Francisco Pizarro Abandons San Sebastian—Meets Enciso at Cartagena—He and his Crew Look like Pirates—They are Taken back to San Sebastian—Vasco Nu?ez de Balboa—Boards Enciso's Ship in a Cask—Arrives at San Sebastian—The Spaniards Cross to Darien—The River and the Name—Cemaco, Cacique of Darien, Defeated—Founding of the Metropolitan1 City—Presto, Change! The Hombre del Casco Up, the Bachiller Down—Vasco Nu?ez, Alcalde—Nature of the Office—Regidor—Colmenares, in Search of Nicuesa, Arrives at Antigua—He Finds Him in a Pitiable Plight2—Antigua Makes Overtures3 to Nicuesa—Then Rejects Him—And Finally Drives Him Forth5 to Die—Sad End of Nicuesa.
When Alonso de Ojeda left San Sebastian for Espa?ola, he stipulated6 with Francisco Pizarro, who for the time was commissioned governor, that should neither he himself return, nor the bachiller Enciso arrive within fifty days, the colonists7 might abandon the post and seek safety or adventure in other parts.
And now the fifty days had passed; wearily and hungrily they had come and gone, with misery8 an ever present guest; and no one having come, they dismantled9 the fortress10, placed on board the two small brigantines left them the gold they had secured—trust Francisco Pizarro for scenting11 gold, and getting it—and made ready to embark12 for Santo Domingo. But though only seventy remained, the vessels14 could not carry them all; and it was agreed that they should wait awhile, until death reduced their number to the capacity of the boats. 322
Nor had they long to wait; nor would their grim attendant let them put to sea without him. He had been so long domiciled with them, and had become so useful in settling disputes, adjusting accounts, and the like, that he was one of them, and one, indeed, with all the companies which attempted colonization15 on these pestilential shores. As they coasted eastward16 in search of food before steering17 across for Espa?ola, a squall struck the vessels, overturning one of them and sending all on board to swift destruction. Entering with the other the harbor of Cartagena, Pizarro found there the tardy18 Enciso hunting his colony.
Now the bachiller, beside possessing great learning, was a man of experience, all the way from Spain; a man of keen intelligence and practical sagacity, his wits sharpened by the narrow-minded legal bigotry19 of a sixteenth-century Spanish lawyer. He must be of exceedingly ready wit who could deceive the bachiller. It was scarcely to be expected a man of his kidney should credit the stories of Ojeda's visit to Santo Domingo, of the deputy governorship, and of the late disaster; though honest Pizarro on this occasion told only the truth, and his companions vouched20 for it with all the feeble force of their high-keyed husky voices. If Ojeda had gone to Santo Domingo more than fifty or seventy days before, would not the bachiller have seen him there? Indeed, to a less erudite judge than Enciso, a band of robbers on the high seas, with an abundance of gold and no bread, would call up suspicions rather of foul21 play than honest adventure. And back they must go. The functions of high judge should begin here and now. Was not this Nueva Andalucía? With the horrors of San Sebastian still fresh in their minds, the thought of returning there was repugnant in the extreme, and the poor wretches22 begged the lawyer to let them go to Espa?ola, or join Nicuesa. No. Enciso had staked his whole earthly possessions 323 on the delightful23 prospect24 of domination, and these should not escape him. They were just the clay for his fashioning; men for whom the law was made. Whipping out his commission, which at once deposed25 Pizarro, the bachiller drove them back into their boat, and all embarked26 for San Sebastian. But scarcely had they turned the Punta de Caribana,[VII-1] when the bachiller's well-stored ship struck upon rocks and broke in pieces, those on board barely escaping with their lives. Thus the worthy27 bachiller was beggared; the savings28 from life-long pettifoggings were swept away within the hour. Still his original stock in trade, egotism and arrogance29, was left unimpaired.
NUEVA ANDALUCíA
ADMINISTRATION OF ENCISO.
