Thus far the first decade of disaster along Tierra Firme; thus far the discovery of Rodrigo de Bastidas in 1501; the ineffectual attempt of Columbus at Veragua in 1502; the failure of the impetuous Ojeda, and the death of the veteran pilot, Juan de la Cosa; the founding of Nombre de Dios and Antigua; the destruction of the superb armament of Diego de Nicuesa, and the sad fate of its commander. Meanwhile we behold7 evolved from the factions8 of Antigua two notable characters, Francisco Pizarro and Vasco Nu?ez de Balboa. We will now further observe society in Darien, and the attempts of the Spaniards to govern themselves and pacify10 their neighbors.
When Diego de Nicuesa embarked12 to assume command at Antigua, he left in the fortress13 of Nombre de Dios a small garrison under Gonzalo de Badajoz, with Alonso Nu?ez de Madrid as alcalde. Their provisions 338 falling low, and expected relief failing them, like ill-mannered wolves they fell to fighting over the little remaining food, and but for the opportune14 arrival of Colmenares, civilization at Nombre de Dios would soon have found a miserable15 ending. To the proposal to join their countrymen at Antigua, they eagerly assented16, and embarked without delay in the two brigantines sent for the purpose. Lope de Olano was released, and subsequently rose high in the esteem17 of Balboa. Thus the settlement of Antigua, after the departure of the hapless Nicuesa, comprised all that was left of the two colonies of Nueva Andalucía and Castilla del Oro, and numbered about two hundred and fifty men.[VIII-1]
The final disappearance19 of the two commanders by no means allayed20 the discords21 of the colony. Factions assumed broader dimensions than ever. A band of two hundred and fifty bears, after accomplishing the duties of the day, would sensibly stretch themselves under the welcome covert22; but intellectual and moral beasts are, by reason of their superiority, doomed23 to the eternal curse of government; nor does it make much difference as to the quality or quantity of the herd24; fools will fight for domination all the same.
DEEP DIPLOMACIES.
Zamudio, followed by the gang that had driven out Nicuesa, claims pre?minence as a reward for his villainies. Enciso, the learned and disinterested25 representative of the higher orders of mastership, earthly and heavenly, never fails to keep the high and holy law spread before these misguided men. Vasco Nu?ez keeps his own counsel; but he feels within himself that neither Zamudio nor Enciso shall rule Antigua. All he need do is to continue as hitherto to turn against his opponents their own weapons. The lawyer he vanquishes26 with law; the ruffian, by giving him a rope wherewith to hang himself. In the present instance, like a skilful27 tactician28, he separates his antagonists29 and opposes one to the other. Calling 339 Zamudio aside, he makes evident to him the necessity, if he would continue a municipal government, of withholding30 all power from the bachiller. Having no intention of relinquishing31 the sweets of office, for which he has risked so much, Zamudio lends a willing ear. The lawyer must be quieted, but lawfully33. High-handed measures may be employed, but only exceptionally. The law is too useful a weapon to be flung aside by intelligent knaves34. So the two alcaldes put their heads together and frame charges to fit the occasion. Enciso is accused of wilful35 usurpation36 of authority, of assuming the duties and exercising the functions of alcalde mayor without license37 from the king—grave charges, truly, emanating38 from so scrupulous39 a society. The lawyer's skill at pleading avails him nothing. He is convicted, his property confiscated40, and himself cast into prison.[VIII-2] He is not long kept in confinement41, however, but is set free on giving a promise immediately to leave the country.[VIII-3] Thus one of the two ambitious C?sars is out of the way; but how dispose of the other? Again 340 Vasco Nu?ez draws Zamudio aside and expresses a fear that the enraged43 bachiller, once in Spain, will stir up the king against them, and enter false statements before the tribunal of the Indies regarding the quality of justice dispensed44 by the alcaldes of Antigua. "Would it not be well," continues Balboa, "for one of us to accompany the bachiller? and thus, while misrepresentations may be promptly45 refuted, we may at the same time secure our government upon a more substantial basis." Zamudio sees this necessity, and is finally induced to accept the commission. Thus Vasco Nu?ez is left to reign46 alone; and every effort is made by him firmly to secure his government. While cementing his friends, he conciliates his enemies; above all he strives to deal justly by everybody, and with fair success. By caring for their comfort and exercising strict impartiality47 in the division of spoils, he wins the hearts of the fighting men. Even Oviedo, who was not friendly to Balboa, says: "No chieftain who ever went to the Indies equalled him in these respects." And yet, beneath the accumulating honors the recipient48 sits not wholly at ease. "No one need hope to rule this land," writes Vasco Nu?ez to the king, "and sit or sleep; for if he sleep, he will never wake. Day and night I think only of your Majesty49's interests. In every battle I lead my men, and with truthful50 example, and kind treatment of the natives, seek to bring into favor your Majesty's government in these parts." 341
It must not be supposed that the settlers were idle all this time, or that the natives, or their gold, were neglected. The town had grown in size and importance since the driving out of Cemaco. Streets had been regularly laid out round a plaza51,[VIII-4] or public square, common to all Spanish towns, and a church and religious houses established, for priests had come hither with the rest.
ENCISO AND THE ALCALDES.
