In Spain the tidings of Balboa's discovery created little less sensation than had that of Columbus twenty-two years before. The hypothesis still obtaining that America was eastern Asia, to what new manifestations8 was not this Southern Sea to lead? Coupled with the belief was the concurrent9 testimony10 of all the native peoples, that along its shores were wealth and industry, gold, pearls, and civilization, hope-inspiring of replenished11 coffers to Ferdinand, and to zealous12 churchmen of increase of souls. At last, said the wise men, the opulent kingdoms of the eastern Indies which have so long eluded13 our grasp are opened to us.
Unfortunately for Vasco Nu?ez, success came late; for prior to the arrival of his messenger in Spain there had been laid a train of events which threatened his ruin. Fanned to a yet redder reality by the argumentative winds of the Atlantic, Enciso's wrath14 glowed 387 hot as he pictured to the king in only too truthful15 colors the quality of justice administered in his name to his subjects of Antigua. And the bachiller became really happy as he rolled the story of Nicuesa's wrongs, a sweet morsel16, under his tongue, to the utter demolition17 of his enemies. Zamudio and Vasco Nu?ez were condemned18, as we have seen, and the king determined19 to send out a new governor who should investigate and punish.
A NEW GOVERNOR.
Out of the many applying was chosen a gentleman of Arias1 in Segovia, Pedro Arias de ávila, called by Spanish contemporaries Pedrarias, and by English historians Dávila. He was large of frame, pronounced in mind and temper, and coarse-grained throughout, the grizzled hair surrounding his dark features like the selfish and unholy nature that environed his swarthy soul. Whence it would appear that he was elderly for so rude a mission, which was true; but being an officer in good repute, well born and highly connected,[X-1] and with no lack of fire and stubbornness remaining, his age was not reckoned so much against him. The nicknames El Galan and El Justador were significant of a gay and courtly youth, as that of Furor20 Domini, given him by the monks21 of the New World, was of a virulent22 old age. He was rich, at least his friends were, so that money was at his command. Fonseca favored the appointment—a habit the bishop23 had of looking kindly24 on those whose petitions were backed by gold. And so Ferdinand made him governor and captain-general of Castilla del Oro, which was now ordered to be called Castilla Aurífica.[X-2]
Several causes united to favor Pedrarias at this 388 juncture25. The arrival at court of Caicedo and Colmenares, commissioned by the settlers of Antigua to report the rumors26 concerning a sea to the south, and solicit27 aid for an expedition in that direction, renewed speculation28 and inspired enthusiasm.[X-3] The envoys30 were graciously received, and presented by Bishop Fonseca to the king, who listened with attention to their recitals32. "They often sojourned with me," says old Peter Martyr33, "and their countenances35 declare the intemperateness36 of the air of Darien; for they are yellow like those afflicted37 with the jaundice," or as Oviedo expresses it, "as yellow as the gold they went to seek," "and also swollen," continues the former, "the cause whereof they ascribe to the hunger endured in times past." The air of mystery enfolding the region, no less than the gold displayed by persons coming thence, threw over the enterprise a charm which brought to the standard of Pedrarias hundreds of eager applicants39. Then there was the sudden breaking-up of the Italian expedition under Gonsalo de Córdoba. The French victory at Ravenna, which threatened King Ferdinand's Neapolitan possessions, had roused the chivalry40 of Spain, and when the standard of the Gran Capitan was raised at Seville, thither41 flocked youthful cavaliers and veteran soldiers burning to enlist42 under the banner of so great a leader in so glorious a cause. But the king, envious43 of the popularity of his general, in a fit of jealousy44 countermanded45 the expedition, thus filling the streets of Seville with purposeless men, many of whom had sold or pawned46 their birthright for means to procure47 an outfit48, and who now preferred any adventure, however desperate, rather than return in humiliation49 to their homes. Therefore they hailed with rapture50 389 this New World enterprise where gold as well as glory might be won. Moreover, the success of Portugal in India, with which Spain's in the west compared unfavorably, and which had engendered51 both fear and envy, oiled the wheels of government and unlocked the royal strong-box, so that the ducats of Pedrarias were increased in number to fifty thousand, "an enormous sum in those days," as Quintana observes, "in the expenditure52 of which was manifest the interest and importance attached to the enterprise."[X-4] Arms and ammunition53 were drawn54 from the royal arsenal55; and in place of the heavy iron armor which had proved oppressive in tropical latitudes56, were substituted wooden bucklers and coats of quilted cotton, proof sufficient against the weapons of the natives. The fleet numbered about nineteen sail, with accommodations for twelve hundred men. These were soon enrolled57, while as many more offering themselves had of necessity to be refused. Subsequently, by permission of the Council of the Indies, the number was increased to fifteen hundred.[X-5]
Pedrarias was accompanied by his wife, Isabel de Bobadilla, an estimable lady, niece to the Marchioness de Moya.[X-6] The other members of his family, consisting of four sons and four daughters, were left in Spain. Among the officers were several nobles; and his followers59 consisted, as was usual in these mad 390 migrations60, of persons of every caste, not alone the young and naturally thoughtless, but, if we may credit Peter Martyr, "no small number of covetous61 old men" were of the company. They were mostly officials, cavaliers and ecclesiastics62, however, for governing, fighting, and preaching offered the chief attractions; and very few artisans, agriculturists, or colonists63 of value in constructing a permanent and prosperous commonwealth64. Under the new government a young man from the schools of Salamanca, called the Licenciado Gaspar de Espinosa, was appointed alcalde mayor; Bachiller Enciso, alguacil mayor; Alonso de la Puente, treasurer65; Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdés, the historian, veedor or inspector66;[X-7] Diego Marquez, contador, and Juan de Tabira, factor. The fighting men were, first, the governor's lieutenant67, Juan de Ayora, an hidalgo of Córdova, and brother of the chronicler, Gonzalo de Ayora. Next, captains of hundreds, Luis Carrillo, Francisco Dávila, Antonio Tello de Guzman, Diego de Bustamante, Gonzalo de Badajoz, Diego Albites, Contreras, Gamarra, Villafa?e, Atienza, Meneses, Gonzalo Fernandez de Llago, Francisco Compa?on, Francisco Vazquez Coronado de Valdés, Juan de Zorita, Francisco Hernandez, Gaspar de Morales, cousin of the governor, and a nephew of the governor, likewise named Pedrarias, captain of artillery68, and others. Several of these names became notable, and we shall meet them hereafter. Chief of the spiritual army, under the title of Bishop of Darien,[X-8] was Juan de Quevedo, the first prelate to come to Tierra Firme; and with him was a company of Franciscan friars. Bernal Diaz del Castillo, then but little more than a youth, afterward69 the chronicler of the Mexican conquest, came with 391 the expedition, and also Pascual de Andagoya, Hernando de Soto, discoverer of the Mississippi, Benalcázar, who afterward conquered Quito, and Diego de Almagro, one of the pacificators of Peru. It was, in truth, a brilliant company. Juan Serrano was chief pilot, he who was subsequently killed with Magellan, the discoverer of the strait that now bears that name.