Making their way along the shore to San Sebastian, the Spaniards found their fort demolished30 and their houses, some thirty in number, burned. In a feeble way they began to forage31 again, but even Enciso saw that it was useless. The absence of food, the poisoned arrows, and the poisoned air were too much for the bravest long to contend with. "Let us leave this accursed spot," they all cried. "Whither 324 would you go?" demanded the lawyer. One of them said:—"Once when I coasted this gulf32 with Rodrigo de Bastidas, along the western shore we found the country fertile and rich in gold. Provisions were abundant; and the natives, though warlike, used no poisoned arrows. Through this land of which I speak flows a river called by the natives Darien."
VASCO NU?EZ DE BALBOA.
All eyes were turned upon the speaker. It was the hombre del casco, Vasco Nu?ez de Balboa, a fine specimen33 of the Spanish cavalier, at that time about thirty-five years of age. He was taller than Ojeda, though perhaps not stronger; there was not about him the assurance of breeding and position that Nicuesa bore; nor were there present in his features those marks of greed and brutality34 plainly discernible in the face of Francisco Pizarro, who stood not far from him. Strong and comely35 in every part, apparently36, of body and mind, one to be observed with intuitive respect in a society of this kind, one to be approached with ease, but with due care; frank and manly37, with a firm and winning eye and manner, yet there was about him noticeable something between shyness and reticence38. Indeed, the standing39 of this person, since his sudden and altogether informal appearing as one of the present company had been somewhat dubious40, and he seemed to regard it good taste to hold himself rather in the background. For all this there was that innate41 superiority about him over every one present, not excepting the erudite judge or the subsequently cunning conqueror42 of Peru, that could not always remain concealed43, particularly amid constantly recurring44 vital issues.
Of the invariable poor but noble family, a native of Jerez de los Caballeros, Vasco Nu?ez was reared in the service of Pedro Puertocarrero, the deaf lord of Moguer. Drawn45 with the crowd to the New World, upon the abrupt46 termination of the voyage of Bastidas, he obtained a repartimiento of Indians, and applied47 himself to agriculture at Salvatierra, 325 a town of Espa?ola. Becoming embarrassed by debts, and disgusted with the plodding48 life of a farmer, he determined49 to try fortune in the new colony of Alonso de Ojeda. But how to escape his creditors50 was the question. Debtors51 were prohibited by edict from leaving the island. The town of Santo Domingo at this time swarmed52 with insolvent53 adventurers anxious to engage in new adventure, and the strictest watch was kept on them by the authorities. An armed escort accompanied every departure until well out at sea, to bring back discovered stowaways55. For all this Vasco Nu?ez determined to sail with Enciso. Now mark the budding of genius! Taking a large cask, such as was used in shipping56 stores, he ensconced himself therein, and caused it to be headed up, placed upon a wagon57, and driven from his farm to the landing, where it was placed with the other stores, and finally carried on board the ship. The vessel13 put to sea; the tender returned to port; to the creditors was left the farm of Vasco Nu?ez, while the late owner was forever safe beyond their reach.[VII-2]
When, like Aphrodite from her circling shell, the serio-comic face of the bankrupt farmer appeared emerging from the provision cask, the bachiller was disposed to treat the matter magisterially58, and threatened to land the refugee from justice on the first deserted59 island. But as the learned judge could not be held accountable as a party to the fraud, and as he thereby60 gained a valuable recruit, his judicial61 sensitiveness was finally mollified, and he assigned to the stowaway54 the ordinary duties of a soldier. Nevertheless the mildly murderous threat of the lawyer was not lost upon the farmer.
Into the hearts of the desponding colonists at San Sebastian the words of Vasco Nu?ez infused new life. No time was lost in making ready; and crossing the gulf, they found the country and river as he 326 had said. Near this river of Darien,[VII-3] for so the Atrato and country thereabout was then called, stood the village of the cacique, Cemaco, a brave and upright ruler.
BATTLE OF ANTIGUA.