While Enciso made ready for departure, Bachiller Corral, Captain Badajoz, and others, enemies of Balboa, improved the time by secretly making specifications52 of both the alcaldes' errors, and by instigating53 others to assist in criminating the rulers. These charges were to be delivered to the king by Enciso. Hearing of it, the alcaldes seized the ringleaders and confined them in a pen,[VIII-5] the municipal jail, situated54 in the middle of the plaza. But the prisoners escaped from the cage to the Franciscan monastery55, and, claiming the protection of the sanctuary,[VIII-6] they were finally discharged. 342
Valdivia, the regidor, was Balboa's friend; before leaving the Salvatierra plantation56 they had been warmly intimate. Supplies were needed, and Enciso and Zamudio required passage to Spain. Taking, therefore, a small vessel57, and placing in Valdivia's hands a large amount of gold,[VIII-7] Vasco Nu?ez sent him to Espa?ola, with instructions to buy the good opinion of Diego Colon18 the governor, and Pasamonte[VIII-8] the king's treasurer58, and bring back recruits. The regidor was fairly successful. He set forth59 the wealth of Tierra Firme, and the important services of Vasco Nu?ez in glowing colors, and obtained from the governor a commission authorizing60 Balboa to act as his lieutenant61 in those parts. He begged for his friend 343 Pasamonte's influence with the king; but Enciso was active there with opposing influence.
Meanwhile Balboa was haunted by thoughts not of the happiest. He well knew how precarious62 was his tenure63 of position. Nicuesa's wrongs were ever before him. Though not the chief criminal in that affair, he knew he was criminal enough. Yet before the deed was done, and since, he had striven to make amends64. "Once, twice, three times," writes he to the king, "have I sent aid to Nicuesa's men, and saved them when dying at the rate of five and six a day." Then, too, he must confess having treated poor Enciso somewhat shamefully65; and the bachiller was stronger where there was more strength in the law; while Zamudio was not the same before the king as before his Antigua ruffians. There remained only one course. Action was the word. If he would play the great man, and rule others, he must bestir himself to something nobler than political strife66 and demagogy at Antigua. Gold would help him; he thoroughly67 appreciated the weakness of officials in that direction; but a notable adventure, a great discovery, were better. At all events, upon whatever he should decide, he must act immediately, before being deprived of his present modicum68 of authority.
First of all, he would begin his career of greatness by assuming to be great. One is never nearer the truth than when one puts on humility69 and curses one's self for an ass2. Without offensive ostentation70 he assumed becoming forms of dignity, took upon himself the title of governor, appointed officers, and drilled soldiers in the tactics of Indian warfare71.
BATTLE WITH CEMACO.
Some twenty leagues westerly from Antigua, adjoining the lands of Cemaco, was an Indian province called Coiba, of which Careta[VIII-9] was chief. The governor, 344 being informed that Careta was rich in gold and maize72, despatched thither73 a small company under Pizarro, whom he had made captain. They were hardly on the march before Cemaco was encountered, at the head of four hundred men, all fired, like their chief, with ever-living rage. Never for an hour since the strangers landed to seize their homes had the eyes of the savages74 been removed from them. It was hopeless to fight, naked as they were; yet for what had they to live, with houses and lands and all their property taken from them? The mode of warfare, too, was against the natives; they did not fight here, as at San Sebastian, with poisoned arrows shot from behind rocks and trees, but engaged in hand-to-hand conflict, opposing their defenceless bodies to the steel weapons of the Spaniards, on whose coats of mail their darts75 and clubs fell harmless. A fight ensued nevertheless, and fiercely it was waged. It is somewhat difficult to believe Herrera when he says that Pizarro had with him but six men, who, when the four hundred closed with them, eviscerated76 one hundred and fifty savages, and put the remainder to flight. Hastening back to Antigua, leaving one man wounded on the field, Pizarro stood before the governor exhausted77 and bleeding. Balboa's anger at the desertion overpowered for a moment his admiration78 for the desperate courage displayed by the little band, and turning to Pizarro, he said sharply, "Go instantly and bring me Francisco Hernan, and, as you value your life, never again leave one of my soldiers alive upon a field of battle." Pizarro departed, and soon returned with his disabled comrade. Balboa immediately placed himself at the head of a hundred men, and started in pursuit of Cemaco, determined79 to extirpate80 345 the tribe; but, after ascending81 the river for some distance and finding no enemy, he abandoned pursuit. Scarcely had he returned, when the two brigantines sent to Nombre de Dios for the remainder of Nicuesa's men made their appearance at Antigua. They brought no news of Nicuesa, greatly to the disappointment of Balboa, who would now gladly have fortified82 himself in a less elevated position, and placed Antigua under the banner of the lawful32 governor of the territory.
EXPEDITION AGAINST CARETA.
Fresh accounts of the wealth of Coiba, by this arrival, soon dispelled83 the governor's misgivings84, and turned his thoughts in other directions. It seems that as the vessels85 were returning from Nombre de Dios, they touched the shore of Coiba; and while there were greeted by two painted savages in plain Castilian. The riddle86 was solved when the men told them they were gentlemen renegades, escaped from Nicuesa's colony for fear of punishment for misdemeanor. After long and dangerous wanderings in the wilderness88, they had thrown themselves, half-dead, upon the mercy of Careta, who received them with gentle courtesy, bestowing89 food and every kindness, which they were now ready to requite90 by betraying to the Spaniards the cacique's treasures, for he was very rich.
