FRANCE AND ENGLAND IN AMERICA.
The American colonies of France and England grew up to maturity1 under widely different auspices2. Canada, the offspring of Church and State, nursed from infancy3 in the lap of power, its puny4 strength fed with artificial stimulants5, its movements guided by rule and discipline, its limbs trained to martial6 exercise, languished7, in spite of all, from the lack of vital sap and energy. The colonies of England, outcast and neglected, but strong in native vigor8 and self-confiding courage, grew yet more strong with conflict and with striving, and developed the rugged9 proportions and unwieldy strength of a youthful giant.
In the valley of the St. Lawrence, and along the coasts of the Atlantic, adverse10 principles contended for the mastery. Feudalism stood arrayed against Democracy; Popery against Protestantism; the sword against the ploughshare. The priest, the soldier, and the noble, ruled in Canada. The ignorant, light-hearted Canadian peasant knew nothing and cared nothing about popular rights and civil liberties. Born to obey, he lived in contented12 submission13, without the wish or the capacity for self-rule. Power, centered in the heart of the system, left the masses inert14. The settlements along the margin15 of the St. Lawrence were like a camp, where an army lay at rest, ready for the march or the battle, and where war and adventure, not trade and tillage, seemed the chief aims of life. The lords of the soil were petty nobles, for the most part soldiers, or the sons of soldiers, proud and ostentatious, thriftless and poor; and the people were their vassals16. Over every cluster of small white houses glittered the sacred emblem17 of the cross. The church, the convent, and the roadside shrine18 were seen at every turn; and in the towns and villages, one met each moment the black robe of the Jesuit, the gray garb19 of the Recollet, and the formal habit of the Ursuline nun20. The names of saints, St. Joseph, St. Ignatius, St. Francis, were perpetuated21 in the capes22, rivers, and islands, the forts47 and villages of the land; and with every day, crowds of simple worshippers knelt in adoration23 before the countless24 altars of the Roman faith.
If we search the world for the sharpest contrast to the spiritual and temporal vassalage25 of Canada, we shall find it among her immediate26 neighbors, the Puritans of New England, where the spirit of non-conformity was sublimed27 to a fiery28 essence, and where the love of liberty and the hatred29 of power burned with sevenfold heat. The English colonist30, with thoughtful brow and limbs hardened with toil32; calling no man master, yet bowing reverently33 to the law which he himself had made; patient and laborious35, and seeking for the solid comforts rather than the ornaments36 of life; no lover of war, yet, if need were, fighting with a stubborn, indomitable courage, and then bending once more with steadfast37 energy to his farm, or his merchandise,—such a man might well be deemed the very pith and marrow38 of a commonwealth39.
In every quality of efficiency and strength, the Canadian fell miserably40 below his rival; but in all that pleases the eye and interests the imagination, he far surpassed him. Buoyant and gay, like his ancestry41 of France, he made the frozen wilderness42 ring with merriment, answered the surly howling of the pine forest with peals43 of laughter, and warmed with revelry the groaning44 ice of the St. Lawrence. Careless and thoughtless, he lived happy in the midst of poverty, content if he could but gain the means to fill his tobacco-pouch, and decorate the cap of his mistress with a ribbon. The example of a beggared nobility, who, proud and penniless, could only assert their rank by idleness and ostentation45, was not lost upon him. A rightful heir to French bravery and French restlessness, he had an eager love of wandering and adventure; and this propensity46 found ample scope in the service of the fur-trade, the engrossing47 occupation and chief source of income to the colony. When the priest of St. Ann’s had shrived him of his sins; when, after the parting carousal48, he embarked49 with his comrades in the deep-laden canoe; when their oars51 kept time to the measured cadence52 of their song, and the blue, sunny bosom53 of the Ottawa opened before them; when their frail54 bark quivered among the milky55 foam56 and black rocks of the rapid; and when, around their camp-fire, they wasted half the night48 with jests and laughter,—then the Canadian was in his element. His footsteps explored the farthest hiding-places of the wilderness. In the evening dance, his red cap mingled57 with the scalp-locks and feathers of the Indian braves; or, stretched on a bear-skin by the side of his dusky mistress, he watched the gambols58 of his hybrid59 offspring, in happy oblivion of the partner whom he left unnumbered leagues behind.
The fur-trade engendered60 a peculiar61 class of restless bush-rangers, more akin62 to Indians than to white men. Those who had once felt the fascinations63 of the forest were unfitted ever after for a life of quiet labor34; and with this spirit the whole colony was infected. From this cause, no less than from occasional wars with the English, and repeated attacks of the Iroquois, the agriculture of the country was sunk to a low ebb64; while feudal11 exactions, a ruinous system of monopoly, and the intermeddlings of arbitrary power, cramped65 every branch of industry.[43] Yet, by the zeal66 of priests and the daring enterprise of soldiers and explorers, Canada, though sapless and infirm, spread forts and missions through all the western wilderness. Feebly rooted in the soil, she thrust out branches which overshadowed half America; a magnificent object to the eye, but one which the first whirlwind would prostrate67 in the dust.