Enciso, who is no less valiant62 than wise and conscientious63, determines to make this place judicially64 his own. Cemaco, who believes himself the legal owner, objects. Whereupon is invoked65 that admirable provision, the ultimate appeal; and the man of the long robe and the man of no robe at all, each after his fashion, prepare for war. Sending his women and children up the river, Cemaco posts himself with five hundred warriors66 before the village. Enciso, in whose person are united the combined essences of Christendom, civil, ecclesiastical, and military, concentrates all his forces, human and divine, to hurl67 upon the presumptuous68 savage69. First, as is his wont70 in legal battles, to every soldier he administers the oath that he will not flinch71 before the enemy; then he invokes72 the powers above to aid him in the approaching contest, vowing73 that if victory shall be his and the town shall fall into his hands he will name it in honor of the virgin74 and build and dedicate a church within the town in honor of her sacred image, Antigua of Seville. Moreover, he promises that he will make a pilgrimage to her holy shrine75 if she will give him the victory over Cemaco; and with 327 these preparations the battle begins. The half-starved Spaniards fight like fiends. Cemaco for a time maintains his position with firmness; but the awe-inspiring appearance of the strangers, their ship, their shining armor, their beards, the whiteness of their skin, the wonderful sharpness of their weapons, and the solemn thunder and smoke of their fire-arms soon scatter76 to the forest his terror-smitten people. To the unbounded joy of the conquerors77 the town is found rich in gold and cotton, and the adjacent fields afford abundance of provisions.
This is something like reward for toilsome missionary78 labors79. Along the river banks, secreted80 in caves, are found golden ornaments81 to the value of ten thousand castellanos.[VII-4] The virgin's share and the king's share are set aside, and the remainder of the spoils divided among the band. Thus Cemaco's village becomes the seat of government in Tierra Firme; and to it, as the lawyer promised the virgin, is given the name of Santa María de la Antigua del Darien.[VII-5]
In good truth fortune had at length smiled upon the colonists. Captives taken in the skirmishes which followed the pitched battle were made to gather gold and work in the fields. The bachiller began a rigorous rule with a full sense of the responsibilities resting upon him as representative of the crown of Spain and of his own importance before his soldiers, and as a hero in the great work of pacification82. This view of his own merits appeared to him by no means diminished after his recent success. Though small in 328 number, this colony should be mighty83 in law. Poor Ojeda! How happy he might have been in the position now occupied by this mummified bundle of quiddities.
Settling themselves in Cemaco's houses, the Spaniards began to look about. First in order after his lawless raid, in the eyes of Enciso, was law. The bachiller, as we have ere this surmised84, was one of those super-wise and self-opinioned men who to achieve a fall have only to attain85 a height. Very little law was here needed, very little government; but Enciso was a lawyer and a ruler, and little of it would not suffice him. His first edict was the prohibition86 of private traffic with the natives. This measure, though strictly87 legal, could scarcely be called politic88. The hundred or so ragged89 piratical wretches cast on this rich and feebly defended shore wanted few decrees; and the fewer laws their ruler made for them the fewer would be broken. But, necessary or not, the alcalde mayor must issue orders, else he is no alcalde mayor. Hence other regulations followed, equally unpopular, until the colonists began to consider how best they might make a plug which should stop this great running to waste of law. Though convinced that Enciso was planning to get the gold as well as the government all into his own hands, and employ the colonists as tools wherewith to mine, and hold the savages90 in check, so inbred is Spanish loyalty91, that even the reckless members of this crude commonwealth92 hesitated before committing any overt4 act which might forever outlaw93 them from their country. Better employ his own weapon against the bachiller, for law is safer than hemp94 for hanging even lawyers.
VASCO NU?EZ ASSUMES COMMAND.
