DEATH OF PONTIAC.
The Winter passed quietly away. Already the Indians began to feel the blessings1 of returning peace in the partial reopening of the fur-trade; and the famine and nakedness, the misery2 and death, which through the previous season had been rife3 in their encampments, were exchanged for comparative comfort and abundance. With many precautions, and in meagre allowances, the traders had been permitted to throw their goods into the Indian markets; and the starving hunters were no longer left, as many of them had been, to gain precarious4 sustenance5 by the bow, the arrow, and the lance—the half-forgotten weapons of their fathers. Some troubles arose along the frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia. The reckless borderers, in contempt of common humanity and prudence6, murdered several straggling Indians, and enraged7 others by abuse and insult; but these outrages8 could not obliterate9 the remembrance of recent chastisement10, and, for the present at least, the injured warriors11 forbore to draw down the fresh vengeance13 of their destroyers.
Spring returned, and Pontiac remembered the promise he had made to visit Sir William Johnson at Oswego. He left his encampment on the Maumee, accompanied by his chiefs, and by an Englishman named Crawford, a man of vigor14 and resolution, who had been appointed, by the superintendent15, to the troublesome office of attending the Indian deputation, and supplying their wants.[489]
We may well imagine with what bitterness of mood the defeated war-chief urged his canoe along the margin16 of Lake Erie, and gazed upon the horizon-bounded waters, and the lofty shores, green with primeval verdure. Little could he have dreamed, and little could the wisest of that day have imagined, that, within the space of a single human life, that lonely lake would be studded with the sails of commerce; that493 cities and villages would rise upon the ruins of the forest; and that the poor mementoes of his lost race—the wampum beads17, the rusty18 tomahawk, and the arrowhead of stone, turned up by the ploughshare—would become the wonder of schoolboys, and the prized relics20 of the antiquary’s cabinet. Yet it needed no prophetic eye to foresee that, sooner or later, the doom21 must come. The star of his people’s destiny was fading from the sky; and, to a mind like his, the black and withering22 future must have stood revealed in all its desolation.
The birchen flotilla gained the outlet23 of Lake Erie, and, shooting downwards24 with the stream, landed beneath the palisades of Fort Schlosser. The chiefs passed the portage, and, once more embarking25, pushed out upon Lake Ontario. Soon their goal was reached, and the cannon26 boomed hollow salutation from the batteries of Oswego.
Here they found Sir William Johnson waiting to receive them, attended by the chief sachems of the Iroquois, whom he had invited to the spot, that their presence might give additional weight and solemnity to the meeting. As there was no building large enough to receive so numerous a concourse, a canopy27 of green boughs28 was erected29 to shade the assembly from the sun; and thither30, on the twenty-third of July, repaired the chiefs and warriors of the several nations. Here stood the tall figure of Sir William Johnson, surrounded by civil and military officers, clerks, and interpreters; while before him reclined the painted sachems of the Iroquois, and the great Ottawa war-chief, with his dejected followers31.
Johnson opened the meeting with the usual formalities, presenting his auditors32 with a belt of wampum to wipe the tears from their eyes, with another to cover the bones of their relatives, another to open their ears that they might hear, and another to clear their throats that they might speak with ease. Then, amid solemn silence, Pontiac’s great peace-pipe was lighted and passed round the assembly, each man present inhaling33 a whiff of the sacred smoke. These tedious forms, together with a few speeches of compliment, consumed the whole morning; for this savage34 people, on whose supposed simplicity35 poets and rhetoricians have lavished36 their praises, may challenge the world to outmatch their bigoted37 adherence38 to usage and ceremonial.
494
On the following day, the council began in earnest, and Sir William Johnson addressed Pontiac and his attendant chiefs.
“Children, I bid you heartily39 welcome to this place; and I trust that the Great Spirit will permit us often to meet together in friendship, for I have now opened the door and cleared the road, that all nations may come hither from the sunsetting. This belt of wampum confirms my words.