Such excursive enterprise was alien to the genius of the British colonies. Daring activity was rife68 among them, but it did not aim at the founding of military outposts and forest missions. By the force of energetic industry, their population swelled69 with an unheard-of rapidity, their wealth increased in a yet greater ratio, and their promise of future greatness opened with every advancing year. But it was a greatness rather of peace than of war. The free institutions, the independence of authority, which were the source of their increase, were adverse to that unity70 of counsel and promptitude49 of action which are the soul of war. It was far otherwise with their military rival. France had her Canadian forces well in hand. They had but one will, and that was the will of a mistress. Now here, now there, in sharp and rapid onset71, they could assail72 the cumbrous masses and unwieldy strength of their antagonists73, as the king-bird attacks the eagle, or the sword-fish the whale. Between two such combatants the strife74 must needs be a long one.
Canada was a true child of the Church, baptized in infancy and faithful to the last. Champlain, the founder75 of Quebec, a man of noble spirit, a statesman and a soldier, was deeply imbued76 with fervid77 piety78. “The saving of a soul,” he would often say, “is worth more than the conquest of an empire;”[44] and to forward the work of conversion79, he brought with him four Franciscan monks80 from France. At a later period, the task of colonization81 would have been abandoned, but for the hope of casting the pure light of the faith over the gloomy wastes of heathendom.[45] All France was filled with the zeal of proselytism. Men and women of exalted82 rank lent their countenance83 to the holy work. From many an altar daily petitions were offered for the well-being84 of the mission; and in the Holy House of Mont-Martre, a nun lay prostrate day and night before the shrine, praying for the conversion of Canada.[46] In one convent, thirty nuns85 offered themselves for the labors86 of the wilderness; and priests flocked in crowds to the colony.[47] The powers of darkness took alarm; and when a ship, freighted with the apostles of the faith, was tempest-tost upon her voyage, the storm was ascribed to the malice87 of demons88, trembling for the safety of their ancient empire.
The general enthusiasm was not without its fruits. The Church could pay back with usury89 all that she received of aid and encouragement from the temporal power; and the ambition of Richelieu could not have devised a more efficient enginery for the accomplishment90 of its schemes, than that50 supplied by the zeal of the devoted91 propagandists. The priest and the soldier went hand in hand; and the cross and the fleur de lis were planted side by side.
Foremost among the envoys92 of the faith were the members of that mighty93 order, who, in another hemisphere, had already done so much to turn back the advancing tide of religious freedom, and strengthen the arm of Rome. To the Jesuits was assigned, for many years, the entire charge of the Canadian missions, to the exclusion94 of the Franciscans, early laborers95 in the same barren field. Inspired with a self-devoting zeal to snatch souls from perdition, and win new empires to the cross; casting from them every hope of earthly pleasure or earthly aggrandizement96, the Jesuit fathers buried themselves in deserts, facing death with the courage of heroes, and enduring torments97 with the constancy of martyrs99. Their story is replete100 with marvels—miracles of patient suffering and daring enterprise. They were the pioneers of Northern America.[48] We see them among the frozen forests of Acadia, struggling on snowshoes, with some wandering Algonquin horde101, or crouching102 in the crowded hunting-lodge, half stifled103 in the smoky den31, and battling with troops of famished104 dogs for the last morsel105 of sustenance106. Again we see the black-robed priest wading107 among the white rapids of the Ottawa, toiling108 with his savage109 comrades to drag the canoe against the headlong water. Again, radiant in the vestments of his priestly office, he administers the sacramental bread to kneeling crowds of plumed110 and painted proselytes in the forests of the Hurons; or, bearing his life in his hand, carries his sacred mission into the strongholds of the Iroquois, like one who invades unarmed a den of angry tigers. Jesuit explorers traced the St. Lawrence to its source, and said masses among the solitudes111 of Lake Superior, where the boldest fur-trader scarcely dared to follow. They planted missions at St. Mary’s and at Michillimackinac; and one of their fraternity, the illustrious Marquette, discovered the Mississippi, and opened a new theatre to the boundless112 ambition of France.
The path of the missionary113 was a thorny114 and a bloody115 one;51 and a life of weary apostleship was often crowned with a frightful116 martyrdom. Jean de Brebeuf and Gabriel Lallemant preached the faith among the villages of the Hurons, when their terror-stricken flock were overwhelmed by an irruption of the Iroquois. The missionaries117 might have fled; but, true to their sacred function, they remained behind to aid the wounded and baptize the dying. Both were made captive, and both were doomed118 to the fiery torture. Brebeuf, a veteran soldier of the cross, met his fate with an undaunted composure, which amazed his murderers. With unflinching constancy he endured torments too horrible to be recorded, and died calmly as a martyr98 of the early church, or a war-chief of the Mohawks.
