Reconnaissance occupies a prominent position amongst these various duties. There will not be a battle every day. Not in every fight will considerations of ground and other circumstances allow of the cavalry taking part in a great decision as a mounted arm. Not always will an effective pursuit by the cavalry mass be possible. It must be remembered that in order not to render itself too weak to carry out its proper r?le cavalry must not expose itself to heavy loss in battle without sufficient reason. Only the possibility of a very great success can justify3 the risk of staking the whole cavalry force in a decisive charge during the battle. It is true that efforts will have to be made to drive the hostile cavalry from the field to facilitate operations against the flank and rear of the enemy's line of battle. But such operations will gen[Pg 34]erally be limited to fire action, and in a decisive battle the weakness of the cavalry would probably debar it from such undertakings4. Engagements, also, that are fought with a view of opening a way for reconnaissance will not be of frequent occurrence, and must only be expected during occasional crises. They will, however, be of decisive value for the whole future conduct of the arm and its operative success. The same may be said of raids against the enemy's communications. Such undertakings may exercise the greatest influence on the course of a campaign, but can only be undertaken under specially6 favourable7 conditions.
On the other hand, the everyday task of the cavalry which goes hand in hand with all these various engagements and enterprises is reconnaissance proper carried out by reconnoitring squadrons and patrols. This is the daily bread of the cavalry, a duty that throughout a war should never cease to be performed, even if the main body of the cavalry has been driven from the field by the enemy. It demands, therefore, the highest training, the wisest economy of force and systematic8 arrangement, if it is not to become ineffective or useless.
In close and continual relation to the above is the further task of safeguarding and screening the army. Reconnaissance itself provides a measure of security, but it is always liable to miscarry, and can never secure the army against hostile observation. Reconnaissance must therefore be supplemented by a special system of security and screening which, however, demands the most careful organisation9, and greatly increases the difficulty of husbanding limited forces and of keeping the troops fit by not overworking them.
Intimately connected to the services of security and[Pg 35] reconnaissance is that of communication, which, owing to the great distances to be traversed in modern war and the necessity of early transmission of intelligence, has become, at the same time, of the highest importance and of the greatest difficulty. Here also is a daily duty for the cavalry in which a thorough training is necessary.
All these considerations must be kept in view in arranging the training, and a clear conception should be formed as to what is to be aimed at in great as well as small matters. Only thus will results be obtained which will stand the test of war.
It is only natural that in our army the greatest stress is at present laid on the duties of the army cavalry. These are so obviously new and important for the arm that it is easy to understand how more time is devoted10 to them in peace training, and how the task of the divisional cavalry has come to appear of less importance. It might indeed be contended that the training which the latter has hitherto received in garrison11 and at man?uvres would suffice for its needs.
It is my opinion, on the other hand, that such a conception is faulty. The importance of the divisional cavalry has in no way diminished, and one is not justified12 in assuming that any lesser13 demands will be made upon its efficiency than on that of the larger independent formations. The exact contrary is the case, and I consider it opportune14 now, when all interest is centred in the army cavalry, to lay particular stress on the extraordinary importance of the divisional cavalry.
As in the newest phases of military development, the general value of cavalry, according to my opinion, particularly in the organism of an army, has increased,[Pg 36] so also has that of the divisional cavalry. Higher demands are made of it, and it must therefore be capable of greater performances.
The circumstances of modern war demand that great masses of mounted men shall be used as army cavalry and concentrated in the decisive direction, thus weakening a great part of the front of the army in cavalry, in order to ensure superiority at the decisive point. It is in accordance with the universal law of military success that a concentration of force at the decisive point can, under most circumstances, only be ensured by a corresponding weakening of force in other places. The front of the army, therefore, can never be covered throughout its whole length by the army cavalry, but at the same time it will never be possible to entirely15 denude16 of cavalry that front or flank in front of which no army cavalry may lie. This would be simply impossible, for every body of troops, however disposed upon the strategic front, requires cavalry for the service of close reconnaissance, of security, and of screening against surprise or against hostile observation.
Furthermore, even those bodies of troops in immediate17 advance of which the great cavalry masses are on the move require their own cavalry, not only for the purpose of ensuring and maintaining communication with the army cavalry, but also that they may not be entirely denuded18 of cavalry when, as the hostile armies approach each other, the cavalry masses clear the front and concentrate towards a flank.
Finally, it will not always be possible to detail portions of the army cavalry to detached forces, because it has other duties to fulfil and other claims made upon it. Thus, for example, the army of Manteuffel[Pg 37] in the campaign against Bourbaki had at its disposal none other but the divisional cavalry.[5]
The weak divisional cavalry, therefore, must be prepared to carry out all the cavalry duties which may arise from these conditions. Amongst them particular mention must be made of the outpost service, which, although shared with the infantry19, imposes a heavy burden on the divisional cavalry. Any one who has once been through man?uvres knows how great the demands of this service are, even in peace, in the exertions20 involved and the time expended21. In war these exertions become at times considerable, if less frequent, for the critical days do not follow each other so closely as in man?uvres.