REGULATIONS FOR THE COLONY.
Cemaco's village, still bearing the name of Santa Mar34ía de la Antigua del Darien, was by royal ordinance70 raised to the title and dignity of a city, with metropolitan71 prerogatives72, ecclesiastical as well as civil. Lengthy73 instructions were provided the governor by the Council of the Indies. He was charged to see that his people were properly clad, comfortably but not extravagantly74; to prohibit the sale or use of cards and dice38; to punish murder, theft, and blasphemy75; to tolerate no lawyer or any ecclesiastical or professional or unprofessional practitioner76 of the law in the colony;[X-9] to take no important step without consulting the bishop and other royal officials—an injudicious measure which broke society into factions78; to render justice quickly and in accordance with the laws of Spain; to be a bright and shining light to the heathen in all truth and fair honesty; and, last of all, by no means to forget the king's share of the spoils taken in the exercise of said virtues79.[X-10] The new governor was furthermore charged to strip from Vasco Nu?ez de Balboa all semblance80 of authority, and to bring him to a strict account for his misdeeds. The survivors81 of poor Nicuesa's followers were to be treated with special leniency82, even to the remitting83 of the king's 392 fifth on their accumulations. All this, it will be remembered, was before the discovery of the South Sea became known in Spain; and that discovery remained still unrevealed when, on the 11th of April, 1514, after an ostentatious review in the plaza84 of Seville, the fleet sailed away in grand glee from San Lúcar.[X-11] After touching85 at some of the islands for the purpose of capturing Caribs for slaves, and also at Santa Marta in order to ascertain86 the fate of eleven Spaniards said to have been left there by Rodrigo de Colmenares, the armament reached Darien in safety. Significant of the coming rule was an incident which occurred during one of the landings. A servant of Pedrarias, named San Martin, had failed in respect toward Ayora, the governor's lieutenant, while ashore87. Informed of it, Pedrarias ordered Ayora to return immediately and hang the offender89 to the first tree, which was done.[X-12]
Scarcely had the vessels90 of Pedrarias disappeared from the shore of Spain, when the tardy92 envoy29 of Vasco Nu?ez arrived at court, and craved93 audience of the king. Pedro de Arbolancha had unfortunately delayed his departure from Darien for two months after the return of the South Sea discoverers. On this point of time turned the destinies of Vasco Nu?ez and of the New World. Pedrarias would scarcely have been made governor; Pizarro would probably never have become the conqueror94 of Peru, and Vasco Nu?ez might possibly have reached Mexico before Cortés. 393
Arbolancha was conducted into the royal presence. He displayed his treasures and told his tale. The sovereign's heart was touched at the soldier's recital31. Those pearls! They would make the darkest deeds resplendent in righteousness. And that new Southern Sea! Surely it would wash away far deeper stains than any which sullied the hands of its gallant95 discoverer. Oh! that this man had sooner come; for then the many thousand ducats spent on old Pedrarias might not have been out of their box. What this costly96 armament was sent out to do, a handful of roving Spaniards had done, under the leadership of a condemned man, against whom the royal wrath up to this moment had burned. And in this achieving there had been neither much bloodshed nor any cost to Spain; the current formulas for securing possession had been observed, and even the king's fifth and the king's present were not forgotten. In such performance there was manifest no mean mind; any further thought for the punishment of so meritorious97 a cavalier could not be entertained; and King Ferdinand resolved that Vasco Nu?ez should not go unrewarded. So rides success triumphant98, even sagacious royalty99 bending its stiff neck before it.[X-13]
ARRIVAL OF PEDRARIAS.
Meanwhile Pedrarias entered Urabá Gulf100 and anchored his fleet before Antigua. Not knowing in what temper the redoubtable101 chieftain of the town might receive a successor, Pedrarias despatched an officer to acquaint the colonists with his presence, and with the nature of his commission. Landing, the messenger asked of the first men he met for their leader. He was pointed2 where some native workmen were thatching a small cottage under the direction of a man clad in cotton jacket and drawers and pack-thread 394 shoes. Now silk and brocade was the covering this petty officer had provided himself withal to flaunt102 it in Italy, while this cotton-clad fellow looked more like a common laborer103 than the governor of a Spanish colony. Nevertheless the officer knew his duty and approached the man in cotton respectfully. "I come from Don Pedrarias de ávila," said he, "lately appointed governor of Darien."
It was sudden; like death, which, even when expected, seems abrupt105. How swiftly in his brain revolved106 probabilities and possibilities. With self-possession and courteous107 dignity, however, he answered presently: "Say to Don Pedrarias that he is welcome to Antigua."
Next day, which was the 30th of June, Pedrarias disembarked. The landing, where he formed his brilliant retinue, preparatory to the entry into the metropolis109, was a league from the town. On one side the governor held by the hand his wife, Do?a Isabel, and on the other, arrayed in episcopal robes, walked the bishop of Darien, while dignitaries, officers, cavaliers, and adventurers followed in the line of march. Near Antigua they were met by the sallow-faced colonists, who, though ragged110, were rich both in experience and in gold.