To this act of treachery the Spanish yielded a prompt compliance91, and were ready for the adventure on the instant. Owing to their present weak condition Colmenares advised delay, and arranged that one of the miscreants92 should go with them to Antigua, while the other remained with Careta in readiness to betray him at the proper time. Nor had the governor the least scruple93 in availing himself of this villainy. With one hundred and thirty men he marched on Coiba, directing the two brigantines to meet him there. Acting94 under the direction of the fugitive95 whom he had made his confidant and counsellor, Careta went out to meet the Spaniards, brought them to his village, and entertained them to the best of his 346 ability. Balboa began with the modest request for maize to fill his ships. Careta answered, that owing to war with his ever hostile neighbor, Ponca, he had this year planted nothing, and hence had no surplus. Careta's Spanish friend assured his countrymen that this was false, that the savage had abundance. It was enough. A heathen had lied to a Christian96. Let the nation be anathema97!
Bidding the chief a friendly farewell, with thanks for his hospitality, the Spaniards took their departure as if for Antigua; but about midnight they returned, attacked the village on three sides, slaughtered98 the inhabitants, burned the houses, loaded the brigantines with booty, and carried Careta and his family prisoners to Antigua. "Why should you do this?" asked Careta. "How have I wronged you? Take my gold, but restore me to my country. And as a pledge of my good faith, there is my daughter who shall remain a hostage in your hands. Take her and let us be friends." The proposal pleased the governor, not less from the advantage of the alliance, than from the influence thrown over him by the charms of the dusky maiden99, for she was very beautiful, and had already given her heart to the Christian chieftain. And thus according to the usage of her people she became his wife, though not wedded100 after the Spanish fashion; and Vasco Nu?ez ever cherished her with fond affection.
Before dismissing the new allies with presents to their homes, care was taken to excite their admiration by showing them the arms and implements101 of civilization, and unfolding to them the doctrines102 of the true faith. These doctrines must have appeared in strange contrast to the blood-thirsty deeds of the Spaniards.
A joint103 expedition against Ponca, in which Balboa participated with eighty men, overran that chieftain's domain104 with great damage to him, and with some gain to the Spaniards in provisions and gold.
Adjoining Careta's lands, on the seaboard to the 347 west, were those of Comagre,[VIII-10] whose nation numbered ten thousand souls, and mustered105 three thousand warriors106. Balboa visited him peaceably, upon the arrangement of a friendly interview by a native jura, or official, a deserter from Careta's council, who had become offended with his master, and joined Comagre. The jura was a statesman in a rude way, and a diplomat107. He knew of the Spaniards, of their fearful doings, and of their alliance with Careta; and being an honest, well-meaning savage withal, he thought to avert108 disaster by interposing friendly relations.
PANCIACO'S STORY.
With a train of attendants, Comagre met his distinguished109 guest, and with much ceremony conducted him to the palace,[VIII-11] which for size, durability110, and rude excellence111, far exceeded anything the Spaniards had seen in the New World. Among the numerous descendants of Comagre, for he was much married, were seven sons, remarkable112 for their valor113, and nobleness of demeanor87. The eldest114, Panciaco, united with a haughty115 bearing exceptional sagacity. He saw at once the superiority of steel weapons; he saw that the Spaniards coveted116 gold; and he thought he saw an easy way open for purchasing their good-will. Collecting four thousand ounces of the metal finely wrought117, he presented it with seventy slaves to the Spaniards, and watched the effect. The king's fifth was first solemnly set aside. Then they began to divide the remainder of the gold among themselves; and in this division arose a dispute which made Panciaco's lip curl in scorn as he watched them weighing the stuff. Louder grew their altercations118, which were followed by blows. Overcome at length by disgust, Panciaco darted119 forward and struck the scales a violent blow which sent their precious contents flying. "Why quarrel for such a trifle!" he exclaimed. "Is it for this 348 you leave your country, cross seas, endure hardships, and disturb the peace of nations? Cease your voracious120 brawl121 and I will tell where you may obtain your fill of gold. Six days' march across yon mountain will bring you to an ocean sea, like this near which we dwell, where there are ships as large as yours, and cities, and wealth unbounded."
Forgetting in the matter the manner of the discourse122, the Spaniards listened with eager attention. "How say you?" said Vasco Nu?ez. "What proof have you of this?" "Listen to me," replied Panciaco. "You Christians123 seem to prize this metal more than body, life, or soul; more than love, hate, revenge. Some mysterious virtue124 it must possess to charm men so! We who can not translate its subtle power, love better friends, and sweet revenge. My father has an ancient enemy, Tubanamá, who lives beyond the mountains fronting the other sea. From time immemorial our people have fought his people; many have been killed on either side, and many enslaved. Could we for once bring low this hated Tubanamá, no sacrifice would be too dear. Be yours the gold; give us revenge. The path is difficult, the enemy fierce. One thousand Spaniards are none too many successfully to cope with him. Prepare your army. I myself will accompany you with all the warriors of our nation; bind125 me fast; keep me in close custody126; and if my words prove false, hang me to the nearest tree."[VIII-12] Vasco Nu?ez pondered. The area of his destiny seemed suddenly to have enlarged. If this the young man had said were true, and he might tap the mystery, and bring to the light of nations this other side of Tierra Firme, the temporary governor of a handful of heterogeneous127 colonists128 might achieve everlasting129 fame as one of the world's great discoverers, 349 and realize the dream of Columbus, to rule the Aurea Chersonesus of King Solomon. To him who can execute comes opportunity. "God has revealed the secrets of this land to me only," he piously130 writes the 20th of January, 1513, "and for this I never shall cease to thank him." But whence were to come the requisite131 one thousand men? After closely interrogating132 Comagre, Careta, and other chieftains concerning the tramontane regions, the Spaniards returned to Darien; but not until many of the natives had renounced133 idolatry and received baptism at the hands of the priests. There they found Valdivia returned from Santo Domingo, after an absence of six months, with a small store of provisions, and what was of the highest consequence to Vasco Nu?ez at this juncture134, the commission from Diego Colon as governor of Antigua.