There was about Vasco Nu?ez a plain directness of thought and purpose the very opposite of those engendered95 of the law's entanglements96. Ever since his fortunate suggestion to cross from San Sebastian to Darien he had been regarded as the savior of the 329 colony; and now he thought he saw open a way of deliverance from their present trouble, and so he told them. "The gulf of Urabá," said he, "separates Nueva Andalucía from Castilla del Oro. While on the eastern side we belonged to the government of Alonso de Ojeda; now that we are on the western, we are subject only to Diego de Nicuesa." Before this simple logic97 the bachiller was dumfoundered. Of what value was legal lore98 that could be so easily overturned by an illiterate99 adventurer? In vain he feebly argued that wherever was Ojeda's colony, Ojeda's deputy was master. The people were against him; and the opinion of the people concerning him was expressed by Vasco Nu?ez when some time afterward100 he wrote the king regarding persons of that cloth in infant settlements: "Most powerful sire," he said, "there is one great favor that I pray your royal highness to do me, since it is of great importance to your service. It is for your royal highness to issue an order that no bachiller of laws, or of anything unless it be of medicine, shall come to these parts of Tierra Firme, under a heavy penalty that your highness shall fix; because no bachiller ever comes hither who is not a devil, and they all live like devils, and not only are they themselves bad, but they make others bad, having always contrivances to bring about litigations and villainies. This is very important to your highness' service in this a new country."[VII-6] 330
So the lawyer was deposed, and the cavalier elevated. Enciso gracelessly yielded his clear authority; and after much wrangling101 among the ill-assorted fraternity, a municipality was decided102 upon, and two alcaldes[VII-7] were chosen, Vasco Nu?ez de Balboa and Martin Zamudio. The office of regidor[VII-8] fell among others to one Valdivia. Subsequently additional officials were chosen.
Government without law, however, proved no less ineffectual than law without government. Disaffections and altercations103 continued. In the administration of justice, Balboa was accused of favoring his friends and frowning upon his enemies. Some repented104 having crossed the gulf; some desired the restoration of Enciso; some suggested that as they were now within the jurisdiction105 of Nicuesa, it was his right to rule, or to name their ruler.
COLMENARES COMES.
While these strifes were raging, the inhabitants of Antigua were startled one day by the report of a gun coming from the direction of San Sebastian. Thinking perhaps Ojeda had returned, or sent supplies, they built fires on the adjacent heights in order to attract attention. Presently two ships approached, and 331 anchored before the town. They proved to be vessels belonging to Nicuesa, freighted at Espa?ola with supplies for the colony of Castilla del Oro, and commanded by Rodrigo Enriquez de Colmenares. Thrown by stress of weather upon the coast of Santa Marta,[VII-9] he had there lost a number of his men; after which he entered the gulf of Urabá, hoping to find information of Nicuesa.
A quick observer and a faithful officer, Colmenares soon understood the position of affairs, and took prompt measures to secure to his governor such advantages as might accrue107 from profitless contentions108. By a judicious109 distribution of articles greatly needed by the colonists, attended by wise counsels, he gained their confidence, and partly healed their feuds110; so that before sailing he prevailed on them to send two ambassadors to treat with Nicuesa concerning the affairs of their settlement. The two envoys111 chosen were Diego de Albites, and an aspiring112 lawyer, hitherto overshadowed by the august presence of Enciso, called the bachiller Diego del Corral, and they were directed to accompany the ships of Colmenares in the brigantine belonging to the settlement of Antigua.
It was about the middle of November, 1510, when Colmenares entered the gulf of Urabá. Unable to gather any tidings of Nicuesa, he continued his voyage westward113, searching the inlets along the coast. He would nevertheless have passed Nombre de Dios had he not seen some of Nicuesa's men in their boat, at one of the islands, seeking food. The wildest joy greeted the new arrival. It was to the colony of Castilla del Oro as a reprieve114 from death. Gazing sadly on the sallow faces and emaciated115 forms before them, the miserable116 wreck117 of Nicuesa's gallant118 company now reduced to sixty souls, listening to their tales of wretchedness, tears of honest sympathy fell from the eyes of the hardy119 sailors. 332 With difficulty could be recognized in the leader of the hapless troop the once gay and courtly Nicuesa. Colmenares gave the sufferers food and comforted them. He told Nicuesa of Ojeda's failure, of the settlement at Antigua, and how Enciso and his company, having found a spot rich in gold and well provisioned, had fallen to quarrelling among themselves about the government, and had finally sent messengers to him, the rightful ruler, for the healing of their disputes.
To Nicuesa these words were as fresh oil in an expiring lamp. But in his enfeebled state, the sudden change from blank despair to brilliant hope played havoc120 with his discretion121. After brief thanksgiving for deliverance, his mind became excited by dreams of boundless122 wealth and empire. He ordered a feast, at which he presided with insensate levity123. Toward the ambassadors from the gulf he assumed a haughty124 arrogance, claiming supreme125 authority relative to all matters at Antigua, and stoutly126 swearing that the gold taken from his subjects of Darien should be disgorged.