“Children, it gave me much pleasure to find that you who are present behaved so well last year, and treated in so friendly a manner Mr. Croghan, one of my deputies; and that you expressed such concern for the bad behavior of those, who, in order to obstruct40 the good work of peace, assaulted and wounded him, and killed some of his party, both whites and Indians; a thing before unknown, and contrary to the laws and customs of all nations. This would have drawn41 down our strongest resentment42 upon those who were guilty of so heinous43 a crime, were it not for the great lenity and kindness of your English father, who does not delight in punishing those who repent44 sincerely of their faults.
“Children, I have now, with the approbation45 of General Gage46 (your father’s chief warrior12 in this country), invited you here in order to confirm and strengthen your proceedings47 with Mr. Croghan last year. I hope that you will remember all that then passed, and I desire that you will often repeat it to your young people, and keep it fresh in your minds.
“Children, you begin already to see the fruits of peace, from the number of traders and plenty of goods at all the garrisoned48 posts; and our enjoying the peaceable possession of the Illinois will be found of great advantage to the Indians in that country. You likewise see that proper officers, men of honor and probity49, are appointed to reside at the posts, to prevent abuses in trade, to hear your complaints, and to lay before me such of them as they cannot redress50.[490] Interpreters495 are likewise sent for the assistance of each of them; and smiths are sent to the posts to repair your arms and implements51. All this, which is attended with a great expense, is now done by the great King, your father, as a proof of his regard; so that, casting from you all jealousy52 and apprehension53, you should now strive with each other who should show the most gratitude54 to this best of princes. I do now, therefore, confirm the assurances which I give you of his Majesty’s good will, and do insist on your casting away all evil thoughts, and shutting your ears against all flying idle reports of bad people.”
The rest of Johnson’s speech was occupied in explaining to his hearers the new arrangements for the regulation of the fur-trade; in exhorting55 them to forbear from retaliating56 the injuries they might receive from reckless white men, who would meet with due punishment from their own countrymen; and in urging them to deliver up to justice those of their people who might be guilty of crimes against the English. “Children,” he concluded, “I now, by this belt, turn your eyes to the sunrising, where you will always find me your sincere friend. From me you will always hear what is true and good; and I charge you never more to listen to those evil birds, who come, with lying tongues, to lead you astray, and to make you break the solemn engagements which you have entered into, in presence of the Great Spirit, with the King your father and the English people. Be strong, then, and keep fast hold of the chain of friendship, that your children, following your example, may live happy and prosperous lives.”
Pontiac made a brief reply, and promised to return on the morrow an answer in full. The meeting then broke up.
The council of the next day was opened by the Wyandot chief, Teata, in a short and formal address; at the conclusion of which Pontiac himself arose, and addressed the superintendent in words, of which the following is a translation:
“Father, we thank the Great Spirit for giving us so fine a day to meet upon such great affairs. I speak in the name of all the nations to the westward57, of whom I am the master. It is the will of the Great Spirit that we should meet here to-day; and before him I now take you by the hand. I call him to witness that I speak from my heart; for since I took Colonel496 Croghan by the hand last year, I have never let go my hold, for I see that the Great Spirit will have us friends.
“Father, when our great father of France was in this country, I held him fast by the hand. Now that he is gone, I take you, my English father, by the hand, in the name of all the nations, and promise to keep this covenant58 as long as I shall live.”
Here he delivered a large belt of wampum.
“Father, when you address me, it is the same as if you addressed all the nations of the west. Father, this belt is to cover and strengthen our chain of friendship, and to show you that, if any nation shall lift the hatchet59 against our English brethren, we shall be the first to feel it and resent it.”
Pontiac next took up in succession the various points touched upon in the speech of the superintendent, expressing in all things a full compliance61 with his wishes. The succeeding days of the conference were occupied with matters of detail relating chiefly to the fur-trade, all of which were adjusted to the apparent satisfaction of the Indians, who, on their part, made reiterated62 professions of friendship. Pontiac promised to recall the war-belts which had been sent to the north and west, though, as he alleged63, many of them had proceeded from the Senecas, and not from him; adding that, when all were gathered together, they would be more than a man could carry. The Iroquois sachems then addressed the western nations, exhorting them to stand true to their engagements, and hold fast the chain of friendship; and the councils closed on the thirty-first, with a bountiful distribution of presents to Pontiac and his followers[491].