The two leaders met with great courtesy; Vasco Nu?ez was reverent111, Pedrarias gracious. Then all went forward to the town, the friars chanting their Te Deum laudamus for delivery from ocean perils112. Vasco Nu?ez conducted Pedrarias and the officers to his own dwelling113, while the remainder of the company were distributed among the colonists. And soon a New World repast was spread before the new-comers, consisting wholly of native products, maize114 bread, esculent roots, fish, and fruit, and to drink water.
And now begins a game played by malevolent117 craft on one side, and honorable frankness on the other, 395 which is unapproached by any of the New World trickeries and treacheries. For whatever his faults, whatever the pitfalls118 his tumultuous destiny had spread for him, Vasco Nu?ez was by nature single-hearted and chivalrous119, whereas Pedrarias Dávila was almost satanic in jealousy and cold hatred.
Seeking an early interview, the latter assumes an air of friendship, praises Vasco Nu?ez for his abilities, congratulates him on his successes, and speaks of the high appreciation120 of the king. And as the object of both is only the welfare of the colony, will he not kindly write down what he has done and what he is just now intending to do? Thrown from his guard by this semblance of sincerity122, Vasco Nu?ez consents, and writes not only what will enable Pedrarias to profit by his experience, but, as the governor hopes, to occasion his overthrow123. For the old man is not slow to perceive, on arriving at Antigua and learning of the wonderful discovery, that he is now and must be in reality second in these parts where so lately he was appointed first. Dropping the mask, he institutes charges, and orders Vasco Nu?ez to stand trial for his life.
As alcalde mayor, the investigation124 must be brought before the licentiate Espinosa, and he, in conformity125 with royal instructions, had to be associated with the bishop Quevedo. Though inexperienced, Espinosa is honest. As for the prelate—does not the accused pray devoutly126, and pay liberally? and does he not send the good bishop gifts of slaves, and share with him several lucrative127 enterprises? Go to! He of the cask is not so great a simpleton after all. He forces even Do?a Isabel to smile upon him. He is acquitted128. The enraged129 Pedrarias then hurls130 civil processes at him, until he is nearly ruined. Enciso meanwhile manufactures fresh guilt131 relative to the affair of Nicuesa. It is of no use; for the bishop fattens132. Pedrarias now swears he will send the fellow to Spain for trial. This does not suit 396 Quevedo. "What madness," drawls the bishop, "to send a successful man to court. Know you not that ere this all Europe is ringing his praises? Better keep him within your grasp; become reconciled, then crush him under your protecting wing." Never is more diabolical133 mercy solicited134 for a friend. The governor perceives more than the prelate intends, and immediately arrays his villainy in friendship's smiling garb136.
Amid such profitless pastime, too often the chief occupation of rulers, the so lately hilarious137 fifteen hundred were becoming hungry. The provisions they had brought were exhausted138. Looking at the five hundred old settlers, the remnant of other fifteen hundred, the unseasoned opened speculation as to their own similar contraction139. And straightway they began to die; twenty a day, until seven hundred were buried in their brocades. Sending under a strong guard some provisions to a secret spot, at a distance from the town, Pedrarias repaired thither and fed himself.
Immediate88 occupation alone could save the survivors. Taking advantage of Balboa's plans, Pedrarias determined to appropriate to himself the benefits of his discovery. Luckily, on hearing of the late discovery, the king had written to establish a line of posts from sea to sea,[X-14] to make settlements, selecting therefor healthy sites, where was good water; also to build a town on the shore of San Miguel Gulf, and three or four caravels likewise, giving them in charge of skilful140 captains for the prosecution141 of new discoveries in that direction. Accordingly, at once to plant the line of posts and circumvent142 any efforts of Vasco Nu?ez in that direction, Juan de Ayora with four hundred 397 men was despatched across the mountains from Careta.
We have found Balboa's policy in his treatment of the natives severe enough, but that which was now to be inaugurated makes his conduct seem humane143 in comparison. Whatever harsh measures circumstances at times seemed to him to render necessary, the fact remains144 that on his return from the South Sea expedition he left the nations friendly.[X-15] In all their bloody145 pacifyings, probably not one of the New World commanders so nearly observed the wishes of their Catholic majesties146 as Vasco Nu?ez.
REQUIREMENT OF THE INDIANS.
Among the rules respecting the natives was one directing how war should be made, and what the savages148 must do in order to save themselves and their lands. The formula drawn at an earlier date by a conclave149 of Spanish jurists and divines, by which Nicuesa, Ojeda, and others were to take possession of territories, was superseded150 by a Requirement of the Indians furnished Pedrarias by his sovereign, a translation of which I give in full below.[X-16] This requirement, 398 which heralded151 to the heathen the name of Christ and European civilization in terms ridiculous 399 and distasteful enough, was mild and logical in its intention as compared with the horrors attending its execution. In the instructions accompanying the requerimiento, Pedrarias had been charged never to wage war unless the Indians were the aggressors, nor until they had been summoned to obedience152 once, twice, three times. This the governor told his lieutenant, but Pedrarias likewise told Ayora to send him food and gold without delay. It was seldom difficult to excite savages to acts of aggression153, and as for reading to the natives the requerimiento, as required by law, that might be done by the notary154 at his convenience, but never so as to interfere155 with the advantages of a sudden surprise or preliminary butchery. In a word, the requirement was no less void in practice than absurd in theory.
The first action of Ayora was evidence of this. Ever since the union of Vasco Nu?ez and Careta's daughter, equivalent with the natives to a marriage, the most friendly relations had existed between the Spaniards and Careta's people. Not only did the cacique present his respects in person to Pedrarias, but many times he sent food to the famishing colonists. It seems incredible that creatures in human form, to say nothing of European or Christian157 men, should repay such kindness by sudden, unprovoked attack, such as surprising peaceful villages by night, firing the 400 houses, and murdering some of the slumberers while taking captive others, all being attended by wanton cruelty and pillage158. Yet such was the fate of Careta, Panciaco, and other friends and allies of Vasco Nu?ez. From the accident of conquest, captives for slaves had become one of the objects of conquest.