To guard against the scarcity135 of food which had thus far been one of the chief causes of failure in every attempt to colonize136 Tierra Firme, the governor had this year caused to be planted a large tract137 adjacent to Antigua, the labor138 of course being performed by captives. "Food has been our great necessity rather than gold," said Vasco Nu?ez in a letter to the king. But a hurricane, followed by inundation139, destroyed the crop, and Valdivia was again sent with the caravel to Santo Domingo for provisions. In a letter to Diego Colon, the governor set forth in extravagant140 terms his further knowledge of the country, dwelling141 upon the information received of a great sea to the southward, and begging assistance in raising a thousand men for its discovery. Gold to the value of fifteen thousand pesos[VIII-13] was, by this departure, remitted142 the king's officers as the royal share for the last six months. Large sums were also sent by private persons to their friends and creditors143 in Espa?ola and Spain. But all to no end. For when near Jamaica, 350 the vessel was struck by a squall, carried westward144, and thrown on some rocks off Yucatan. Ship and cargo145 were all lost. Twenty men, without water, or food, or sail, or oars146, in an open boat, escaped with bare life.
HORRIBLE FATE OF VALDIVIA.
And now comes another tale of wretchedness which might well grace the annals of Acheron. In their helpless condition they are carried by the currents for thirteen days; one third of their number die of thirst, and the survivors147 drift to a yet more horrible fate. Thrown on the Maya shore, they are seized by savages, placed in a pen, and well fed. After their sufferings at sea, this is not so bad; but one day Valdivia and four others are taken to the temple and sacrificed, and their roasted limbs eaten in honor of the gods; over which prospect148 for themselves the survivors are uncomfortable, and nerved by desperation, they break cage and escape to the forest, where they wander naked and starving until life is a burden. Then they cast themselves at the feet of Ahkin Xooc, cacique of Jamancana, neighbor and enemy of the Maya lord. He and his successor, Taxmar, make them serve as beasts of burden until two only are left alive, Gonzalo Guerrero, sailor, and Gerónimo de Aguilar, friar. In an interchange of captives, the sailor becomes the property of Nachan Kan, chief of Chetumal. Bold and buoyant-hearted, he rises to barbaric distinction, becomes a great general, marries a princess, and in after years, when opportunity offers, declines return to civilized149 life. The friar is rescued by Cortés, in 1519, in which connection we shall again meet him.[VIII-14]
DABAIBA AND ITS GOLDEN TEMPLE.
Cannibals are horrible things; but their teeth were hardly so sharp as Spanish steel, which, in following the law of survival common to the animal kingdom, was sacrificing freely about Antigua at this time. 351 "Thirty caciques have already been slain150 in the attempted pacification151 of this country," writes Vasco Nu?ez to Diego Colon, "and now that I am obliged to penetrate152 still further in search of food, I must kill all who fall into my hands; otherwise our colony can not exist while waiting relief." In pursuance of this humane153 measure, early in 1512—it was toward the close of 1511 that Valdivia had sailed for Espa?ola—the governor organized an expedition against Dabaiba,[VIII-15] a rich province some thirty leagues to the southward.
Startling stories were told of this place. At a temple lined with gold, slaves were sacrificed for the gratification of the gods, who returned in miracles the favors of their worshippers; so that Dabaiba became as Mecca in the wilderness. Of course, it was an outrage154 against heaven that the heathen gods should have so much gold and glory; though hunger and avarice155 lent as much assistance, perhaps, as piety156, in instigating the contemplated157 raid.
Selecting one hundred and sixty men, Vasco Nu?ez embarked in two brigantines for the mouths of the river.[VIII-16] There he divided his force, sending one third, under Colmenares, up the channel San Juan, while with the remainder he ascended158 the Rio de las Redes, the more direct route to Dabaiba, as he had been informed. But the eye of Cemaco, in restless hate, was still upon them. Rousing the country, he induced the caciques along the river to retire, and leave wasted fields to the invaders159, a measure which defeated the expedition. Nevertheless, the Spaniards 352 secured, a short distance up the river, two canoe-loads of plunder160, valued at seven thousand pesos, but on reaching the gulf161 they were overturned in a storm, and the boatmen drowned. Balboa then proceeded to the Rio San Juan and joined Colmenares, after which the entire party ascended the Negro channel for six leagues, and captured a town of five hundred houses, governed by a cacique named Abenamechey, one of whose arms a Spaniard cruelly struck off after he had been made prisoner. Leaving there half the men in charge of Colmenares, with the remainder Balboa continued his ascent162 of the stream, until, on entering a small branch, he found himself within the domain of Abibeiba, whose people built their houses in the branches of palm trees, making the ascent by ladders drawn163 up at night for safety. A supply of stones was kept in the houses for artillery164 purposes. When they saw the Spaniards coming, the people ran like squirrels for their houses, and drawing up after them the ladders, fancied themselves in security.