Colmenares had marked the effect of Nicuesa's altered temper on his followers127. He saw that disaffection was rife106, and that the governor held control by a feeble thread. Showing Nicuesa the madness of his course, he explained the importance of attaching the remnant of Ojeda's colony to his own, and pointed128 out their strength and his weakness; he received in reply only insolent129 rebukes130.
Meanwhile the ambassadors Albites and Corral, men whose wits were about them, were not pleased with this foretaste of Nicuesa's rule; nor did intercourse131 with Nicuesa's men tend in any wise to diminish their unfavorable impressions. One night they visited Lope de Olano, who for his sins was chained to a rock and made to grind corn. "Behold132 my condition," he exclaimed. "I have ever served my governor faithfully. I saved him from perishing, when I 333 had but to delay his rescue to become myself the governor. This is my reward. You men of Antigua may draw your own conclusions." By others the ambassadors were informed that the chief officers of the new government were already selected: Vasco Nu?ez was to be stripped of all authority, and Zamudio, as a relative of Olano, could scarcely hope to fare better. Those who had trafficked with the natives were to be severely133 punished. It was enough. Stealing away, they hastened back to Antigua. "A pretty mess you have made of it, with your infernal bickerings," they said to the assembled confederates. "Nicuesa will give you more of law than Enciso, and more of arbitrary rule than Vasco Nu?ez and Zamudio ten times over." A few days after a messenger, one Juan de Caicedo, arrived from Nicuesa, and informed them, for their further comfort, that the governor was detained at one of the islands capturing natives, but would be with them shortly. Perceiving that his tidings were not hailed with transports of joy, and being himself embittered134 against Nicuesa, as were indeed almost all his followers, Caicedo swung round upon his bearings and laughed at them. "Silly se?ores! free and rich, you call in a cormorant135 to swallow your substance and yourselves." And now, as usual when folly136 comes home, curses flowed freely on themselves and others. The prospect of losing their gold touched them. What should they do?
Once more Vasco Nu?ez offers a pertinent137 suggestion. "You were dissatisfied with Enciso, and questioned many of my acts. Now you fear a governor possessing all the bad qualities of your former rulers, with, perhaps, few of their redeeming138 traits. If calling Nicuesa was an error, is not receiving him a greater one?" Struck by the suggestion, the colonists drop their differences and unite as one man against Nicuesa, each taking a solemn oath never to serve under him. Sentries139 are then stationed to give notice of his approach, and measures taken to prevent his 334 landing. After eight days pleasantly passed kidnapping among the islands, the ill-fated governor enters the harbor and comes to anchor, little dreaming of the reception that awaits him. On shore before the town he observes a company of armed men, assembled, as he supposes, to give him welcome. As he prepares to disembark, the public procurator[VII-10] advances and, to his astonishment140, in a loud voice warns him on pain of death not to place foot on shore, but instantly to abandon these parts and return no more.
The colony at Antigua was at this time comparatively strong and well-conditioned; Nicuesa's followers were few, weak, and disaffected141. For him to enforce authority was not possible. His mind had dwelt fondly of late on his rising fortunes, and this hostile reception was a terrible disappointment, for it was the last earthly resource. To return to the broken camp at Nombre de Dios would be to enter again the jaws142 of death; if he could not remain here, he certainly could not depart.
ILL-TREATMENT OF NICUESA.