After this brilliant achievement at Careta, Ayora passed on to a small port which he named Santa Cruz,[X-17] where he planted the initial settlement of the line which was to extend from sea to sea. Leaving there eighty men, he marched southward, robbing 401 and murdering as he went. "The caciques were tortured to make them disclose their gold," writes Oviedo. "Some they roasted, others they threw to the dogs, others were hanged."[X-18]
HURTADO SENT OUT.
If not for the church, then for himself the good bishop of Darien was interested in the spoils of God's enemies everywhere. In Ayora's maraudings he had special interest; and no intelligence reaching Antigua for some time concerning them, Quevedo suggested to Pedrarias that a messenger be sent to ascertain his lieutenant's progress. Bartolomé Hurtado, once the friend of Vasco Nu?ez, but anxious now before the new powers to wipe out that stain, was accordingly sent to bring in the plunder.
On the way, to please Pedrarias, Hurtado sought to excel Ayora in rapine; but that was impossible. In returning with the plunder, however, he stopped at Careta's village and asked for men to carry burdens to Antigua, and this was readily granted by the chief, anxious as he still was for the friendship of the Spaniards. After honorably discharging his trust with regard to Ayora and Pedrarias, in manner becoming a Christian and a cavalier, he selected from Careta's men six of the finest specimens160 and presented them as slaves to the governor; to the worthy161 bishop he gave other six; and to Espinosa four. After thus going the rounds among the high officials, the remainder were branded and sold into slavery at public sale.[X-19] Hurtado was forgiven his former humanity. 402
Entering the dominions163 of Tubanamá, Juan de Ayora planted there another fortress4 which he left in charge of Meneses. But instead of continuing his labors164 across the Isthmus, as ordered, he determined to give himself wholly up to robbery, and escape the country before his offences should be fully104 known. Following this plan he soon found himself overloaded165 with booty; and, leaving his captains to overrun the land at pleasure, he returned with his captives, gold, and provisions to Antigua. The gold, he said, must remain untouched, for future division. The provisions were deposited with the governor, and the captives distributed among the royal officers, who had been sent hither at the king's cost, to see among other things that the natives were not enslaved. Yet Ayora was ill at ease. His dreams and meditations166 were not pleasant; he knew that there must be a day of reckoning when his atrocities167 became known. The villain135 determined to escape before the return of the captains. Making ready with his men, he watched his opportunity, and seizing one of the ships lying at the anchorage, not unknown to the governor however, as many think, he escaped with his booty. Peter Martyr, while acknowledging a long acquaintance with Ayora, says that "in all the turmoyles and tragicall affayres of the Ocean, nothing hath so muche displeased168 me, as the couetousnesse of this man, who hath so disturbed the pacified169 minds of the Kinges." And "if Juan de Ayora had been punished for his many injuries to the peaceable caciques," wrote Vasco Nu?ez subsequently to the king, "the other captains would not have dared to commit like excesses."[X-20]
The chronicles continue in about the same strain. Shortly after Ayora, Francisco Becerra came in from the hunt with gold to the value of seven thousand pesos 403 de oro, and with over one hundred captives, by the judicious77 distribution of which official inquiry170 was not only quieted, but Becerra obtained a new commission. He was sent with one hundred and eighty men and three pieces of artillery to Cenú, to avenge171 the death of forty-eight men lost by Francisco de Vallejo some time before. It was here that Enciso once attempted to violate the native sepulchres in search of golden ornaments172. Becerra went with the determination to spare neither age nor sex; but, on landing, the party was decoyed into ambush173 and every man of them slain174 by the poisoned arrows of the enemy, a native servant-boy of Becerra alone escaping to carry the news to Antigua.
DESTRUCTION OF SANTA CRUZ.
Since the whole region was in arms the eighty men at Santa Cruz found it every day more difficult to sustain life by stealing. Wherever the savages could catch them they repaid their cruelties in kind, cutting off the limbs with sharp stones, or pouring melted gold down their throats, crying "Eat! Eat gold, Christians175! take your fill of gold!"[X-21]
Growing yet bolder, Pocorosa collected a large force and captured the fort, five Spaniards only escaping to Antigua.[X-22] Thus within six months after establishing Santa Cruz, not a vestige176 of the settlement remained.
TELLO DE GUZMAN AND ALBITES.
Antonio Tello de Guzman was sent with one hundred men to continue the work abandoned by Ayora. Departing from Antigua early in November, 1515, he 404 proceeded to the province of Tubanamá[X-23] and found the fortress, in command of Captain Meneses, besieged177 by the savages, and the garrison178 reduced to the last extremity179. The place was abandoned, and Meneses marched southward with Guzman into the provinces of Chepo and Chepauri. There they were met by several caciques combined to oppose them; but the savages were persuaded to think better of it. Chepo presented his visitors with a large amount of gold and feasted them. While seated at dinner a young cacique rushed in greatly excited and denounced the host as a usurper180, who had defrauded181 him of his inheritance. "Reinstate me," he urged, "and I will give you twice the gold Chepo has given." The argument was irresistible182. Chepo was hanged; seven of his principal men were given to the dogs, and the adjudicators received gold to the value of six thousand pesos. Then they went their way.