Thus ended this memorable64 meeting, in which Pontiac sealed his submission65 to the English, and renounced66 for ever the bold design by which he had trusted to avert67 or retard68 the ruin of his race. His hope of seeing the empire of France restored in America was scattered69 to the winds, and with it vanished every rational scheme of resistance to English encroachment70.497 Nothing now remained but to stand an idle spectator, while, in the north and in the south, the tide of British power rolled westward in resistless might; while the fragments of the rival empire, which he would fain have set up as a barrier against the flood, lay scattered a miserable71 wreck72; and while the remnant of his people melted away or fled for refuge to remoter deserts. For them the prospects73 of the future were as clear as they were calamitous74. Destruction or civilization—between these lay their choice; and few who knew them could doubt which alternative they would embrace.
Pontiac, his canoe laden75 with the gifts of his enemy, steered76 homeward for the Maumee; and in this vicinity he spent the following winter, pitching his lodge77 in the forest with his wives and children, and hunting like an ordinary warrior. With the succeeding spring, 1767, fresh murmurings of discontent arose among the Indian tribes, from the lakes to the Potomac, the first precursors78 of the disorders79 which, a few years later, ripened81 into a brief but bloody82 war along the borders of Virginia. These threatening symptoms might easily be traced to their source. The incorrigible83 frontiersmen had again let loose their murdering propensities84; and a multitude of squatters had built their cabins on Indian lands beyond the limits of Pennsylvania, adding insult to aggression85, and sparing neither oaths, curses, nor any form of abuse and maltreatment against the rightful owners of the soil.[492] The new regulations of the fur-trade could not prevent disorders among the reckless men engaged in it. This was particularly the case in the region of the Illinois, where the evil was aggravated86 by the renewed intrigues87 of the French, and especially of those who had fled from the English side of the Mississippi, and made their abode88 around the new settlement of St. Louis.[493] It is difficult to say how far Pontiac was involved in this agitation89. It is certain that some of the English traders regarded him with jealousy and fear, as prime mover of the whole, and eagerly watched an opportunity to destroy him.
The discontent among the tribes did not diminish with the498 lapse90 of time; yet for many months we can discern no trace of Pontiac. Records and traditions are silent concerning him. It is not until April, 1769, that he appears once more distinctly on the scene.[494] At about that time he came to the Illinois, with what design does not appear, though his movements excited much uneasiness among the few English in that quarter. Soon after his arrival, he repaired to St. Louis, to visit his former acquaintance, St. Ange, who was then in command at that post, having offered his services to the Spaniards after the cession60 of Louisiana. After leaving the fort, Pontiac proceeded to the house of which young Pierre Chouteau was an inmate92; and to the last days of his protracted93 life, the latter could vividly94 recall the circumstances of the interview. The savage chief was arrayed in the full uniform of a French officer, which had been presented to him as a special mark of respect and favor by the Marquis of Montcalm, towards the close of the French war, and which Pontiac never had the bad taste to wear, except on occasions when he wished to appear with unusual dignity. St. Ange, Chouteau, and the other principal inhabitants of the infant settlement, whom he visited in turn, all received him cordially, and did their best to entertain him and his attendant chiefs. He remained at St. Louis for two or three days, when, hearing that a large number of Indians were assembled at Cahokia, on the opposite side of the river, and that some drinking bout91 or other social gathering95 was in progress, he told St. Ange that he would cross over to see what was going forward. St. Ange tried to dissuade96 him, and urged the risk to which he would expose himself; but Pontiac persisted, boasting that he was a match for the English, and had no fear for his life. He entered a canoe with some of his followers, and Chouteau never saw him again.
