuses of the Germans, we could see outlines of figures bending down, stooping low, and then standing up again. It was like a scene out of some enchanted25 land.
Finally, we reached our trenches26. The relieving of the guard took place very quickly with no waiting about. The enemy was bombarding us, but the aim[Pg 353] was not good. We began to fit up and remake our shelters. I made a reconnaissance in the direction of the communication trench. The entrance was obstructed27 by the evacuation of the dead bodies. We had a most awful task. The stretcher-bearers, moving along on their backs, dragged the bodies with them by ropes. These bodies were already in a state of decomposition28 and, when they came into the light, it could be seen that their clothes were torn off and that their skin was grazed. Shrapnels kept exploding near us, so that we had to keep close to the parapet. The night passed without any other incident than the visit of the General of the Division. In the morning our watch was over and, when the lookouts30 were placed, we had permission to sleep. All day long we remained walled up in our trenches of sacks. From the Dixmude posts, which dominated us, the enemy kept an eye on us and, each time that we showed any sign of life, proved to us that we were very carefully watched. From time to time, by way of entertainment, our outposts were bombarded. At night, our time came for relieving guard again. We restored ourselves with coffee, for we were in a very thirsty place. We took a good provision of cartridges31, of sacks of earth, and, with heavy shields, leaving our knapsacks in safety, we started, at 11 o'clock, on our march through the Yser communication trench.
It was a march that appeared to us to last a century, and certainly Dante's imagination, in his visions of hell, never surpassed the horrors of it. The passage was narrow and skirted the parapet of the Yser. Its access was so difficult and trying, that it was no use thinking of removing the dead which obstructed it.[Pg 354] We had to imitate the serpent, the toad32, and the mole33. In order to pass the guard we were relieving, the men had to lie down flat and we had to crawl over them. No one spoke34 a word. Shrapnels kept exploding and bullets whizzed along continually, flattening35 themselves against the parapet. I saw some of them ploughing up the earth scarcely twenty centimetres above the heads of my comrades, and I was afraid each time that, in rebounding36, they would wound one or another of them. We were all wedged in as though in a vice37. At times, we had to advance quickly, bent38 nearly double, our backs almost broken, at times we had to crawl along, pushing ourselves onward39 with our elbows and knees, letting go our shields which encumbered40 us and which, knocking against the sides, made a sonorous41 noise. When we came to embattlements, watched as we were by the marksmen posted on the other side of the Yser, we had to rush for our lives. Our faces were bathed in perspiration42. Suddenly, we came across a dark, motionless mass on the ground. We thought it might be one of the engineers at work.
"Hi there, what are you doing? Answer!" ordered the Lieutenant. Shaking his arm, we found that it dropped lifeless.
"Forward! over the dead man!" was our order. Shuddering43, and gasping44 for breath, we obeyed. Feeling for him with our feet and slipping over his head, we went on our way. Presently we had reached the spot known as "the house in ruins." The parapet had been torn away by a shell, and this might expose us to view. We had to climb and jump at the same time. Horrors! I fell with my hand on the icy face of a dead man. The German Artillery45 now came into[Pg 355] play. The devilish Schoorbakke battery took the dyke by enfilade and bombarded us. The shells arrived whizzing along and bursting with a frightful46 noise, making the dyke crumble47, and sprinkling us with all kinds of rubbish. There was a second's calm. By the livid light of the fuses, a horrible sight was to be seen, living men swarming48 along the passage among human fragments in a state of decomposition, the most appalling49 and terrifying wrecks50 of humanity imaginable. Horror, repulsion, and disgust were what we felt, but we were compelled to master our feelings. We had to be superhuman. The perspiration ran from our faces on to the dead men, as we climbed over them. And over our heads the bullets never ceased pouring down, whilst the shells whizzed along and the fuses kept lighting51 us up.