Recovering in a measure, as from a heavy blow, the governor requested permission to land, promising143 solemnly to enter into any stipulations concerning the government which the colonists should deem just. His proposals were drowned by the shouts of the rabble144; and he was warned, as he valued his life, to approach no nearer the shore. Nicuesa continued his expostulations till nightfall, when he retired145 with his ship a little farther from land. Returning next morning, he renewed his importunities. A change had apparently taken place in the minds of the people, for he was now permitted to land with his page. Balboa received the governor courteously146, conducted him to his house, and made him a guest for the night. The affairs of the government 335 were discussed, and an amicable147 understanding was arrived at by the two leaders. It was nothing less, in fact, than that one of them should be first, and the other second, in Castilla del Oro. On the following day a portion of the crew on board Nicuesa's ship was permitted to land; and Vasco Nu?ez now endeavored to reconcile his comrades to the rule of the governor. It was too late. Sedition148 is more easily raised than allayed149. Not only was Zamudio jealous of his colleague, but he well knew that under the proposed regime the odium of all the opposition150 would fall on him. Drawing round him the rougher element, he reminded the colonists of their oath, and pictured to them the poverty and restraint under the proposed government. So successful was he in exciting bad blood, that Nicuesa was glad to escape insult and violence by retiring to his ship. Thus encouraged, Zamudio resolved to press a final issue by capturing the governor, and dictating151 terms to him. The next day accordingly he placed his men in ambush152 near the landing, and with one companion, Pedro Macaz, appeared before the ship. Hailing the commander, he assured him that all was well, and that he now might safely venture on shore. Nicuesa fell easily into the trap. Joining the conspirators153, he walked unsuspiciously with them toward the spot where the gang lay concealed. When near it Zamudio changed his tone to one of harsh insolence154, "Se?or Nicuesa," he said, "why do you persist in remaining here contrary to our wishes? Your presence is our ruin. We can neither accept you, nor abandon this place. You must depart instantly, or die. Take your choice." Meanwhile his minions155 sprang forward. Nicuesa saw it all at a glance. He was fleet of foot, and this was his only hope. So flinging off dignity, he eluded156 their clutches, dashed off at the top of his speed along the shore, and outstripping157 his pursuers, turned into the forest to hide.
When Vasco Nu?ez saw the desperate plight to 336 which Nicuesa was reduced, all the generous impulses of his nature were aroused. He hated himself for the part he had played, and cursed the sordid158 ambition which thus unjustly humiliated159 so chivalrous160 a gentleman. More in earnest than ever, he sought out Nicuesa in the wood; and then endeavored to excite the sympathies of the colonists, and even to intimidate161 them; but all was of no avail. Those there were who well knew they had gone too far ever to be forgiven.
SAD FATE OF NICUESA.
Satan now wholly possessed162 Zamudio. No fiend could ever invent and execute a more dastardly measure than was now proposed. With sixty men he entered the forest, seized Nicuesa, and made him swear instantly to sail for Spain, touching163 no port till he should reach Cádiz. Then, as if in mockery, he took from him his only serviceable ship, placed him into the old brigantine, now rotten and unsafe, which had been in use at Veragua, and sent him forth with seventeen men and a few devoted164 members of his household. It was in March, 1511, that the so lately proud and gallant Nicuesa was thus driven from Antigua, and neither he nor any of that ill-fated company was ever afterward heard from!
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metropolitan
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| adj.大城市的，大都会的 | |
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plight
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| n.困境，境况，誓约，艰难；vt.宣誓，保证，约定 | |
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overtures
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| n.主动的表示，提议；（向某人做出的）友好表示、姿态或提议( overture的名词复数 )；（歌剧、芭蕾舞、音乐剧等的）序曲，前奏曲 | |
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overt
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| adj.公开的，明显的，公然的 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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stipulated
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| vt.& vi.规定；约定adj.[法]合同规定的 | |
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colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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dismantled
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| 拆开( dismantle的过去式和过去分词 )； 拆卸； 废除； 取消 | |
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fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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scenting
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| vt.闻到（scent的现在分词形式） | |
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embark
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| vi.乘船，着手，从事，上飞机 | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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colonization
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| 殖民地的开拓，殖民，殖民地化； 移殖 | |
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eastward
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steering
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tardy
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bigotry
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| n.偏见，偏执，持偏见的行为[态度]等 | |
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vouched
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foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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wretches
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| n.不幸的人( wretch的名词复数 )；可怜的人；恶棍；坏蛋 | |
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delightful
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prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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deposed
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| v.罢免( depose的过去式和过去分词 )；（在法庭上）宣誓作证 | |
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embarked
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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savings
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| n.存款，储蓄 | |
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29
arrogance
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| n.傲慢，自大 | |
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30
demolished
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| v.摧毁( demolish的过去式和过去分词 )；推翻；拆毁（尤指大建筑物）；吃光 | |
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31
forage
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| n.(牛马的)饲料，粮草；v.搜寻，翻寻 | |
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gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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33
specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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34
brutality
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| n.野蛮的行为，残忍，野蛮 | |
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35
comely
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| adj.漂亮的，合宜的 | |
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36
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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37
manly
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| adj.有男子气概的；adv.男子般地，果断地 | |
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38
reticence
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| n.沉默，含蓄 | |
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39
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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40
dubious
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| adj.怀疑的，无把握的；有问题的，靠不住的 | |
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41
innate
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| adj.天生的，固有的，天赋的 | |