The slender frame of Lallemant, a man younger in years and gentle in spirit, was enveloped119 in blazing savin-bark. Again and again the fire was extinguished; again and again it was kindled120 afresh; and with such fiendish ingenuity121 were his torments protracted122, that he lingered for seventeen hours before death came to his relief.[49]
Isaac Jogues, taken captive by the Iroquois, was led from canton to canton, and village to village, enduring fresh torments and indignities123 at every stage of his progress.[50] Men, women, and children vied with each other in ingenious malignity124. Redeemed125, at length, by the humane126 exertions127 of a Dutch officer, he repaired to France, where his disfigured person and mutilated hands told the story of his sufferings. But the promptings of a sleepless128 conscience urged him to return and complete the work he had begun; to illumine the moral darkness upon which, during the months of his disastrous129 captivity130, he fondly hoped that he had thrown some rays of light. Once more he bent131 his footsteps towards the scene of his living martyrdom, saddened with a deep presentiment132 that he was advancing to his death. Nor were his forebodings untrue. In a village of the Mohawks, the blow of a tomahawk closed his mission and his life.
Such intrepid133 self-devotion may well call forth134 our highest admiration135; but when we seek for the results of these toils136 and52 sacrifices, we shall seek in vain. Patience and zeal were thrown away upon lethargic137 minds and stubborn hearts. The reports of the Jesuits, it is true, display a copious138 list of conversions139; but the zealous140 fathers reckoned the number of conversions by the number of baptisms; and, as Le Clercq observes, with no less truth than candor141, an Indian would be baptized ten times a day for a pint142 of brandy or a pound of tobacco. Neither can more flattering conclusions be drawn143 from the alacrity144 which they showed to adorn145 their persons with crucifixes and medals. The glitter of the trinkets pleased the fancy of the warrior146; and, with the emblem of man’s salvation147 pendent from his neck, he was often at heart as thorough a heathen as when he wore in its place a necklace made of the dried forefingers148 of his enemies. At the present day, with the exception of a few insignificant149 bands of converted Indians in Lower Canada, not a vestige150 of early Jesuit influence can be found among the tribes. The seed was sown upon a rock.[51]
While the church was reaping but a scanty151 harvest, the labors of the missionaries were fruitful of profit to the monarch152 of France. The Jesuit led the van of French colonization; and at Detroit, Michillimackinac, St. Mary’s, Green Bay, and other outposts of the west, the establishment of a mission was the precursor153 of military occupancy. In other respects no less, the labors of the wandering missionaries advanced the welfare of the colony. Sagacious and keen of sight, with faculties154 stimulated155 by zeal and sharpened by peril156, they made faithful report of the temper and movements of the distant tribes among whom they were distributed. The influence which they often gained was exerted in behalf of the government under whose auspices their missions were carried on; and they strenuously157 labored158 to win over the tribes to the French alliance, and alienate159 them from the heretic English. In all things they approved themselves the stanch160 and steadfast auxiliaries161 of the imperial power; and the Marquis du Quesne observed of the missionary Picquet, that in his single person he was worth ten regiments162.[52]
53
Among the English colonies, the pioneers of civilization were for the most part rude, yet vigorous men, impelled163 to enterprise by native restlessness, or lured164 by the hope of gain. Their range was limited, and seldom extended far beyond the outskirts165 of the settlements. With Canada it was far otherwise. There was no energy in the bulk of her people. The court and the army supplied the mainsprings of her vital action, and the hands which planted the lilies of France in the heart of the wilderness had never guided the ploughshare or wielded166 the spade. The love of adventure, the ambition of new discovery, the hope of military advancement167, urged men of place and culture to embark50 on bold and comprehensive enterprise. Many a gallant168 gentleman, many a nobleman of France, trod the black mould and oozy169 mosses170 of the forest with feet that had pressed the carpets of Versailles. They whose youth had passed in camps and courts grew gray among the wigwams of savages171; and the lives of Castine, Joncaire, and Priber[53] are invested with all the interest of romance.
Conspicuous172 in the annals of Canada stands the memorable173 name of Robert Cavelier de La Salle, the man who, beyond all his compeers, contributed to expand the boundary of French empire in the west. La Salle commanded at Fort Frontenac, erected174 near the outlet175 of Lake Ontario, on its northern shore, and then forming the most advanced military outpost of the colony. Here he dwelt among Indians, and half-breeds, traders, voyageurs, bush-rangers, and Franciscan monks, ruling his little empire with absolute sway, enforcing respect by his energy, but offending many by his rigor176. Here he brooded upon the grand design which had long engaged his thoughts. He had resolved to complete the achievement of Father Marquette, to trace the unknown Mississippi to its mouth, to plant the standard of his king in the newly-discovered regions, and found colonies which should make good the sovereignty of France from the Frozen Ocean to Mexico. Ten years of his early life had passed, it is said, in connection with the Jesuits, and his strong mind had hardened to iron under54 the discipline of that relentless177 school. To a sound judgment178, and a penetrating179 sagacity, he joined a boundless enterprise and an adamantine constancy of purpose. But his nature was stern and austere180; he was prone181 to rule by fear rather than by love; he took counsel of no man, and chilled all who approached him by his cold reserve.