Approaching the tree in which lived the chief, Balboa hailed him and ordered him down. "What brings you hither to molest165 me?" demanded the chief. "Go your way. I know you not as friends or foes166. I have no gold. I desire only to be left in peace." The Spaniards answered by applying the axe167 to the tree, and when the chief saw the chips fly, while his stone showers fell harmless upon the mail-coated men below, he capitulated, and the village descended168 to earth.
After further foraging170 and fighting with varied171 success, the governor returned to Antigua, leaving Bartolomé Hurtado with thirty-one men in possession of the country. Of these more than half fell sick, and Hurtado incautiously despatched them for Antigua with twenty-four captives in charge. They had not proceeded more than three leagues before Cemaco was upon them with one hundred warriors; and of the Spaniards only two escaped to carry the news to 353 Hurtado, who hastened to Antigua with the further intelligence that five caciques, namely, Abibeiba of the high-tree house, Abenamechy of the severed172 arm, Dabaiba of the golden temple, Abraiba and Cemaco of Darien, had confederated with five thousand men to exterminate173 the Spaniards. The rumor174 was lightly regarded until Vasco Nu?ez was informed by one of his mistresses, Fulvia he called her, that her brother had notified her to withdraw from the town on a certain night, so that she might not fall in the massacre175 intended. Love overruling duty, Fulvia thus divulged the secret. She saved the settlement, but she lost her country.
Poor heart of woman touched with love! Vasco Nu?ez induced Fulvia to lure6 thither her brother, who thereupon was seized and forced to confess the plot. Furthermore, he told Balboa that then at work in his fields were forty men long pledged to assassinate176 him, but as he had always appeared before them armed and armored, and on a caparisoned horse, which was their greatest terror, they had feared to attack him. The rendezvous177 of the conspirators178 was Tichirí, not far distant. With seventy men, by a circuitous179 route, Balboa marched on the encampment, while Colmenares with an equal force ascended the river in canoes, guided by the traitress Fulvia's traitorous180 brother. Attacked thus unexpectedly from opposite sides, the confederates were thrown into confusion; many were killed and many taken prisoners. The chief general was honored by being shot to death with arrows, while the others were hanged. Cemaco escaped. So sudden and bold and severe was this blow, that, while Antigua existed, the savages never recovered from it, and the wooden fortress which Balboa immediately built as a guard against future surprise was scarcely necessary.
The natives being thus pacified181, the Spaniards were at liberty to evolve fresh projects. Gold and grain in the vicinity of Antigua were well-nigh exhausted, 354 and new fields must be found. The time for Valdivia's return had elapsed; and doubts respecting the integrity of the regidor were entertained by Vasco Nu?ez, with fears for the safety of his treasure. Unable to endure the suspense182 he resolved on visiting Spain and pleading his own cause before the king. But the colony demurred183. Friends declared his presence necessary, while enemies saw danger in his absence. It was finally arranged that Colmenares and Caicedo, both worthy184 men who had been faithful to Nicuesa as long as Nicuesa had been faithful to himself, and faithful to Vasco Nu?ez, should take the only remaining vessel fit for service and embark11 for Spain in the general interests of the colony. The reasoning by which the mistrustful populace arrived at this agreement was, that if Balboa went he would secure all the advantages to himself, or never return; while Colmenares, who left large property in lands and laborers185, and Caicedo, a genuine Spanish wife to whom he was devotedly186 attached, would be sure to return.
Again the governor wrote Pasamonte soliciting187 his favor; not forgetting, in addition to the king's fifth, a valuable present in gold for the king's treasurer. The commissioners188 sailed from Darien in October, 1512, and reached Spain the May following.
Meanwhile times at Antigua ran their varying course. At first nothing of interest occurred; and such were the composite elements of this society that inactivity invariably resulted in spontaneous combustion189. Again it centred round the ruling powers. "Who is this Vasco Nu?ez that he should lord it over us? a renegade! an absconding190 debtor191! he of the cask!" The immediate42 cause of the outbreak was the investiture of Hurtado, an unpopular person, with authority; and the more specific charges were partiality in the division of spoils, and the unlawful assumption of powers pertaining192 to a royally appointed ruler. 355
The new faction9 was led by one Alonso Perez de la Rua, who for fancied insult pawed the earth and bellowed193 vengeance194. The agitation195 becoming troublesome Perez was arrested and placed in confinement. The insurgents196 rushed to arms and demanded the release of their leader, and this being denied they prepared to rescue him by force. The governor placed himself at the head of his adherents197, and the two parties prepared for battle. At this juncture peaceful measures were interposed by a third party, consisting of those who had taken no active part in the disputes, and embracing many respectable colonists. Perez was released; but the gnawings of hate continuing he roused his party and made prisoner Hurtado, who in his turn was given liberty at the hands of the conciliators.
Chivalry198 having had its brief day, avarice came in for a share of public attention. Among the yet undivided plunder was gold obtained in the late Atrato River raids, equivalent in value to ten thousand castellanos. Of this the disaffected199 demanded immediate division.
THE GOVERNOR WITHDRAWS.