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42
conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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43
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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44
recurring
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| adj.往复的，再次发生的 | |
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45
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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46
abrupt
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| adj.突然的，意外的；唐突的，鲁莽的 | |
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47
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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48
plodding
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| a.proceeding in a slow or dull way | |
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49
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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50
creditors
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| n.债权人，债主( creditor的名词复数 ) | |
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51
debtors
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| n.债务人，借方( debtor的名词复数 ) | |
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52
swarmed
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| 密集( swarm的过去式和过去分词 )； 云集； 成群地移动； 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去 | |
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53
insolvent
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| adj.破产的，无偿还能力的 | |
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54
stowaway
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| n.（藏于轮船，飞机中的）偷乘者 | |
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55
stowaways
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| n.偷乘船[飞机]者( stowaway的名词复数 ) | |
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56
shipping
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| n.船运（发货，运输，乘船） | |
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57
wagon
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| n.四轮马车，手推车，面包车；无盖运货列车 | |
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58
magisterially
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| adv.威严地 | |
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59
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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60
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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61
judicial
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| adj.司法的，法庭的，审判的，明断的，公正的 | |
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62
valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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63
conscientious
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| adj.审慎正直的，认真的，本着良心的 | |
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64
judicially
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| 依法判决地，公平地 | |
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65
invoked
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| v.援引( invoke的过去式和过去分词 )；行使（权利等）；祈求救助；恳求 | |
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66
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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67
hurl
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| vt.猛投，力掷，声叫骂 | |
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68
presumptuous
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|
| adj.胆大妄为的，放肆的，冒昧的，冒失的 | |
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69
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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70
wont
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| adj.习惯于；v.习惯；n.习惯 | |
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71
flinch
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| v.畏缩，退缩 | |
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72
invokes
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| v.援引( invoke的第三人称单数 )；行使（权利等）；祈求救助；恳求 | |
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73
vowing
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| 起誓，发誓（vow的现在分词形式） | |
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74
virgin
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|
| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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75
shrine
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| n.圣地，神龛，庙；v.将...置于神龛内，把...奉为神圣 | |
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76
scatter
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|
| vt.撒，驱散，散开；散布/播；vi.分散，消散 | |
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77
conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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78
missionary
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|
| adj.教会的，传教(士)的；n.传教士 | |
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79
labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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80
secreted
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|
| v.（尤指动物或植物器官）分泌( secrete的过去式和过去分词 )；隐匿，隐藏 | |
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81
ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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82
pacification
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|
| n. 讲和，绥靖，平定 | |
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83
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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84
surmised
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|
| v.臆测，推断( surmise的过去式和过去分词 )；揣测；猜想 | |
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85
attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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86
prohibition
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| n.禁止；禁令，禁律 | |
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87
strictly
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|
| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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88
politic
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|
| adj.有智虑的；精明的；v.从政 | |
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89
ragged
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|
| adj.衣衫褴褛的，粗糙的，刺耳的 | |
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90
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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91
loyalty
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|
| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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92
commonwealth
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| n.共和国，联邦，共同体 | |
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93
outlaw
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|
| n.歹徒，亡命之徒；vt.宣布…为不合法 | |
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94
hemp
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| n.大麻；纤维 | |
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95
engendered
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| v.产生（某形势或状况），造成，引起( engender的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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96
entanglements
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|
| n.瓜葛( entanglement的名词复数 )；牵连；纠缠；缠住 | |
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97
logic
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| n.逻辑(学)；逻辑性 | |
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98
lore
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| n.传说；学问，经验，知识 | |
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99
illiterate
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|
| adj.文盲的；无知的；n.文盲 | |
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100
afterward
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|
| adv.后来；以后 | |
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101
wrangling
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|
| v.争吵，争论，口角( wrangle的现在分词 ) | |
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102
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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103
altercations