At the close of the year 1678, his preparations were complete, and he despatched his attendants to the banks of the river Niagara, whither he soon followed in person. Here he began a little fort of palisades, and was the first military tenant182 of a spot destined183 to momentous184 consequence in future wars. Two leagues above the cataract185, on the eastern bank of the river, he built the first vessel186 which ever explored the waters of the upper lakes.[54] Her name was the Griffin, and her burden was forty-five tons. On the seventh of August, 1679, she began her adventurous187 voyage amid the speechless wonder of the Indians, who stood amazed, alike at the unwonted size of the wooden canoe, at the flash and roar of the cannon188 from her decks, and at the carved figure of a griffin, which sat crouched189 upon her prow190. She bore on her course along the virgin191 waters of Lake Erie, through the beautiful windings193 of the Detroit, and among the restless billows of Lake Huron, where a furious tempest had well nigh ingulphed her. La Salle pursued his voyage along Lake Michigan in birch canoes, and after protracted suffering from famine and exposure reached its southern extremity194 on the eighteenth of October.[55]
He led his followers195 to the banks of the river now called the St. Joseph. Here, again, he built a fort; and here, in after years, the Jesuits placed a mission and the government a garrison196. Thence he pushed on into the unknown region of the Illinois; and now dangers and difficulties began to thicken about him. Indians threatened hostility197; his men lost heart, clamored, grew mutinous198, and repeatedly deserted199; and worse than all, nothing was heard of the vessel which had been sent back to Canada for necessary supplies. Weeks wore on, and doubt ripened200 into certainty. She had foundered201 among the storms of these wilderness oceans; and her loss seemed to55 involve the ruin of the enterprise, since it was vain to proceed farther without the expected supplies. In this disastrous crisis, La Salle embraced a resolution characteristic of his intrepid temper. Leaving his men in charge of a subordinate at a fort which he had built on the river Illinois, he turned his face again towards Canada. He traversed on foot more than a thousand miles of frozen forest, crossing rivers, toiling through snow-drifts, wading ice-encumbered swamps, sustaining life by the fruits of the chase, and threatened day and night by lurking202 enemies. He gained his destination, but it was only to encounter a fresh storm of calamities203. His enemies had been busy in his absence; a malicious204 report had gone abroad that he was dead; his creditors205 had seized his property; and the stores on which he most relied had been wrecked207 at sea, or lost among the rapids of the St. Lawrence. Still he battled against adversity with his wonted vigor, and in Count Frontenac, the governor of the province,—a spirit kindred to his own,—he found a firm friend. Every difficulty gave way before him; and with fresh supplies of men, stores, and ammunition208, he again embarked for the Illinois. Rounding the vast circuit of the lakes, he reached the mouth of the St. Joseph, and hastened with anxious speed to the fort where he had left his followers. The place was empty. Not a man remained. Terrified, despondent209, mutinous, and embroiled210 in Indian wars, they had fled to seek peace and safety, he knew not whither.
Once more the dauntless discoverer turned back towards Canada. Once more he stood before Count Frontenac, and once more bent all his resources and all his credit to gain means for the prosecution211 of his enterprise. He succeeded. With his little flotilla of canoes, he left his fort, at the outlet of Lake Ontario, and slowly retraced212 those interminable waters, and lines of forest-bounded shore, which had grown drearily213 familiar to his eyes. Fate at length seemed tired of the conflict with so stubborn an adversary214. All went prosperously with the voyagers. They passed the lakes in safety, crossed the rough portage to the waters of the Illinois, followed its winding192 channel, and descended215 the turbid216 eddies217 of the Mississippi, received with various welcome by the scattered218 tribes who dwelt along its banks. Now the waters grew bitter to the56 taste; now the trampling219 of the surf was heard; and now the broad ocean opened upon their sight, and their goal was won. On the ninth of April, 1682, with his followers under arms, amid the firing of musketry, the chanting of the Te Deum, and shouts of “Vive le roi,” La Salle took formal possession of the vast valley of the Mississippi, in the name of Louis the Great, King of France and Navarre.[56]
The first stage of his enterprise was accomplished221, but labors no less arduous222 remained behind. Repairing to the court of France, he was welcomed with richly merited favor, and soon set sail for the mouth of the Mississippi, with a squadron of vessels223 freighted with men and material for the projected colony. But the folly224 and obstinacy225 of a jealous naval226 commander blighted227 his fairest hopes. The squadron missed the mouth of the river; and the wreck206 of one of the vessels, and the desertion of the commander, completed the ruin of the expedition. La Salle landed with a band of half-famished followers on the coast of Texas; and, while he was toiling with untired energy for their relief, a few vindictive228 miscreants229 conspired230 against him, and a shot from a traitor’s musket220 closed the career of the iron-hearted discoverer.