As they approached the seaboard they heard a place much spoken of which the natives called Panamá. It must be that gold or pearls were there, the Spaniards thought; for how otherwise could any place be famous? On reaching it, however, they were disappointed to find only a collection of fishermen's huts, the word panamá, in the aboriginal184 tongue, signifying "a place where many fish are taken."[X-24] Resting here with part of his company, Tello de Guzman despatched Diego de Albites with eighty men to the rich province of Chagre, ten leagues distant; and this captain plumes185 405 himself, and we permit him in God's name, that he did not murder the sleepy savages when, roused at dead of night, they gazed with stolid186 astonishment187 on their strange visitors, and promptly188 paid twelve hundred pesos for the privilege to be left alive. Acquiring so much so easily, Albites deemed it only proper to demand more, and handing another large sack to the cacique, he told him to fill it with gold. "I can fill your sack with stones from the brook," was the reply, "but I cannot make gold, neither have I any more." Even for this the good Albites did not cast him to the dogs, but took his departure for Pacora,[X-25] where joined by Guzman the entire company returned to Tubanamá.
Panamá
Thus far the expedition of Tello de Guzman had been prosperous, and more important than he himself imagined, for his was the first visit of Spaniards to the site of the afterwards renowned189 city of Panamá. Hence to Antigua, however, the march was distressing190. Elated by his success at Santa Cruz, Pocorosa 406 appeared at Tubanamá; with an increased force. Hoisting191 as banners the bloody raiment of slain Christians, the savages brandished192 their gory193 pennons on every hillside, crying, "Behold194 the fate of the accursed, who leave their homes to mar the peace of unoffending nations." All along down the mountain and over the burning plain of Darien to the very threshold of Antigua, the Spaniards fought a hidden foe195, who never offered pitched battle, but so harassed196 them that ofttimes they were on the point of throwing away their heavy plates of gold, and lying down to die from thirst, hunger, and exhaustion197. Nevertheless they arrived at Antigua with many slaves and much treasure.
All this time Vasco Nu?ez was left in the background; and while such dastardly doings were in order it was as well for every honorable man to remain unoccupied. It was hard, however, to remain idle; and in an evil moment, at the earnest solicitations of the old comrades who had no confidence in any other leader, he consented to take part in another expedition to Dabaiba, in search of the gold and the golden temple there. It was a desperate undertaking198, as the former adventure had proved, but the colony was an Ixion's wheel that kept the government ever moving.
When two hundred men were ready, and the question of leadership arose, Pedrarias named Luis Carrillo; but there were those who would not go except under Vasco Nu?ez. Then it occurred to the governor to divide the leadership in such a way that if the expedition proved successful his own captain should have the credit, and if a failure, the blame should fall upon his enemy. And so it was arranged, to the infinite disgust of Balboa, who plainly saw the governor's purpose, and would have declined could he have done so without prejudice to his friends. Embarking199 in June, 1515, and ascending200 the Atrato 407 for some distance, the expedition was suddenly surrounded by hostile canoes which darted201 simultaneously202 from beneath the foliage203 overhanging either bank. The Spaniards were taken at a disadvantage; for beside attacking them with wooden lances the savages, who were more expert upon the water than the Spaniards, dived under and overturned their canoes, to the destruction of one half the expedition. Among the lost was Luis Carrillo. The one hundred survivors found their way back to Antigua with no small difficulty.
EXPEDITION UP THE ATRATO.
One might think that this would be enough of the golden temple for the present. But not so. These men were not Castilians if danger and defeat acted otherwise than as stimulants204 to new adventure. Furthermore, like the honors of the arena205 which are magnified by the difficulties of their attainment206, the mysterious dominion162 so stubbornly defended must hold great treasure, and in the inflamed207 minds of the Spaniards the savage147 pantheon of Dabaiba had risen into a lofty edifice208 glittering with gold and gems209, and situated210 in a region rich and beautiful beyond comparison. And Juan de Tabira, the factor, was confident he could capture it, as likewise was Juan de Birues the inspector. They would build three light brigantines; and with these, and a small fleet of canoes, and, say one hundred and sixty men, bid defiance211 to the demon212 host of Dabaiba. This they did, Tabira commanding. The cost fell heavy on the factor, but the king's chest helped him out, if Herrera speaks truly.
As hitherto, the invaders213 were attacked, but the savages were easily beaten off. Not so the goddess of the golden temple, who sent such a flood as uprooted214 trees, overturned the factor's vessel91, and drowned among others both Tabira and Birues. Francisco Pizarro being of the party was asked to assume command and continue up the river, but he declined, and further efforts in that direction were abandoned.[X-26] 408
A VISIT TO THE PEARL ISLANDS.
Rumors arriving from Spain of the recognition by the India Council of the services and merits of Vasco Nu?ez, Pedrarias hastened to move men to the southern seaboard, lest he should see his enemy placed in power there. For this mission were chosen the governor's cousin, Gaspar de Morales, and Francisco Pizarro, to whom were given sixty men.[X-27] They were told to cross the mountains by the shortest route, and, taking possession of the Pearl Islands found and named by Vasco Nu?ez, to gather the fruit thereof. The object of the Europeans in attacking the islanders was, of course, to extend the boundaries of their enlightened, just, and humane civilization, and bring the benighted215 heathen to a knowledge of the Christian religion. True, they might gather a little gold, or pick up such pearls as fell in their way, for the laborer is worthy of his hire.
On reaching the seashore, Morales quartered half of his men, under Pe?alosa, on a cacique named Tutibrá, and the remainder on the neighboring chieftain, Tunaca. Chiapes and Tumaco, still loyal to the Spaniards, joined them there. Every requisite216, food, boats, and men, was provided by the savages with alacrity217, for they who should despoil218 their ancient enemy were welcome.