The governor well knew that in their present mood it was beyond the power of man to satisfy them. Though omniscient200 justice distributed this treasure, new troubles would grow out of it. He determined therefore to adopt a non-committal policy, retire from the scene, and freely give them the opportunity, for which they were so ready, to shed blood. Quitting the town at night, ostensibly on a hunting tour, he remained away for several days, leaving them to their destruction. The result was as he had anticipated. Finding themselves free the rioters elevated to the command Perez of the wounded honor, and Bachiller Corral. Then breaking into the public plunder-house, they brought out the gold and placed it in the hands of their leaders for distribution. Proof that the division was fair lay in the fact that every one was dissatisfied. Each, rating his own services superior to most and inferior to none, thought he received too little and 356 another too much. They began to suspect their mistake. A dim perception of the infelicities that mix with the rapturous sweets of governing entered their stolid201 brains. Balboa's party quickly assumed the ascendency, and thrusting the ringleaders of the insurgents into prison they awaited the return of the governor.
"Your highness must know," writes Vasco Nu?ez of this affair to the king, January 20, 1513, "that some days ago little differences occurred here, because the alcaldes, filled with envy and falsehood, attempted to arrest me. Failing in this they brought against me false accusations202 and false witnesses. Hereof I complain to your highness, for if these men go unpunished, no governor that your highness may hereafter send will be free from this evil. That your highness may know the truth in the matter, and of my great and loyal services in these parts of the Indies and Tierra Firme, I have appointed two judges to investigate my conduct, and report to your majesty all that I have done. I hope," concludes the modest cavalier, "that your majesty will read all this, and reward my great services according to their value."
About this time there arrived at Antigua two vessels, in command of Cristóbal Serrano, sent by Diego Colon, with one hundred and fifty men and provisions for the colony. But what gave Vasco Nu?ez the greatest joy was a royal commission, signed by Pasamonte, the treasurer, investing him with the supreme203 command of the colony. Thus established in authority, and being of a generous temper, the governor at the solicitations of their friends readily pardoned the rebels and set them at liberty.
Another communication, however, which Vasco Nu?ez received by this arrival, caused him no little anxiety. This was a letter from Zamudio informing him of his failure to conciliate the royal favor. As 357 had been feared, the bachiller Enciso, burning under a sense of injuries, had denounced the alcaldes before the Council of the Indies, and aroused the king's wrath204 by a recital205 of Nicuesa's banishment206 and probable death. The Council had decreed that Enciso should be indemnified, and that Vasco Nu?ez should be summoned to court to answer graver charges. Moreover, Zamudio with difficulty escaped the arrest imposed on him by the Council.
BALBOA'S RESOLVE.
This was as wormwood in Balboa's cup of joy. Yet it was not wholly unexpected; it was not wholly unmerited. There was one redeeming207 feature about it; the intelligence was private. He was still master of himself; ay, and governor of the colony. Might not some signal service be made to cover his transgressions208, and win for him the royal favor? There was that mysterious sea to the southward, reported by Panciaco. The very thing, were men and means at hand for its achievement. Means! There was no time to talk of means; the next arrival would bring a warrant for his arrest. Do it without means, and so gain glory the more. Where was the true Spanish cavalier who would hesitate in such an emergency? Why, the very danger itself was a fascination209. He would do it or die!
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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2
ass
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| n.驴；傻瓜，蠢笨的人 | |
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3
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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4
conspiracy
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| n.阴谋，密谋，共谋 | |
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5
divulges
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| v.吐露，泄露( divulge的第三人称单数 ) | |
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6
lure
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| n.吸引人的东西，诱惑物；vt.引诱，吸引 | |
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7
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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8
factions
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| 组织中的小派别，派系( faction的名词复数 ) | |
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9
faction
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| n.宗派，小集团；派别；派系斗争 | |
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10
pacify
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| vt.使(某人)平静(或息怒)；抚慰 | |
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11
embark
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| vi.乘船，着手，从事，上飞机 | |
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12
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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13
fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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14
opportune
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| adj.合适的，适当的 | |
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15
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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16
assented
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| 同意，赞成( assent的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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17
esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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18
colon
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| n.冒号，结肠，直肠 | |
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19
disappearance
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| n.消失，消散，失踪 | |
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20
allayed
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| v.减轻，缓和( allay的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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21
discords
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| 不和（discord的复数形式） | |
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22
covert
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| adj.隐藏的；暗地里的 | |
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23
doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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24
herd
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| n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起 | |
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25
disinterested
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| adj.不关心的，不感兴趣的 | |
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26
vanquishes
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| v.征服( vanquish的第三人称单数 )；战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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27
skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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28
tactician
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| n. 战术家, 策士 | |
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29
antagonists
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| 对立[对抗] 者，对手，敌手( antagonist的名词复数 )； 对抗肌； 对抗药 | |
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30
withholding
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| 扣缴税款 | |
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31
relinquishing
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| 交出，让给( relinquish的现在分词 )； 放弃 | |
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32
lawful
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| adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的 | |
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33
lawfully
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| adv.守法地，合法地；合理地 | |
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34
knaves
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| n.恶棍，无赖( knave的名词复数 )；（纸牌中的）杰克 | |
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35
wilful
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| adj.任性的，故意的 | |
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36
usurpation
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| n.篡位；霸占 | |
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37
license
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| n.执照，许可证，特许；v.许可，特许 | |
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38
emanating
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| v.从…处传出，传出( emanate的现在分词 )；产生，表现，显示 | |
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39
scrupulous
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| adj.审慎的，小心翼翼的，完全的，纯粹的 | |
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40
confiscated
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| 没收，充公( confiscate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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41
confinement
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| n.幽禁，拘留，监禁；分娩；限制，局限 | |
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42
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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43
enraged
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| 使暴怒( enrage的过去式和过去分词 )； 歜； 激愤 | |
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44
dispensed
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| v.分配( dispense的过去式和过去分词 )；施与；配（药） | |
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45
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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46
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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47
impartiality
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| n. 公平, 无私, 不偏 | |
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48
recipient
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| a.接受的,感受性强的 n.接受者,感受者,容器 | |
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49
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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50
truthful
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| adj.真实的，说实话的，诚实的 | |
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51
plaza
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| n.广场，市场 | |