It was left with another to complete the enterprise on which he had staked his life; and, in the year 1699, Lemoine d’Iberville planted the germ whence sprang the colony of Louisiana.[57]
Years passed on. In spite of a vicious plan of government, in spite of the bursting of the memorable Mississippi bubble, the new colony grew in wealth and strength. And now it remained for France to unite the two extremities231 of her broad American domain232, to extend forts and settlements across the fertile solitudes between the valley of the St. Lawrence and the mouth of the Mississippi, and intrench herself among the forests which lie west of the Alleghanies, before the swelling233 tide of British colonization could overflow234 those mountain barriers. At the middle of the eighteenth century, her great project was fast advancing towards completion. The lakes and streams, the thoroughfares of the wilderness, were seized and57 guarded by a series of posts distributed with admirable skill. A fort on the strait of Niagara commanded the great entrance to the whole interior country. Another at Detroit controlled the passage from Lake Erie to the north. Another at St. Mary’s debarred all hostile access to Lake Superior. Another at Michillimackinac secured the mouth of Lake Michigan. A post at Green Bay, and one at St. Joseph, guarded the two routes to the Mississippi, by way of the rivers Wisconsin and Illinois; while two posts on the Wabash, and one on the Maumee, made France the mistress of the great trading highway from Lake Erie to the Ohio. At Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and elsewhere in the Illinois, little French settlements had sprung up; and as the canoe of the voyager descended the Mississippi, he saw, at rare intervals235, along its swampy236 margin, a few small stockade237 forts, half buried amid the redundancy of forest vegetation, until, as he approached Natchez, the dwellings238 of the habitans of Louisiana began to appear.
The forest posts of France were not exclusively of a military character. Adjacent to most of them, one would have found a little cluster of Canadian dwellings, whose tenants239 lived under the protection of the garrison, and obeyed the arbitrary will of the commandant; an authority which, however, was seldom exerted in a despotic spirit. In these detached settlements, there was no principle of increase. The character of the people, and of the government which ruled them, were alike unfavorable to it. Agriculture was neglected for the more congenial pursuits of the fur-trade, and the restless, roving Canadians, scattered abroad on their wild vocation240, allied241 themselves to Indian women, and filled the woods with a mongrel race of bush-rangers.
Thus far secure in the west, France next essayed to gain foothold upon the sources of the Ohio; and about the year 1748, the sagacious Count Galissonnière proposed to bring over ten thousand peasants from France, and plant them in the valley of that beautiful river, and on the borders of the lakes.[58] But while at Quebec, in the Castle of St. Louis, soldiers and statesmen were revolving242 schemes like this, the slowly-moving power of England bore on with silent progress58 from the east. Already the British settlements were creeping along the valley of the Mohawk, and ascending243 the eastern slopes of the Alleghanies. Forests crashing to the axe244, dark spires245 of smoke ascending from autumnal fires, were heralds246 of the advancing host; and while, on one side of the mountains, Celeron de Bienville was burying plates of lead, engraved247 with the arms of France, the ploughs and axes of Virginian woodsmen were enforcing a surer title on the other. The adverse powers were drawing near. The hour of collision was at hand.