One day, just before dark, Morales and Pizarro with thirty Spaniards and a large company of natives embarked108 in a fleet of canoes, but so boisterous219 was the sea that they were unable to reach the islands before the next day. Landing on one of the smaller islands and meeting but slight resistance, the invaders passed over to Isla Rica, as it was called by Vasco Nu?ez, the largest of the group, where dwelt the terrible king, who made the caciques of the mainland 409 tremble, and who now, nothing daunted220, came forward at the head of his warriors221 and fought the strangers bravely. And notwithstanding Castilian gunpowder223, steel, and bloodhounds heaping in lifeless masses before his eyes his best and bravest, the stubborn king fought on as if he knew not how to yield. Finally Chiapes and Tumaco spoke183 to him, and showed how vain resistance was, how valuable the friendship of the strangers. Believing this, the island monarch224 submitted, and brought the Spaniards to the spacious225 palace, as the old chroniclers called his house, and set before them a basket of large and lustrous226 pearls to satisfy their avaricious227 souls. In return the king was made passing rich by a present of a few cheap hand-mirrors, some hawk-bells and hatchets228, and exhibited almost as foolish a delight over his trinkets as did the Europeans over theirs. "Commend me to the friendship of these gods," cried the king, as he sought his swarthy other self behind the mirror, and jingled230 the hawk-bells, so much more beautiful than pearls, and tried the keen edge of his hatchet229 on the skull231 of a slave standing222 by. Embracing Morales he led him to a tower which crowned the dwelling, and commanded a view of the isle-dotted ocean on every side. "Behold," he said, "the infinite sea extending beyond the sunbeams; behold these islands on the right hand and on the left. All are mine; all abound232 in pearls, whereof you shall have as many as desired if you continue my friend." He also spoke of the nations of the distant mainland whose mighty233 power was evidenced by the ships which he had sometimes seen.
Morales readily promised eternal friendship, stipulating234 only that one hundred marks of pearls should be annually235 paid the king of Castile, and to this assented236 the king of Dites,[X-28] as the natives called Isla Rica. In order, so far as possible, to render insignificant237 410 the achievement of Vasco Nu?ez, Morales had been instructed to take possession of the South Sea for the king of Spain in the name of Pedrarias. This was now done. The name of Isla de Flores was substituted for that of Isla Rica, and the holy rite121 of baptism was administered to the king, who received the name Pedro Arias.[X-29]
MISFORTUNES OF MORALES.
The good fortune of Morales now forsook238 him. On returning to the mainland he found that the country was in arms, owing to the excesses of Pe?alosa, who was a relative of Isabel, wife of Pedrarias. The villain had repaid the hospitality of Tutibrá by outrages on his women, and the chieftains had in consequence confederated for the protection of their homes. In revenge for this Morales spread fire and sword throughout that region. On one occasion eighteen caciques, called to a friendly council, were treacherously239 seized and given to the dogs; at another time seven hundred savages are said to have been slain within an hour. But in burning the village of a cacique named Birú,[X-30] on the eastern side of the gulf, the Spaniards were repulsed240, and in attempting to cross the mountains to Darien they lost their way, and after considerable wandering and suffering found themselves back at the starting-point. Again they essayed the transit241, a handful of men amidst infuriated hosts. In retaliation242 for night attacks, and darts243 showered by day from cliffs and thickets244, the Europeans strewed245 their path with murdered and mutilated captives to the 411 number of one hundred, hoping to intimidate246 the enemy, who was only the more maddened thereby247. Thus, midst this bloody disturbance248, which in ferocity far exceeded anything of which wild beasts are capable, this band of Spanish marauders escaping their just deserts, managed with great tribulation249 to reach their settlement, still clinging to the gold and pearls.[X-31]
To Gaspar de Morales Vasco Nu?ez pays the same encomiums as to the other captains of Pedrarias. "Be it known to your Majesty," he writes, "that during this excursion was perpetrated the greatest cruelty ever heard of in Arabian or Christian country, in any generation. And this it is. This captain and the surviving Christians while on their journey took nearly one hundred Indians of both sexes, mostly women and children, fastened them with chains, and afterward ordered them to be decapitated and scalped." But "being cousin and servant of the governor," adds Oviedo, he suffers "neither pain nor punishment."
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1
arias
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| n.咏叹调( aria的名词复数 ) | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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persecutes
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| （尤指宗教或政治信仰的）迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的第三人称单数 )； 烦扰，困扰或骚扰某人 | |
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fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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fortresses
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| 堡垒，要塞( fortress的名词复数 ) | |
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6
wholesale
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| n.批发；adv.以批发方式；vt.批发，成批出售 | |
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plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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manifestations
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| n.表示，显示（manifestation的复数形式） | |
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concurrent
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| adj.同时发生的，一致的 | |
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10
testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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replenished
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| 补充( replenish的过去式和过去分词 )； 重新装满 | |
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12
zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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13
eluded
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| v.（尤指机敏地）避开( elude的过去式和过去分词 )；逃避；躲避；使达不到 | |
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14
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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truthful
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| adj.真实的，说实话的，诚实的 | |
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16
morsel
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| n.一口，一点点 | |
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demolition
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| n.破坏,毁坏,毁坏之遗迹 | |
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18
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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19
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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20
furor
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| n.狂热；大骚动 | |
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monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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virulent
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| adj.有毒的，有恶意的，充满敌意的 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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juncture
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| n.时刻，关键时刻，紧要关头 | |
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rumors
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| n.传闻( rumor的名词复数 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷v.传闻( rumor的第三人称单数 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷 | |
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27
solicit
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| vi.勾引；乞求；vt.请求，乞求；招揽(生意) | |
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speculation
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| n.思索，沉思；猜测；投机 | |
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envoy
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| n.使节，使者，代表，公使 | |
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envoys
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| 使节( envoy的名词复数 )； 公使； 谈判代表； 使节身份 | |
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31
recital
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| n.朗诵，独奏会，独唱会 | |
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32
recitals
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| n.独唱会( recital的名词复数 )；独奏会；小型音乐会、舞蹈表演会等；一系列事件等的详述 | |
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33
martyr
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| n.烈士，殉难者；vt.杀害，折磨，牺牲 | |
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mar
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| vt.破坏，毁坏，弄糟 | |
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countenances
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| n.面容( countenance的名词复数 )；表情；镇静；道义支持 | |
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intemperateness
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afflicted
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| 使受痛苦，折磨( afflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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38
dice
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| n.骰子；vt.把（食物）切成小方块，冒险 | |
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39
applicants
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| 申请人，求职人( applicant的名词复数 ) | |
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40
chivalry
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| n.骑士气概，侠义；（男人）对女人彬彬有礼，献殷勤 | |
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41
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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42
enlist
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| vt.谋取(支持等)，赢得；征募；vi.入伍 | |
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43
envious
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| adj.嫉妒的，羡慕的 | |
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44
jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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45
countermanded
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| v.取消（命令），撤回( countermand的过去分词 ) | |
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46
pawned
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| v.典当，抵押( pawn的过去式和过去分词 )；以（某事物）担保 | |
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47
procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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48
outfit
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| n.（为特殊用途的）全套装备，全套服装 | |
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49
humiliation
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| n.羞辱 | |
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50
rapture
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| n.狂喜；全神贯注；着迷；v.使狂喜 | |
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51
engendered
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| v.产生（某形势或状况），造成，引起( engender的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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52
expenditure
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| n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出；使用，消耗 | |
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53
ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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54
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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55
arsenal
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| n.兵工厂，军械库 | |
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56
latitudes
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| 纬度 | |
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57
enrolled
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| adj.入学登记了的v.[亦作enrol]( enroll的过去式和过去分词 )；登记，招收，使入伍（或入会、入学等），参加，成为成员；记入名册；卷起，包起 | |
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58
retinue
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| n.侍从；随员 | |