He who, at the present day, crosses from the city of St. Louis to the opposite shore of the Mississippi, and passes499 southward through a forest festooned with grape-vines, and fragrant97 with the scent98 of flowers, will soon emerge upon the ancient hamlet of Cahokia. To one fresh from the busy suburbs of the American city, the small French houses, scattered in picturesque99 disorder80, the light-hearted, thriftless look of their inmates100, and the woods which form the background of the picture, seem like the remnants of an earlier and simpler world. Strange changes have passed around that spot. Forests have fallen, cities have sprung up, and the lonely wilderness101 is thronged102 with human life. Nature herself has taken part in the general transformation103; and the Mississippi has made a fearful inroad, robbing from the luckless Creoles a mile of rich meadow and woodland. Yet, in the midst of all, this relic19 of the lost empire of France has preserved its essential features through the lapse of a century, and offers at this day an aspect not widely different from that which met the eye of Pontiac, when he and his chiefs landed on its shore.
The place was full of Illinois Indians; such a scene as in our own time may often be met with in some squalid settlement of the border, where the vagabond guests, bedizened with dirty finery, tie their small horses in rows along the fences, and stroll idly among the houses, or lounge about the dramshops. A chief so renowned104 as Pontiac could not remain long among the friendly Creoles of Cahokia without being summoned to a feast; and at such primitive105 entertainment the whiskey-bottle would not fail to play its part. This was in truth the case. Pontiac drank deeply, and, when the carousal106 was over, strode down the village street to the adjacent woods, where he was heard to sing the medicine songs, in whose magic power he trusted as the warrant of success in all his undertakings107.
An English trader, named Williamson, was then in the village. He had looked on the movements of Pontiac with a jealousy probably not diminished by the visit of the chief to the French at St. Louis; and he now resolved not to lose so favorable an opportunity to despatch108 him. With this view, he gained the ear of a strolling Indian, belonging to the Kaskaskia tribe of the Illinois, bribed109 him with a barrel of liquor, and promised him a farther reward if he would kill the chief. The bargain was quickly made. When Pontiac entered500 the forest, the assassin stole close upon his track; and, watching his moment, glided110 behind him, and buried a tomahawk in his brain.
The dead body was soon discovered, and startled cries and wild howlings announced the event. The word was caught up from mouth to mouth, and the place resounded111 with infernal yells. The warriors snatched their weapons. The Illinois took part with their guilty countryman; and the few followers of Pontiac, driven from the village, fled to spread the tidings and call the nations to revenge. Meanwhile the murdered chief lay on the spot where he had fallen, until St. Ange, mindful of former friendship, sent to claim the body, and buried it with warlike honors, near his fort of St. Louis.[495]
Thus basely perished this champion of a ruined race. But could his shade have revisited the scene of murder, his savage spirit would have exulted112 in the vengeance which overwhelmed the abettors of the crime. Whole tribes were rooted out to expiate113 it. Chiefs and sachems, whose veins114 had thrilled501 with his eloquence115; young warriors, whose aspiring116 hearts had caught the inspiration of his greatness, mustered117 to revenge his fate; and, from the north and the east, their united bands descended118 on the villages of the Illinois. Tradition has but faintly preserved the memory of the event; and its only annalists, men who held the intestine119 feuds120 of the savage tribes in no more account than the quarrels of panthers or wildcats, have left but a meagre record. Yet enough remains121 to tell us that over the grave of Pontiac more blood was poured out in atonement, than flowed from the veins of the slaughtered122 heroes on the corpse123 of Patroclus; and the remnant of the Illinois who survived the carnage remained for ever after sunk in utter insignificance124.
Neither mound125 nor tablet marked the burial-place of Pontiac. For a mausoleum, a city has risen above the forest hero; and the race whom he hated with such burning rancor126 trample127 with unceasing footsteps over his forgotten grave.