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52
specifications
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| n.规格；载明；详述；（产品等的）说明书；说明书( specification的名词复数 )；详细的计划书；载明；详述 | |
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53
instigating
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| v.使（某事物）开始或发生，鼓动( instigate的现在分词 ) | |
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54
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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55
monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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56
plantation
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| n.种植园，大农场 | |
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57
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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58
treasurer
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| n.司库，财务主管 | |
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59
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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60
authorizing
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| 授权，批准，委托( authorize的现在分词 ) | |
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61
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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62
precarious
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| adj.不安定的，靠不住的；根据不足的 | |
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63
tenure
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| n.终身职位；任期；(土地)保有权，保有期 | |
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64
amends
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| n. 赔偿 | |
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65
shamefully
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| 可耻地； 丢脸地； 不体面地； 羞耻地 | |
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66
strife
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| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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67
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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68
modicum
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| n.少量，一小份 | |
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69
humility
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| n.谦逊，谦恭 | |
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70
ostentation
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| n.夸耀，卖弄 | |
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71
warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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72
maize
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| n.玉米 | |
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73
thither
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|
| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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74
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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75
darts
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|
| n.掷飞镖游戏；飞镖( dart的名词复数 )；急驰，飞奔v.投掷，投射( dart的第三人称单数 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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76
eviscerated
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|
| v.切除…的内脏( eviscerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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77
exhausted
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|
| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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78
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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79
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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80
extirpate
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| v.除尽，灭绝 | |
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81
ascending
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|
| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
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82
fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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83
dispelled
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| v.驱散，赶跑( dispel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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84
misgivings
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|
| n.疑虑，担忧，害怕；疑虑，担心，恐惧( misgiving的名词复数 )；疑惧 | |
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85
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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86
riddle
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|
| n.谜，谜语，粗筛；vt.解谜，给…出谜，筛，检查，鉴定，非难，充满于；vi.出谜 | |
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87
demeanor
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| n.行为；风度 | |
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88
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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89
bestowing
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| 砖窑中砖堆上层已烧透的砖 | |
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90
requite
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| v.报酬，报答 | |
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91
compliance
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| n.顺从；服从；附和；屈从 | |
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92
miscreants
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| n.恶棍，歹徒( miscreant的名词复数 ) | |
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93
scruple
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| n./v.顾忌，迟疑 | |
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94
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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95
fugitive
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| adj.逃亡的，易逝的；n.逃犯，逃亡者 | |
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96
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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97
anathema
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| n.诅咒；被诅咒的人(物)，十分讨厌的人(物) | |
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98
slaughtered
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| v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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99
maiden
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| n.少女，处女；adj.未婚的，纯洁的，无经验的 | |
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100
wedded
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|
| adj.正式结婚的；渴望…的，执著于…的v.嫁，娶，（与…）结婚( wed的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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101
implements
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| n.工具( implement的名词复数 )；家具；手段；[法律]履行（契约等）v.实现( implement的第三人称单数 )；执行；贯彻；使生效 | |
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102
doctrines
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| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明 | |
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103
joint
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| adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合 | |
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104
domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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105
mustered
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| v.集合，召集，集结（尤指部队）( muster的过去式和过去分词 )；（自他人处）搜集某事物；聚集；激发 | |
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106
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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107
diplomat
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| n.外交官，外交家；能交际的人，圆滑的人 | |
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108
avert
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| v.防止，避免；转移(目光、注意力等) | |
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109
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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110
durability
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| n.经久性，耐用性 | |
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111
excellence
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| n.优秀，杰出，(pl.)优点，美德 | |
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112
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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113
valor
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| n.勇气，英勇 | |
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114
eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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115
haughty
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| adj.傲慢的，高傲的 | |
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116
coveted
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| adj.令人垂涎的；垂涎的，梦寐以求的v.贪求，觊觎(covet的过去分词)；垂涎；贪图 | |
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117
wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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118
altercations
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| n.争辩，争吵( altercation的名词复数 ) | |
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119
darted
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| v.投掷，投射( dart的过去式和过去分词 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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120
voracious
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| adj.狼吞虎咽的，贪婪的 | |
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121
brawl
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| n.大声争吵，喧嚷；v.吵架，对骂 | |
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122
discourse
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| n.论文，演说；谈话；话语；vi.讲述，著述 | |
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123
Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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124
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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125
bind
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| vt.捆，包扎；装订；约束；使凝固；vi.变硬 | |
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126
custody
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| n.监护，照看，羁押，拘留 | |
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127
heterogeneous
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| adj.庞杂的；异类的 | |
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128
colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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129
everlasting
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| adj.永恒的，持久的，无止境的 | |
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130
piously