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1
maturity
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| n.成熟；完成；(支票、债券等)到期 | |
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auspices
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| n.资助，赞助 | |
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infancy
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| n.婴儿期；幼年期；初期 | |
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puny
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| adj.微不足道的，弱小的 | |
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stimulants
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| n.兴奋剂( stimulant的名词复数 )；含兴奋剂的饮料；刺激物；激励物 | |
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martial
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| adj.战争的，军事的，尚武的，威武的 | |
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languished
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| 长期受苦( languish的过去式和过去分词 )； 受折磨； 变得（越来越）衰弱； 因渴望而变得憔悴或闷闷不乐 | |
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vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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adverse
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| adj.不利的；有害的；敌对的，不友好的 | |
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feudal
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| adj.封建的，封地的，领地的 | |
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contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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inert
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| adj.无活动能力的，惰性的；迟钝的 | |
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margin
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| n.页边空白；差额；余地，余裕；边，边缘 | |
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vassals
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| n.奴仆( vassal的名词复数 )；（封建时代）诸侯；从属者；下属 | |
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emblem
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| n.象征，标志；徽章 | |
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shrine
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| n.圣地，神龛，庙；v.将...置于神龛内，把...奉为神圣 | |
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garb
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| n.服装，装束 | |
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nun
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| n.修女，尼姑 | |
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perpetuated
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| vt.使永存（perpetuate的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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capes
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| 碎谷； 斗篷( cape的名词复数 )； 披肩； 海角； 岬 | |
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adoration
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| n.爱慕，崇拜 | |
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countless
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| adj.无数的，多得不计其数的 | |
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vassalage
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| n.家臣身份，隶属 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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sublimed
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| 伟大的( sublime的过去式和过去分词 )； 令人赞叹的； 极端的； 不顾后果的 | |
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fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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colonist
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| n.殖民者，移民 | |
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den
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| n.兽穴；秘密地方；安静的小房间，私室 | |
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32
toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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33
reverently
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| adv.虔诚地 | |
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34
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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35
laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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36
ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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37
steadfast
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| adj.固定的，不变的，不动摇的；忠实的；坚贞不移的 | |
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38
marrow
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| n.骨髓；精华；活力 | |
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39
commonwealth
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| n.共和国，联邦，共同体 | |
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40
miserably
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| adv.痛苦地；悲惨地；糟糕地；极度地 | |
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41
ancestry
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| n.祖先，家世 | |
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42
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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43
peals
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| n.（声音大而持续或重复的）洪亮的响声( peal的名词复数 )；隆隆声；洪亮的钟声；钟乐v.（使）（钟等）鸣响，（雷等）发出隆隆声( peal的第三人称单数 ) | |
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44
groaning
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| adj. 呜咽的, 呻吟的 动词groan的现在分词形式 | |
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45
ostentation
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| n.夸耀，卖弄 | |
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46
propensity
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| n.倾向；习性 | |
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47
engrossing
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| adj.使人全神贯注的，引人入胜的v.使全神贯注( engross的现在分词 ) | |
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48
carousal
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| n.喧闹的酒会 | |
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49
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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50
embark
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| vi.乘船，着手，从事，上飞机 | |
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51
oars
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| n.桨，橹( oar的名词复数 )；划手v.划（行）( oar的第三人称单数 ) | |
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52
cadence
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| n.（说话声调的）抑扬顿挫 | |
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53
bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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54
frail
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| adj.身体虚弱的；易损坏的 | |
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55
milky
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| adj.牛奶的，多奶的；乳白色的 | |
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56
foam
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| v./n.泡沫，起泡沫 | |
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57
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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58
gambols
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| v.蹦跳，跳跃，嬉戏( gambol的第三人称单数 ) | |
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59
hybrid
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| n.(动，植）杂种，混合物 | |
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60
engendered
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| v.产生（某形势或状况），造成，引起( engender的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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61
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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62
akin
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| adj.同族的，类似的 | |
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63
fascinations
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| n.魅力( fascination的名词复数 )；有魅力的东西；迷恋；陶醉 | |
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64
ebb
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| vi.衰退，减退；n.处于低潮，处于衰退状态 | |
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65
cramped
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| a.狭窄的 | |
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66
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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67
prostrate
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| v.拜倒，平卧，衰竭；adj.拜倒的，平卧的，衰竭的 | |
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68
rife
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| adj.(指坏事情)充斥的，流行的，普遍的 | |
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69
swelled
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| 增强( swell的过去式和过去分词 )； 肿胀； （使）凸出； 充满（激情） | |
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70
unity
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| n.团结，联合，统一；和睦，协调 | |
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71
onset
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| n.进攻，袭击，开始，突然开始 | |
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72
assail
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| v.猛烈攻击，抨击，痛斥 | |
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73
antagonists
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| 对立[对抗] 者，对手，敌手( antagonist的名词复数 )； 对抗肌； 对抗药 | |
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74
strife
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| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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75
Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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76
imbued
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| v.使（某人/某事）充满或激起（感情等）( imbue的过去式和过去分词 )；使充满；灌输；激发（强烈感情或品质等） | |
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77
fervid
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| adj.热情的；炽热的 | |
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78
piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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79
conversion
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| n.转化，转换，转变 | |
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80
monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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81
colonization
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| 殖民地的开拓，殖民，殖民地化； 移殖 | |
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82
exalted
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| adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的 | |
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83
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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84
well-being
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| n.安康，安乐，幸福 | |
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85
nuns
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| n.（通常指基督教的）修女， （佛教的）尼姑( nun的名词复数 ) | |