Panting and breathless, with our tongues hanging out and our backs aching so painfully that some of our men were just going to stand upright for a moment's relief when they were stopped by the whizzing of bullets overhead. We pushed on again and it seemed as though we should never be at the end of the passage. At one moment, we lost sight of the file and feared that we had passed the post. My brother headed the little group that had become separated from the others, and I closed the march. Fortunately we were able to join our comrades again. Just at this moment, we came to a number of corpses53 in a worse state than the others. We had to pass over them, our faces almost touching54 theirs, our knees on their legs. A terrible putrid55 odour emanated56 from them, an odour that will always be an infernal memory. Again we found ourselves knocking against some human bodies. But this time we were crawling over living[Pg 356] men. Finally, we arrived at our post. What a relief it was to us! Our end had been accomplished57. We had relieved the guard and not one of us had been hit. Our instructions were simple. We had to keep a lookout29 and defend ourselves in case of attack. We thought we should have nothing to fear from the German Artillery, as their own post was so near. The one thing was to escape bombs and grenades. When the service was organised, we hollowed out some shallow burrows58 to serve as shelters. The Lieutenant passed me a bottle and told me to disinfect a dead man buried in the trench, whose shoulder was visible.
In order to prevent the Boches from approaching, we fired over the parapet all night without showing ourselves. Towards 4.30, when the dawn was breaking, I started off in search of the body I was to disinfect. A few yards away, just at the entrance of the next trench, I found a shapeless mass covered with linen59. Was this the one? After a moment's hesitation60, I raised the garment which covered a figure and saw a face. The features had not changed and the man looked as though he were asleep. I sprinkled the body with the liquid which the Lieutenant had given me and covered it again gently. The second corpse52, of which the Lieutenant had spoken, was a little farther on. The shoulder was rather above the parapet. We covered it with earth and, towards six o'clock, the stretcher-bearers arrived to take the two dead men away. This was such a dangerous task, however, that the Lieutenant would not allow them to carry it out. They took away the other dead bodies and that made it less difficult to get out of the trench. By means of the periscope61, I now looked at[Pg 357] the German trenches, and thereupon that instrument became a target for their bullets. Projectiles62 now began to arrive from behind us. We wondered what this meant, and the Lieutenant sent word to Sergeant Denis, who was at the last post but one. We were informed that Sergeant Denis had just been killed by a bullet in the head. On passing by an embattlement, someone had called out to him to stoop down, but it was too late, a bullet had killed him instantaneously. Poor Sergeant Denis. Yesterday evening, when I crawled over him, he said to me: "Good-bye, I shall see you again soon." I wondered, in spite of myself, whether the fate in store for me might make his words prove true. He had fallen against Corporal G——, without uttering a word, but his eyes had been fixed earnestly on him. We can only hope that the Company will not have to deplore63 other losses.
I took notes, thanks to the periscope, and I fired from an embattlement through a German embattlement. The enemy was not long in replying with dumdums, destroying our embattlement over which were the upper sacks of the parapet. On the other side of the Yser in the German trench, I could distinguish a Boche periscope, and I was quite amazed to see a soldier's bust64 above the parapet. He did not stay there long. There was a long, soft, whizzing sound. This was something fresh: floo-oo-floo-oo—. They were grenades, some of which burst over our shelters, and some beyond them. Only a few were thrown and, dismal65 though their noise was, it did not alarm us.
It was a beautiful, sunshiny day. Our aircraft could be seen against the blue of the sky. Our[Pg 358] machines were pursued by the shrapnels of the Boches but these did them no harm. Our Artillery was firing quite near to us and we had to take shelter from the shell fragments. Some of our men had lost their blankets, and some their provisions, during yesterday's march. They were separated from us by an obstacle. We passed them some food and exchanged some amusing notes. The Lieutenant, by way of a souvenir, took the signature of each occupant of the post, in his note-book. Others followed his example. And the day passed by very, very slowly. Whilst keeping watch, we talked with the Lieutenant about the war, about peace and our respective occupations. We talked about our preferences and our tastes, whilst, only a few yards away, myriads66 of big flies danced a ghastly saraband around the body of our poor comrade. The heat began to be overpowering: whiffs of warm, nauseous air kept rising and took our appetites away. By way of rewarding us, the Lieutenant promised us each a good glass, if everyone of Post I. returned safe and sound. It certainly would not be our fault if we failed to accept this invitation.