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59
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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60
migrations
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| n.迁移，移居( migration的名词复数 ) | |
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61
covetous
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| adj.贪婪的，贪心的 | |
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62
ecclesiastics
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| n.神职者，教会，牧师( ecclesiastic的名词复数 ) | |
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63
colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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64
commonwealth
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| n.共和国，联邦，共同体 | |
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65
treasurer
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| n.司库，财务主管 | |
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66
inspector
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| n.检查员，监察员，视察员 | |
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67
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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68
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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69
afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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70
ordinance
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| n.法令；条令；条例 | |
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metropolitan
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| adj.大城市的，大都会的 | |
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72
prerogatives
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| n.权利( prerogative的名词复数 )；特权；大主教法庭；总督委任组成的法庭 | |
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73
lengthy
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| adj.漫长的，冗长的 | |
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extravagantly
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| adv.挥霍无度地 | |
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blasphemy
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| n.亵渎，渎神 | |
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76
practitioner
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| n.实践者，从事者；(医生或律师等)开业者 | |
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judicious
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| adj.明智的，明断的，能作出明智决定的 | |
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factions
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| 组织中的小派别，派系( faction的名词复数 ) | |
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79
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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80
semblance
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| n.外貌，外表 | |
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81
survivors
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| 幸存者，残存者，生还者( survivor的名词复数 ) | |
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82
leniency
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| n.宽大（不严厉） | |
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83
remitting
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| v.免除（债务），宽恕( remit的现在分词 )；使某事缓和；寄回，传送 | |
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plaza
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| n.广场，市场 | |
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touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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86
ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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offender
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| n.冒犯者，违反者，犯罪者 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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91
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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tardy
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| adj.缓慢的，迟缓的 | |
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craved
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| 渴望，热望( crave的过去式 )； 恳求，请求 | |
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conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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costly
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| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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meritorious
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| adj.值得赞赏的 | |
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triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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royalty
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| n.皇家，皇族 | |
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gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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redoubtable
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| adj.可敬的；可怕的 | |
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flaunt
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| vt.夸耀，夸饰 | |
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laborer
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| n.劳动者，劳工 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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abrupt
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| adj.突然的，意外的；唐突的，鲁莽的 | |
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revolved
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| v.（使）旋转( revolve的过去式和过去分词 )；细想 | |
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courteous
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| adj.彬彬有礼的，客气的 | |
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108
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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109
metropolis
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| n.首府；大城市 | |
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110
ragged
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| adj.衣衫褴褛的，粗糙的，刺耳的 | |
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111
reverent
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| adj.恭敬的，虔诚的 | |
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112
perils
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| 极大危险( peril的名词复数 )； 危险的事（或环境） | |
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113
dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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114
maize
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| n.玉米 | |
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115
hypocrisy
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| n.伪善，虚伪 | |
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116
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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117
malevolent
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| adj.有恶意的，恶毒的 | |
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118
pitfalls
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| （捕猎野兽用的）陷阱( pitfall的名词复数 )； 意想不到的困难，易犯的错误 | |
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119
chivalrous
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| adj.武士精神的；对女人彬彬有礼的 | |
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120
appreciation
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| n.评价；欣赏；感谢；领会，理解；价格上涨 | |
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121
rite
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| n.典礼，惯例，习俗 | |
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122
sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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123
overthrow
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| v.推翻，打倒，颠覆；n.推翻，瓦解，颠覆 | |
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124
investigation
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| n.调查，调查研究 | |
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125
conformity
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| n.一致，遵从，顺从 | |
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126
devoutly
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| adv.虔诚地，虔敬地，衷心地 | |
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127
lucrative
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| adj.赚钱的，可获利的 | |
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128
acquitted
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| 宣判…无罪( acquit的过去式和过去分词 )； 使（自己）作出某种表现 | |
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129
enraged
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| 使暴怒( enrage的过去式和过去分词 )； 歜； 激愤 | |
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130
hurls
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的第三人称单数 )；大声叫骂 | |
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131
guilt
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| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
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132
fattens
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| v.喂肥( fatten的第三人称单数 )；养肥（牲畜）；使（钱）增多；使（公司）升值 | |
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133
diabolical
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| adj.恶魔似的，凶暴的 | |
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134
solicited
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| v.恳求( solicit的过去式和过去分词 )；（指娼妇）拉客；索求；征求 | |
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135
villain
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| n.反派演员，反面人物；恶棍；问题的起因 | |
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136
garb
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| n.服装，装束 | |
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137
hilarious
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| adj.充满笑声的，欢闹的；[反]depressed | |
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138
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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139
contraction
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| n.缩略词，缩写式，害病 | |
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140
skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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141
prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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142
circumvent
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| vt.环绕，包围；对…用计取胜，智胜 | |
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143
humane
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| adj.人道的，富有同情心的 | |
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144
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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145
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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146
majesties
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| n.雄伟( majesty的名词复数 )；庄严；陛下；王权 | |
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147
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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148
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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149
conclave
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| n.秘密会议，红衣主教团 | |
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150
superseded
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| [医]被代替的，废弃的 | |
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151
heralded
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| v.预示( herald的过去式和过去分词 )；宣布（好或重要） | |
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152
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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153
aggression
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| n.进攻，侵略，侵犯，侵害 | |
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154
notary
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| n.公证人，公证员 | |
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155
interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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156
outrages
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| 引起…的义愤，激怒( outrage的第三人称单数 ) | |
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157
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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158
pillage
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| v.抢劫；掠夺；n.抢劫，掠夺；掠夺物 | |