If we consider, moreover, how every cavalry undertaking5 has increased in difficulty owing to the greater size of modern battlefields and the improvement in firearms, it will become clear that the sphere of usefulness of the divisional cavalry, even from the purely22 tactical point of view, which up to now we have alone considered, is a very extensive and important one.
This tactical activity is closely dependent upon the whole interior economy of the division. These few squadrons must furnish orderlies and despatch-riders, which, in the case of the conduct of so large a force as an infantry division, must mean a considerable drain on their strength. They will often be deputed to collect supplies in villages away from the roads, when the supply columns fail and the places occupied do not[Pg 38] afford sufficient for the troops. Although it is possible that other troops, such as infantry in carts and bicyclists, may be used for this service, it will never be possible to relieve the divisional cavalry entirely of it. The relay service also makes a greater demand on the strength than is generally supposed. In the campaign of 1870-71 this cause contributed largely to the weakening of the squadrons at the front. Nowadays every effort is made by means of technical apparatus23 to relieve the cavalry, at least partially24, from this service. It would, however, be a mistake to assume that the relay service of cavalry can be everywhere replaced by telegraph, telephone, signalling, bicycles, or motor. Circumstances will occur in war in which all these methods of transmission, which are already in themselves partially unreliable, must fail us, especially where they are exposed to destruction from the hand of the enemy. The proper performance of these interior services must never, however, miscarry throughout the whole campaign, and imposes therefore still higher and more continuous demands on the efficiency of the troops.
As the result of these reflections we may conclude that a series of very important duties will fall to the lot of the divisional cavalry in war, which cannot be carried out by any other troops or in any other manner than by the divisional cavalry. Further, that these duties have, on the whole, increased in importance, and that their fulfilment has become considerably25 more difficult by reason of the conditions of modern war.
According to these conditions the importance of the divisional cavalry must be judged. If the decisive r?le in war falls essentially26 to the lot of the army cavalry, yet must the duties of the divisional cavalry be regarded as just as necessary for the good of the army.[Pg 39] Methods of training must be adopted with these points in view, and it must be quite clearly understood that in this direction modern conditions have to be reckoned with which demand thorough innovations.
As to the r?le of cavalry in the fight, we may conclude from the above that it may be sharply divided into two separate groups: firstly, in those encounters where cavalry is acting27 as an independent body, and will have to carry out reconnaissance, the service of security and raids; and secondly28, where cavalry will take part in a battle in conjunction with the other arms. It is obvious, after what has been said, that the first group is by far the more important, and will require particular attention as regards training. We will endeavour in the course of this work to prove that this is the direction where the most friction29 is to be overcome, and where by far the most difficult part of our task will lie.
The chief considerations for training are naturally evolved from the duties to be performed in war itself. The services of reconnaissance and security come first. The technique of these services and the method of fighting necessary for carrying them out must be fully30 mastered by the troops right down to the individual soldier. Next in importance come undertakings against the enemy's communications, and the participation31 in the battle which war will demand of our arm. These are the matters which must be studied by those who undertake to discuss methods of training. We must be perfectly32 clear in our minds what duties in the various spheres of action will fall to the lot of the arm as a whole, to its subdivisions, or to its single members. The relative importance of these duties must be our guide in considering the essentials of training.
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1
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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2
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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3
justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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undertakings
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| 企业( undertaking的名词复数 )； 保证； 殡仪业； 任务 | |
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5
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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6
specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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7
favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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8
systematic
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| adj.有系统的，有计划的，有方法的 | |
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9
organisation
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| n.组织，安排，团体，有机休 | |
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10
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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11
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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12
justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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13
lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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14
opportune
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| adj.合适的，适当的 | |
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15
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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16
denude
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| v.剥夺；使赤裸 | |
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17
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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18
denuded
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| adj.[医]变光的，裸露的v.使赤裸( denude的过去式和过去分词 )；剥光覆盖物 | |
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19
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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20
exertions
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| n.努力( exertion的名词复数 )；费力；（能力、权力等的）运用；行使 | |
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21
expended
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| v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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22
purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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23
apparatus
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| n.装置，器械；器具，设备 | |
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24
partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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25
considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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essentially
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| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
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acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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28
secondly
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| adv.第二，其次 | |
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29
friction
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| n.摩擦，摩擦力 | |
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30
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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31
participation
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| n.参与，参加，分享 | |
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32
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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