At half-past twelve, the observer on the river bank signalled to us that an officer was on his round. We all smiled, thinking it was a joke. Colonel Rademakers[14] of the 3rd Chasseurs suddenly appeared in the corner of our trench. We were amazed and wondered how he had got there. Had he come up from underground or had he fallen from the skies? Considering his size, it is certain that he could not have come through the passage without having been massacred fifty times over. He was there, nevertheless, and very much alive, his fine face expressive67 of[Pg 359] his natural gaiety and of his great courage. He looked through the periscope, wondering whether the Boches would honour him with a bullet. He certainly was an officer of the "right sort."
Night came on and the embattlement that had been discovered had its place changed, and was strengthened by a shield. We kept a still stricter watch. Towards 9.30, the firing became violent. A quantity of explosive shells burst on our parapet and gave us the impression that the Boches were on our trench and were firing point blank at us, so violent was the dry sound of the explosions. In our post, two of our guns would not fire any more. An attack seemed imminent68. We prepared our bayonets and then fired without ceasing. One of our comrades who was completely worn out, and could not stand, was seated near us loading the guns for us to fire. It was midnight when the relief guard arrived. The orders were given while we continued firing. "Keep a watch on the bank. Attention at that battlement! On guard! Good luck!"
Our return was safely effected, but not without difficulty. It was easier than our coming had been, as most of the dead men had been evacuated69. Finally, we were out of that hell once more. The whole post was safe and sound. Shrapnels were bursting quite near to us and here, in the first line trenches, where we had had to hide and press against the parapet yesterday, we felt that we were almost in security. We wanted to halt in the very midst of the danger zone, to get our breath, but the officers begged us to be prudent70 and we left the trenches. In the distance, we saw the stretcher-bearers carrying away the body of poor Sergeant Denis to the Lesenburg Cemetery71.
[Pg 360]
We rested a little on the way, when we were in the rear, and each one gave his experiences, describing various incidents with picturesque details. Once more we set off, and at four in the morning we were back at our quarters. It was now light and the larks72 had been singing a long time. It seemed to me as though everything around us was quite new to us, and as though a century had passed since we had seen this familiar landscape. We felt intense satisfaction and deep joy at having accomplished a difficult task. Everyone was happy and longed to be able to write to his relatives and friends, to all those for whom he cared and whom he was now defending.
FOOTNOTES:
[14] Killed a few days later by a shell fragment.
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1
trench
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| n./v.(挖)沟，(挖)战壕 | |
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regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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3
certify
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| vt.证明，证实；发证书(或执照)给 | |
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milestone
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| n.里程碑；划时代的事件 | |
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5
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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sector
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| n.部门，部分；防御地段，防区；扇形 | |
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7
battalions
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| n.（陆军的）一营（大约有一千兵士）( battalion的名词复数 )；协同作战的部队；军队；（组织在一起工作的）队伍 | |
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severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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dyke
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| n.堤，水坝，排水沟 | |
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10
sergeant
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| n.警官，中士 | |
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11
twilight
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| n.暮光，黄昏；暮年，晚期，衰落时期 | |
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12
tranquilly
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| adv. 宁静地 | |
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13
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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14
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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15
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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17
lulled
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| vt.使镇静，使安静（lull的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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18
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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19
joyful
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| adj.欢乐的，令人欢欣的 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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21
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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22
truce
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| n.休战，(争执，烦恼等的)缓和；v.以停战结束 | |
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23
deafening
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| adj. 振耳欲聋的, 极喧闹的 动词deafen的现在分词形式 | |
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24
luminous
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| adj.发光的，发亮的；光明的；明白易懂的；有启发的 | |
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25
enchanted
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| adj. 被施魔法的，陶醉的，入迷的 动词enchant的过去式和过去分词 | |
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26
trenches
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| 深沟，地沟( trench的名词复数 )； 战壕 | |
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27
obstructed
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| 阻塞( obstruct的过去式和过去分词 )； 堵塞； 阻碍； 阻止 | |
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28
decomposition