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86
labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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87
malice
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| n.恶意，怨恨，蓄意；[律]预谋 | |
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88
demons
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| n.恶人( demon的名词复数 )；恶魔；精力过人的人；邪念 | |
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89
usury
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| n.高利贷 | |
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90
accomplishment
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| n.完成，成就，（pl.）造诣，技能 | |
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91
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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92
envoys
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| 使节( envoy的名词复数 )； 公使； 谈判代表； 使节身份 | |
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93
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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94
exclusion
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| n.拒绝，排除，排斥，远足，远途旅行 | |
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95
laborers
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| n.体力劳动者，工人( laborer的名词复数 )；（熟练工人的）辅助工 | |
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96
aggrandizement
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| n.增大，强化，扩大 | |
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97
torments
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| （肉体或精神上的）折磨，痛苦( torment的名词复数 )； 造成痛苦的事物[人] | |
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98
martyr
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| n.烈士，殉难者；vt.杀害，折磨，牺牲 | |
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99
martyrs
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| n.martyr的复数形式；烈士( martyr的名词复数 )；殉道者；殉教者；乞怜者（向人诉苦以博取同情） | |
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100
replete
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| adj.饱满的，塞满的；n.贮蜜蚁 | |
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101
horde
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| n.群众，一大群 | |
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102
crouching
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| v.屈膝，蹲伏( crouch的现在分词 ) | |
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103
stifled
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| （使）窒息， （使）窒闷( stifle的过去式和过去分词 )； 镇压，遏制； 堵 | |
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104
famished
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| adj.饥饿的 | |
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105
morsel
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| n.一口，一点点 | |
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106
sustenance
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| n.食物，粮食；生活资料；生计 | |
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107
wading
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的现在分词 ) | |
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108
toiling
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| 长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的现在分词 )； 艰难缓慢地移动，跋涉 | |
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109
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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110
plumed
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| 饰有羽毛的 | |
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111
solitudes
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| n.独居( solitude的名词复数 )；孤独；荒僻的地方；人迹罕至的地方 | |
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112
boundless
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| adj.无限的；无边无际的；巨大的 | |
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113
missionary
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| adj.教会的，传教(士)的；n.传教士 | |
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114
thorny
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| adj.多刺的，棘手的 | |
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115
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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116
frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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117
missionaries
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| n.传教士( missionary的名词复数 ) | |
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118
doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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119
enveloped
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| v.包围，笼罩，包住( envelop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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120
kindled
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| （使某物）燃烧，着火( kindle的过去式和过去分词 )； 激起（感情等）； 发亮，放光 | |
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121
ingenuity
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| n.别出心裁；善于发明创造 | |
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122
protracted
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| adj.拖延的；延长的v.拖延“protract”的过去式和过去分词 | |
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123
indignities
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| n.侮辱，轻蔑( indignity的名词复数 ) | |
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124
malignity
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| n.极度的恶意，恶毒；（病的）恶性 | |
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125
redeemed
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| adj. 可赎回的，可救赎的 动词redeem的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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126
humane
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| adj.人道的，富有同情心的 | |
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127
exertions
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| n.努力( exertion的名词复数 )；费力；（能力、权力等的）运用；行使 | |
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128
sleepless
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| adj.不睡眠的，睡不著的，不休息的 | |
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129
disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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130
captivity
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| n.囚禁；被俘；束缚 | |
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131
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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132
presentiment
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| n.预感，预觉 | |
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133
intrepid
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| adj.无畏的，刚毅的 | |
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134
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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135
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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136
toils
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| 网 | |
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137
lethargic
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| adj.昏睡的，懒洋洋的 | |
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138
copious
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| adj.丰富的，大量的 | |
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139
conversions
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| 变换( conversion的名词复数 )； （宗教、信仰等）彻底改变； （尤指为居住而）改建的房屋； 橄榄球（触地得分后再把球射中球门的）附加得分 | |
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140
zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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141
candor
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| n.坦白，率真 | |
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142
pint
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| n.品脱 | |
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143
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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144
alacrity
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| n.敏捷，轻快，乐意 | |
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145
adorn
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| vt.使美化，装饰 | |
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146
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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147
salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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148
forefingers
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| n.食指( forefinger的名词复数 ) | |
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149
insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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150
vestige
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| n.痕迹，遗迹，残余 | |
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151
scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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152
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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153
precursor
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| n.先驱者；前辈；前任；预兆；先兆 | |
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154
faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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155
stimulated
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| a.刺激的 | |
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156
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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157
strenuously
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| adv.奋发地，费力地 | |
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158
labored
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| adj.吃力的，谨慎的v.努力争取(for)( labor的过去式和过去分词 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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159
alienate
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| vt.使疏远，离间；转让(财产等) | |
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160
stanch
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| v.止住（血等）；adj.坚固的；坚定的 | |
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161
auxiliaries
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| n.助动词 ( auxiliary的名词复数 )；辅助工，辅助人员 | |
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162
regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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163
impelled
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| v.推动、推进或敦促某人做某事( impel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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164
lured
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| 吸引，引诱（lure的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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165
outskirts
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| n.郊外，郊区 | |
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166
wielded