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| adv.虔诚地 | |
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131
requisite
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| adj.需要的，必不可少的；n.必需品 | |
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132
interrogating
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| n.询问技术v.询问( interrogate的现在分词 )；审问；（在计算机或其他机器上）查询 | |
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133
renounced
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| v.声明放弃( renounce的过去式和过去分词 )；宣布放弃；宣布与…决裂；宣布摒弃 | |
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134
juncture
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| n.时刻，关键时刻，紧要关头 | |
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135
scarcity
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| n.缺乏，不足，萧条 | |
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136
colonize
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| v.建立殖民地，拓殖；定居，居于 | |
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137
tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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138
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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139
inundation
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| n.the act or fact of overflowing | |
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140
extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的；过分的；(言行等)放肆的 | |
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141
dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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142
remitted
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| v.免除（债务），宽恕( remit的过去式和过去分词 )；使某事缓和；寄回，传送 | |
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143
creditors
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| n.债权人，债主( creditor的名词复数 ) | |
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144
westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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145
cargo
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| n.(一只船或一架飞机运载的)货物 | |
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146
oars
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| n.桨，橹( oar的名词复数 )；划手v.划（行）( oar的第三人称单数 ) | |
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147
survivors
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| 幸存者，残存者，生还者( survivor的名词复数 ) | |
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148
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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149
civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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150
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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151
pacification
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| n. 讲和，绥靖，平定 | |
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152
penetrate
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| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
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153
humane
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| adj.人道的，富有同情心的 | |
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154
outrage
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| n.暴行，侮辱，愤怒；vt.凌辱，激怒 | |
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155
avarice
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| n.贪婪；贪心 | |
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156
piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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157
contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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158
ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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159
invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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160
plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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161
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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162
ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
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163
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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164
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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165
molest
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| vt.骚扰，干扰，调戏 | |
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166
foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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167
axe
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| n.斧子；v.用斧头砍，削减 | |
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168
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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169
divulged
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| v.吐露，泄露( divulge的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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170
foraging
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| v.搜寻（食物），尤指动物觅（食）( forage的现在分词 )；（尤指用手）搜寻（东西） | |
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171
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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172
severed
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| v.切断，断绝( sever的过去式和过去分词 )；断，裂 | |
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173
exterminate
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| v.扑灭，消灭，根绝 | |
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174
rumor
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| n.谣言，谣传，传说 | |
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175
massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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176
assassinate
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| vt.暗杀，行刺，中伤 | |
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177
rendezvous
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| n.约会，约会地点，汇合点；vi.汇合，集合；vt.使汇合，使在汇合地点相遇 | |
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178
conspirators
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| n.共谋者，阴谋家( conspirator的名词复数 ) | |
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179
circuitous
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| adj.迂回的路的，迂曲的，绕行的 | |
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180
traitorous
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| adj. 叛国的, 不忠的, 背信弃义的 | |
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181
pacified
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| 使（某人）安静( pacify的过去式和过去分词 )； 息怒； 抚慰； 在（有战争的地区、国家等）实现和平 | |
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182
suspense
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| n.（对可能发生的事）紧张感，担心，挂虑 | |
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183
demurred
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| v.表示异议，反对( demur的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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184
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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185
laborers
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| n.体力劳动者，工人( laborer的名词复数 )；（熟练工人的）辅助工 | |
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186
devotedly
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| 专心地； 恩爱地； 忠实地； 一心一意地 | |
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187
soliciting
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| v.恳求( solicit的现在分词 )；（指娼妇）拉客；索求；征求 | |
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188
commissioners
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| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
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189
combustion
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| n.燃烧；氧化；骚动 | |
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190
absconding
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| v.（尤指逃避逮捕）潜逃，逃跑( abscond的现在分词 ) | |
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191
debtor
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| n.借方，债务人 | |
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192
pertaining
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| 与…有关系的，附属…的，为…固有的(to) | |
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193
bellowed
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| v.发出吼叫声，咆哮（尤指因痛苦）( bellow的过去式和过去分词 )；（愤怒地）说出（某事），大叫 | |
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194
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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195
agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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196
insurgents
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| n.起义，暴动，造反( insurgent的名词复数 ) | |
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197
adherents
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| n.支持者，拥护者( adherent的名词复数 )；党羽；徒子徒孙 | |
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198
chivalry
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| n.骑士气概，侠义；（男人）对女人彬彬有礼，献殷勤 | |
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199
disaffected
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| adj.（政治上）不满的，叛离的 | |
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200
omniscient
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| adj.无所不知的；博识的 | |
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201
stolid
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| adj.无动于衷的，感情麻木的 | |
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202
accusations
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| n.指责( accusation的名词复数 )；指控；控告；（被告发、控告的）罪名 | |
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203
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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204
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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205
recital
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| n.朗诵，独奏会，独唱会 | |
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206
banishment
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| n.放逐，驱逐 | |
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207
redeeming
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| 补偿的，弥补的 | |
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208
transgressions
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| n.违反，违法，罪过( transgression的名词复数 ) | |
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209
fascination
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| n.令人着迷的事物，魅力，迷恋 | |
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