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| n. 分解, 腐烂, 崩溃 | |
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29
lookout
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| n.注意，前途，瞭望台 | |
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30
lookouts
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| n.寻找（ 某人/某物）( lookout的名词复数 )；是某人（自己）的问题；警戒；瞭望台 | |
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31
cartridges
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| 子弹( cartridge的名词复数 )； （打印机的）墨盒； 录音带盒； （唱机的）唱头 | |
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toad
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| n.蟾蜍，癞蛤蟆 | |
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mole
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| n.胎块；痣；克分子 | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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35
flattening
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| n. 修平 动词flatten的现在分词 | |
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rebounding
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| 蹦跳运动 | |
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vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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38
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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onward
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| adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先 | |
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encumbered
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| v.妨碍，阻碍，拖累( encumber的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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sonorous
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| adj.响亮的，回响的；adv.圆润低沉地；感人地；n.感人，堂皇 | |
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42
perspiration
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| n.汗水；出汗 | |
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43
shuddering
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| v.战栗( shudder的现在分词 )；发抖；（机器、车辆等）突然震动；颤动 | |
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44
gasping
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| adj. 气喘的, 痉挛的 动词gasp的现在分词 | |
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45
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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46
frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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47
crumble
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| vi.碎裂，崩溃；vt.弄碎，摧毁 | |
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48
swarming
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| 密集( swarm的现在分词 )； 云集； 成群地移动； 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去 | |
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49
appalling
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| adj.骇人听闻的，令人震惊的，可怕的 | |
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50
wrecks
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| n.沉船( wreck的名词复数 )；（事故中）遭严重毁坏的汽车（或飞机等）；（身体或精神上）受到严重损伤的人；状况非常糟糕的车辆（或建筑物等）v.毁坏[毁灭]某物( wreck的第三人称单数 )；使（船舶）失事，使遇难，使下沉 | |
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51
lighting
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| n.照明，光线的明暗，舞台灯光 | |
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52
corpse
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| n.尸体，死尸 | |
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53
corpses
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| n.死尸，尸体( corpse的名词复数 ) | |
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54
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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55
putrid
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| adj.腐臭的；有毒的；已腐烂的；卑劣的 | |
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56
emanated
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| v.从…处传出，传出( emanate的过去式和过去分词 )；产生，表现，显示 | |
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57
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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58
burrows
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| n.地洞( burrow的名词复数 )v.挖掘（洞穴），挖洞( burrow的第三人称单数 )；翻寻 | |
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59
linen
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| n.亚麻布，亚麻线，亚麻制品；adj.亚麻布制的，亚麻的 | |
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60
hesitation
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| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
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61
periscope
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| n. 潜望镜 | |
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62
projectiles
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| n.抛射体( projectile的名词复数 )；（炮弹、子弹等）射弹，（火箭等）自动推进的武器 | |
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63
deplore
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| vt.哀叹，对...深感遗憾 | |
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64
bust
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| vt.打破；vi.爆裂；n.半身像；胸部 | |
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65
dismal
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| adj.阴沉的，凄凉的，令人忧郁的，差劲的 | |
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66
myriads
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| n.无数，极大数量( myriad的名词复数 ) | |
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67
expressive
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| adj.表现的，表达…的，富于表情的 | |
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68
imminent
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| adj.即将发生的，临近的，逼近的 | |
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69
evacuated
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| 撤退者的 | |
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prudent
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| adj.谨慎的，有远见的，精打细算的 | |
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cemetery
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| n.坟墓，墓地，坟场 | |
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72
larks
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| n.百灵科鸟（尤指云雀）( lark的名词复数 )；一大早就起床；鸡鸣即起；（因太费力而不想干时说）算了v.百灵科鸟（尤指云雀）( lark的第三人称单数 )；一大早就起床；鸡鸣即起；（因太费力而不想干时说）算了 | |
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