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| 手持着使用（武器、工具等）( wield的过去式和过去分词 )； 具有； 运用（权力）； 施加（影响） | |
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167
advancement
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| n.前进，促进，提升 | |
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168
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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169
oozy
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| adj.软泥的 | |
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170
mosses
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| n. 藓类, 苔藓植物 名词moss的复数形式 | |
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171
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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172
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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173
memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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174
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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175
outlet
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| n.出口/路；销路；批发商店；通风口；发泄 | |
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176
rigor
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| n.严酷，严格，严厉 | |
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177
relentless
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| adj.残酷的，不留情的，无怜悯心的 | |
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178
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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179
penetrating
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| adj.（声音）响亮的，尖锐的adj.（气味）刺激的adj.（思想）敏锐的，有洞察力的 | |
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180
austere
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| adj.艰苦的；朴素的，朴实无华的；严峻的 | |
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181
prone
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| adj.(to)易于…的，很可能…的；俯卧的 | |
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182
tenant
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| n.承租人；房客；佃户；v.租借，租用 | |
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183
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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184
momentous
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| adj.重要的，重大的 | |
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185
cataract
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| n.大瀑布，奔流，洪水，白内障 | |
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186
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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187
adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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188
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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189
crouched
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| v.屈膝，蹲伏( crouch的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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190
prow
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| n.(飞机)机头，船头 | |
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191
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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192
winding
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| n.绕，缠，绕组，线圈 | |
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193
windings
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| （道路、河流等）蜿蜒的，弯曲的( winding的名词复数 )； 缠绕( wind的现在分词 )； 卷绕； 转动（把手） | |
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194
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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195
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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196
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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197
hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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198
mutinous
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| adj.叛变的，反抗的；adv.反抗地，叛变地；n.反抗，叛变 | |
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199
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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200
ripened
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| v.成熟，使熟( ripen的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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201
foundered
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| v.创始人( founder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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202
lurking
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| 潜在 | |
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203
calamities
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| n.灾祸，灾难( calamity的名词复数 )；不幸之事 | |
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204
malicious
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| adj.有恶意的，心怀恶意的 | |
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205
creditors
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| n.债权人，债主( creditor的名词复数 ) | |
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206
wreck
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| n.失事，遇难；沉船；vt.(船等)失事，遇难 | |
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207
wrecked
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| adj.失事的，遇难的 | |
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208
ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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209
despondent
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| adj.失望的，沮丧的，泄气的 | |
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210
embroiled
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| adj.卷入的；纠缠不清的 | |
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211
prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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212
retraced
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| v.折回( retrace的过去式和过去分词 )；回忆；回顾；追溯 | |
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213
drearily
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| 沉寂地，厌倦地，可怕地 | |
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214
adversary
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| adj.敌手，对手 | |
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215
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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216
turbid
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| adj.混浊的，泥水的，浓的 | |
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217
eddies
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| （水、烟等的）漩涡，涡流( eddy的名词复数 ) | |
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218
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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219
trampling
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| 踩( trample的现在分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯 | |
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220
musket
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| n.滑膛枪 | |
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221
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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222
arduous
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| adj.艰苦的，费力的，陡峭的 | |
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223
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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224
folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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225
obstinacy
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| n.顽固；（病痛等）难治 | |
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226
naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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227
blighted
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| adj.枯萎的，摧毁的 | |
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228
vindictive
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| adj.有报仇心的，怀恨的，惩罚的 | |
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229
miscreants
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| n.恶棍，歹徒( miscreant的名词复数 ) | |
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230
conspired
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| 密谋( conspire的过去式和过去分词 )； 搞阴谋； （事件等）巧合； 共同导致 | |
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231
extremities
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| n.端点( extremity的名词复数 )；尽头；手和足；极窘迫的境地 | |
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232
domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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233
swelling
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| n.肿胀 | |
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234
overflow
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| v.(使)外溢，(使)溢出；溢出，流出，漫出 | |
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235
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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236
swampy
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| adj.沼泽的，湿地的 | |
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237
stockade
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| n.栅栏，围栏；v.用栅栏防护 | |
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238
dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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239
tenants
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| n.房客( tenant的名词复数 )；佃户；占用者；占有者 | |
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240
vocation
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| n.职业，行业 | |
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241
allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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242
revolving
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| adj.旋转的，轮转式的；循环的v.（使）旋转( revolve的现在分词 )；细想 | |
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243
ascending
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| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
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244
axe
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| n.斧子；v.用斧头砍，削减 | |
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245
spires
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| n.（教堂的） 塔尖，尖顶( spire的名词复数 ) | |
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246
heralds
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| n.使者( herald的名词复数 )；预报者；预兆；传令官v.预示( herald的第三人称单数 )；宣布（好或重要） | |
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247
engraved
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| v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的过去式和过去分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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