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| n.争辩，争吵( altercation的名词复数 ) | |
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104
repented
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| 对（自己的所为）感到懊悔或忏悔( repent的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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105
jurisdiction
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| n.司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权 | |
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106
rife
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| adj.(指坏事情)充斥的，流行的，普遍的 | |
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107
accrue
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| v.(利息等)增大，增多 | |
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108
contentions
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| n.竞争( contention的名词复数 )；争夺；争论；论点 | |
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109
judicious
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|
| adj.明智的，明断的，能作出明智决定的 | |
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110
feuds
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| n.长期不和，世仇( feud的名词复数 ) | |
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111
envoys
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| 使节( envoy的名词复数 )； 公使； 谈判代表； 使节身份 | |
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112
aspiring
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| adj.有志气的；有抱负的；高耸的v.渴望；追求 | |
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113
westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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114
reprieve
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| n.暂缓执行（死刑）；v.缓期执行；给…带来缓解 | |
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115
emaciated
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| adj.衰弱的，消瘦的 | |
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116
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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117
wreck
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| n.失事，遇难；沉船；vt.(船等)失事，遇难 | |
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118
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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119
hardy
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| adj.勇敢的，果断的，吃苦的；耐寒的 | |
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120
havoc
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| n.大破坏，浩劫，大混乱，大杂乱 | |
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121
discretion
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| n.谨慎；随意处理 | |
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122
boundless
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| adj.无限的；无边无际的；巨大的 | |
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123
levity
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| n.轻率，轻浮，不稳定，多变 | |
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124
haughty
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| adj.傲慢的，高傲的 | |
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125
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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126
stoutly
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| adv.牢固地，粗壮的 | |
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127
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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128
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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129
insolent
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| adj.傲慢的，无理的 | |
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130
rebukes
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| 责难或指责( rebuke的第三人称单数 ) | |
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131
intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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132
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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133
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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134
embittered
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| v.使怨恨，激怒( embitter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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135
cormorant
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| n.鸬鹚，贪婪的人 | |
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136
folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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137
pertinent
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| adj.恰当的；贴切的；中肯的；有关的；相干的 | |
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138
redeeming
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| 补偿的，弥补的 | |
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139
sentries
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| 哨兵，步兵( sentry的名词复数 ) | |
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140
astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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141
disaffected
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| adj.（政治上）不满的，叛离的 | |
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142
jaws
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| n.口部；嘴 | |
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143
promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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144
rabble
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| n.乌合之众，暴民；下等人 | |
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145
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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146
courteously
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| adv.有礼貌地，亲切地 | |
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147
amicable
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| adj.和平的，友好的；友善的 | |
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148
sedition
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| n.煽动叛乱 | |
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149
allayed
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| v.减轻，缓和( allay的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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150
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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151
dictating
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| v.大声讲或读( dictate的现在分词 )；口授；支配；摆布 | |
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152
ambush
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| n.埋伏(地点)；伏兵；v.埋伏；伏击 | |
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153
conspirators
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| n.共谋者，阴谋家( conspirator的名词复数 ) | |
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154
insolence
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| n.傲慢；无礼；厚颜；傲慢的态度 | |
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155
minions
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| n.奴颜婢膝的仆从( minion的名词复数 )；走狗；宠儿；受人崇拜者 | |
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156
eluded
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|
| v.（尤指机敏地）避开( elude的过去式和过去分词 )；逃避；躲避；使达不到 | |
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157
outstripping
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| v.做得比…更好，（在赛跑等中）超过( outstrip的现在分词 ) | |
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158
sordid
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| adj.肮脏的，不干净的，卑鄙的，暗淡的 | |
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159
humiliated
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| 感到羞愧的 | |
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160
chivalrous
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| adj.武士精神的；对女人彬彬有礼的 | |
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161
intimidate
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| vt.恐吓，威胁 | |
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162
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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163
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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164
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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