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159
isthmus
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| n.地峡 | |
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160
specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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161
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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162
dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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163
dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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164
labors
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|
| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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165
overloaded
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| a.超载的，超负荷的 | |
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166
meditations
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| 默想( meditation的名词复数 )； 默念； 沉思； 冥想 | |
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167
atrocities
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| n.邪恶，暴行( atrocity的名词复数 )；滔天大罪 | |
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168
displeased
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| a.不快的 | |
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169
pacified
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| 使（某人）安静( pacify的过去式和过去分词 )； 息怒； 抚慰； 在（有战争的地区、国家等）实现和平 | |
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170
inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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171
avenge
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| v.为...复仇，为...报仇 | |
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172
ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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173
ambush
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| n.埋伏(地点)；伏兵；v.埋伏；伏击 | |
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174
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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175
Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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176
vestige
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| n.痕迹，遗迹，残余 | |
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177
besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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178
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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179
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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180
usurper
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| n. 篡夺者, 僭取者 | |
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181
defrauded
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| v.诈取，骗取( defraud的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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182
irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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183
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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184
aboriginal
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| adj.（指动植物）土生的，原产地的，土著的 | |
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185
plumes
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| 羽毛( plume的名词复数 )； 羽毛饰； 羽毛状物； 升上空中的羽状物 | |
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186
stolid
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|
| adj.无动于衷的，感情麻木的 | |
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187
astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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188
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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189
renowned
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|
| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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190
distressing
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| a.使人痛苦的 | |
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191
hoisting
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| 起重，提升 | |
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192
brandished
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| v.挥舞( brandish的过去式和过去分词 )；炫耀 | |
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193
gory
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| adj.流血的；残酷的 | |
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194
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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195
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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196
harassed
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| adj. 疲倦的，厌烦的 动词harass的过去式和过去分词 | |
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197
exhaustion
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| n.耗尽枯竭，疲惫，筋疲力尽，竭尽，详尽无遗的论述 | |
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198
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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199
embarking
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| 乘船( embark的现在分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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200
ascending
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| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
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201
darted
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| v.投掷，投射( dart的过去式和过去分词 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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202
simultaneously
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| adv.同时发生地，同时进行地 | |
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203
foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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204
stimulants
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| n.兴奋剂( stimulant的名词复数 )；含兴奋剂的饮料；刺激物；激励物 | |
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205
arena
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| n.竞技场，运动场所；竞争场所，舞台 | |
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206
attainment
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| n.达到，到达；［常pl.］成就，造诣 | |
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207
inflamed
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| adj.发炎的，红肿的v.（使）变红，发怒，过热( inflame的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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208
edifice
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| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室) | |
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209
gems
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| growth； economy； management； and customer satisfaction 增长 | |
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210
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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211
defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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212
demon
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| n.魔鬼，恶魔 | |
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213
invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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214
uprooted
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|
| v.把（某物）连根拔起( uproot的过去式和过去分词 )；根除；赶走；把…赶出家园 | |
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215
benighted
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| adj.蒙昧的 | |
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216
requisite
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| adj.需要的，必不可少的；n.必需品 | |
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217
alacrity
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| n.敏捷，轻快，乐意 | |
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218
despoil
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| v.夺取，抢夺 | |
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219
boisterous
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| adj.喧闹的，欢闹的 | |
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220
daunted
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| 使（某人）气馁，威吓( daunt的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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221
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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222
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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223
gunpowder
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| n.火药 | |
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224
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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225
spacious
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| adj.广阔的，宽敞的 | |
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226
lustrous
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| adj.有光泽的；光辉的 | |
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227
avaricious
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| adj.贪婪的，贪心的 | |
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228
hatchets
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| n.短柄小斧( hatchet的名词复数 )；恶毒攻击；诽谤；休战 | |
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229
hatchet
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| n.短柄小斧；v.扼杀 | |
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230
jingled
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| 喝醉的 | |
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231
skull
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| n.头骨；颅骨 | |
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232
abound
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| vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于 | |
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233
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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234
stipulating
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|
| v.（尤指在协议或建议中）规定，约定，讲明（条件等）( stipulate的现在分词 )；规定，明确要求 | |
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235
annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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236
assented
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| 同意，赞成( assent的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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237
insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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238
forsook
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| forsake的过去式 | |
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239
treacherously
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| 背信弃义地； 背叛地； 靠不住地； 危险地 | |
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240
repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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241
transit
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| n.经过，运输；vt.穿越，旋转；vi.越过 | |
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242
retaliation
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| n.报复，反击 | |
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243
darts
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| n.掷飞镖游戏；飞镖( dart的名词复数 )；急驰，飞奔v.投掷，投射( dart的第三人称单数 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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244
thickets
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| n.灌木丛( thicket的名词复数 )；丛状物 | |
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245
strewed
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| v.撒在…上( strew的过去式和过去分词 )；散落于；点缀；撒满 | |
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246
intimidate
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| vt.恐吓，威胁 | |
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247
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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248
disturbance
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| n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调 | |
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249
tribulation
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| n.苦难，灾难 | |
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