The End
The End
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1
blessings
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| n.（上帝的）祝福( blessing的名词复数 )；好事；福分；因祸得福 | |
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misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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rife
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| adj.(指坏事情)充斥的，流行的，普遍的 | |
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precarious
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| adj.不安定的，靠不住的；根据不足的 | |
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5
sustenance
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| n.食物，粮食；生活资料；生计 | |
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prudence
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| n.谨慎，精明，节俭 | |
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7
enraged
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| 使暴怒( enrage的过去式和过去分词 )； 歜； 激愤 | |
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outrages
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| 引起…的义愤，激怒( outrage的第三人称单数 ) | |
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obliterate
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| v.擦去，涂抹，去掉...痕迹，消失，除去 | |
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10
chastisement
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| n.惩罚 | |
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warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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14
vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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15
superintendent
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| n.监督人，主管，总监；(英国)警务长 | |
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margin
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| n.页边空白；差额；余地，余裕；边，边缘 | |
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17
beads
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| n.（空心）小珠子( bead的名词复数 )；水珠；珠子项链 | |
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18
rusty
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| adj.生锈的；锈色的；荒废了的 | |
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relic
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| n.神圣的遗物，遗迹，纪念物 | |
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relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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doom
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| n.厄运，劫数；v.注定，命定 | |
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withering
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| 使人畏缩的，使人害羞的，使人难堪的 | |
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outlet
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| n.出口/路；销路；批发商店；通风口；发泄 | |
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downwards
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| adj./adv.向下的（地），下行的（地） | |
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embarking
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| 乘船( embark的现在分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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canopy
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| n.天篷，遮篷 | |
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boughs
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| 大树枝( bough的名词复数 ) | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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auditors
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| n.审计员，稽核员( auditor的名词复数 )；（大学课程的）旁听生 | |
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inhaling
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| v.吸入( inhale的现在分词 ) | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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lavished
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| v.过分给予，滥施( lavish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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bigoted
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| adj.固执己见的，心胸狭窄的 | |
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adherence
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| n.信奉，依附，坚持，固着 | |
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heartily
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| adv.衷心地，诚恳地，十分，很 | |
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obstruct
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| v.阻隔，阻塞(道路、通道等)；n.阻碍物，障碍物 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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resentment
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| n.怨愤，忿恨 | |
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43
heinous
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| adj.可憎的，十恶不赦的 | |
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44
repent
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| v.悔悟，悔改，忏悔，后悔 | |
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45
approbation
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| n.称赞；认可 | |
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46
gage
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| n.标准尺寸，规格；量规，量表 [=gauge] | |
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47
proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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garrisoned
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| 卫戍部队守备( garrison的过去式和过去分词 )； 派部队驻防 | |
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49
probity
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| n.刚直；廉洁，正直 | |
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50
redress
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| n.赔偿，救济，矫正；v.纠正，匡正，革除 | |
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51
implements
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| n.工具( implement的名词复数 )；家具；手段；[法律]履行（契约等）v.实现( implement的第三人称单数 )；执行；贯彻；使生效 | |
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52
jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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53
apprehension
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| n.理解，领悟；逮捕，拘捕；忧虑 | |
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54
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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55
exhorting
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| v.劝告，劝说( exhort的现在分词 ) | |
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56
retaliating
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| v.报复，反击( retaliate的现在分词 ) | |
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57
westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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58
covenant
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| n.盟约，契约；v.订盟约 | |
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59
hatchet
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| n.短柄小斧；v.扼杀 | |
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60
cession
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| n.割让，转让 | |
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compliance
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| n.顺从；服从；附和；屈从 | |
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reiterated
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| 反复地说，重申( reiterate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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63
alleged
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| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
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64
memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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65
submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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66
renounced
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| v.声明放弃( renounce的过去式和过去分词 )；宣布放弃；宣布与…决裂；宣布摒弃 | |
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67
avert
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| v.防止，避免；转移(目光、注意力等) | |
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retard
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| n.阻止，延迟；vt.妨碍，延迟，使减速 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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70
encroachment
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| n.侵入，蚕食 | |
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71
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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72
wreck
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| n.失事，遇难；沉船；vt.(船等)失事，遇难 | |
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73
prospects
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| n.希望，前途(恒为复数) | |
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calamitous
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| adj.灾难的，悲惨的；多灾多难；惨重 | |
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laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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76
steered
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| v.驾驶( steer的过去式和过去分词 )；操纵；控制；引导 | |
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77
lodge
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| v.临时住宿，寄宿，寄存，容纳；n.传达室，小旅馆 | |
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precursors
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| n.先驱( precursor的名词复数 )；先行者；先兆；初期形式 | |
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79
disorders
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| n.混乱( disorder的名词复数 )；凌乱；骚乱；（身心、机能）失调 | |
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disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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81
ripened
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| v.成熟，使熟( ripen的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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82
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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incorrigible
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| adj.难以纠正的，屡教不改的 | |
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propensities
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| n.倾向，习性( propensity的名词复数 ) | |
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aggression
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| n.进攻，侵略，侵犯，侵害 | |
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aggravated
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| 使恶化( aggravate的过去式和过去分词 )； 使更严重； 激怒； 使恼火 | |
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87
intrigues
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| n.密谋策划( intrigue的名词复数 )；神秘气氛；引人入胜的复杂情节v.搞阴谋诡计( intrigue的第三人称单数 )；激起…的好奇心 | |
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abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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lapse
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| n.过失，流逝，失效，抛弃信仰，间隔；vi.堕落，停止，失效，流逝；vt.使失效 | |
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bout
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| n.侵袭，发作；一次(阵，回)；拳击等比赛 | |
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inmate
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| n.被收容者；(房屋等的)居住人；住院人 | |
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protracted
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| adj.拖延的；延长的v.拖延“protract”的过去式和过去分词 | |
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vividly
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| adv.清楚地，鲜明地，生动地 | |
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gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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dissuade
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| v.劝阻，阻止 | |
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fragrant
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| adj.芬香的，馥郁的，愉快的 | |
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scent
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| n.气味，香味，香水，线索，嗅觉；v.嗅，发觉 | |
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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inmates
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| n.囚犯( inmate的名词复数 ) | |
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101
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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thronged
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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103
transformation
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| n.变化；改造；转变 | |
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104
renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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105
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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106
carousal
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| n.喧闹的酒会 | |
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107
undertakings
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| 企业( undertaking的名词复数 )； 保证； 殡仪业； 任务 | |
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108
despatch
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| n./v.(dispatch)派遣；发送；n.急件；新闻报道 | |
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109
bribed
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| v.贿赂( bribe的过去式和过去分词 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂 | |
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glided
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| v.滑动( glide的过去式和过去分词 )；掠过；（鸟或飞机 ） 滑翔 | |
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111
resounded
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| v.（指声音等）回荡于某处( resound的过去式和过去分词 )；产生回响；（指某处）回荡着声音 | |
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112
exulted
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| 狂喜，欢跃( exult的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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113
expiate
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| v.抵补，赎罪 | |
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114
veins
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| n.纹理；矿脉( vein的名词复数 )；静脉；叶脉；纹理 | |
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115
eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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116
aspiring
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| adj.有志气的；有抱负的；高耸的v.渴望；追求 | |
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117
mustered
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| v.集合，召集，集结（尤指部队）( muster的过去式和过去分词 )；（自他人处）搜集某事物；聚集；激发 | |
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118
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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119
intestine
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| adj.内部的；国内的；n.肠 | |
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120
feuds
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| n.长期不和，世仇( feud的名词复数 ) | |
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121
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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122
slaughtered
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| v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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123
corpse
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| n.尸体，死尸 | |
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124
insignificance
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| n.不重要；无价值；无意义 | |
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125
mound
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| n.土墩，堤，小山；v.筑堤，用土堆防卫 | |
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126
rancor
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| n.深仇，积怨 | |
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127
trample
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| vt.踩，践踏；无视，伤害，侵犯 | |
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