RUIN OF THE INDIAN CAUSE.
The repulse1 of Loftus, and rumors2 of the fierce temper of the Indians who guarded the Mississippi, convinced the commander-in-chief that to reach the Illinois by the southern route was an enterprise of no easy accomplishment4. Yet, at the same time, he felt the strong necessity of a speedy military occupation of the country; since, while the fleur de lis floated over a single garrison5 in the ceded6 territory, it would be impossible to disabuse7 the Indians of the phantom8 hope of French assistance, to which they clung with infatuated tenacity9. The embers of the Indian war would never be quenched10 until England had enforced all her claims over her defeated rival. Gage11 determined12 to despatch13 a force from the eastward14, by way of Fort Pitt and the Ohio; a route now laid open by the late success of Bouquet15, and the submission16 of the Delawares and Shawanoes.
To prepare a way for the passage of the troops, Sir William Johnson’s deputy, George Croghan, was ordered to proceed in advance, to reason with the Indians as far as they were capable of reasoning; to soften17 their antipathy18 to the English, to expose the falsehoods of the French, and to distribute presents among the tribes by way of propitiation.[474] The mission was a critical one; but, so far as regarded the Indians, Croghan was well fitted to discharge it. He had been for years a trader among the western tribes, over whom he had gained much influence by a certain vigor19 of character, joined to a wary20 and sagacious policy, concealed21 beneath a bluff22 demeanor23. Lieutenant24 Fraser, a young officer of education and intelligence, was associated with him. He spoke25 French, and, in other respects also, supplied qualifications in which his rugged27 colleague was wanting. They set out for Fort Pitt in February, 1765; and after traversing inhospitable mountains, and valleys clogged28 with snow, reached their destination at about476 the same time that Pontiac’s ambassadors were entering New Orleans, to hold their council with the French.
A few days later, an incident occurred, which afterwards, through the carousals of many a winter evening, supplied an absorbing topic of anecdote29 and boast to the braggadocio30 heroes of the border. A train of pack-horses, bearing the gifts which Croghan was to bestow31 upon the Indians, followed him towards Fort Pitt, a few days’ journey in the rear of his party. Under the same escort came several companies of traders, who, believing that the long suspended commerce with the Indians was about to be reopened, were hastening to Fort Pitt with a great quantity of goods, eager to throw them into the market the moment the prohibition32 should be removed. There is reason to believe that Croghan had an interest in these goods, and that, under pretence33 of giving presents, he meant to open a clandestine34 trade.[475] The Paxton men, and their kindred spirits of the border, saw the proceeding35 with sinister36 eyes. In their view, the traders were about to make a barter37 of the blood of the people; to place in the hands of murdering savages38 the means of renewing the devastation40 to which the reeking41 frontier bore frightful42 witness. Once possessed43 with this idea, they troubled themselves with no more inquiries44; and, having tried remonstrances45 in vain, they adopted a summary mode of doing themselves justice. At the head of the enterprise was a man whose name had been connected with more praiseworthy exploits, James Smith, already mentioned as leading a party of independent riflemen, for the defence of the borders, during the bloody46 autumn of 1763. He now mustered47 his old associates, made them resume their Indian disguise, and led them to their work with characteristic energy and address.
The government agents and traders were in the act of passing the verge49 of the frontiers. Their united trains amounted to seventy pack-horses, carrying goods to the value of more than four thousand pounds; while others, to the477 value of eleven thousand, were waiting transportation at Fort Loudon. Advancing deeper among the mountains, they began to descend50 the valley at the foot of Sidling Hill. The laden51 horses plodded52 knee-deep in snow. The mountains towered above the wayfarers53 in gray desolation; and the leafless forest, a mighty54 ?olian harp55, howled dreary56 music to the wind of March. Suddenly, from behind snow-beplastered trunks and shaggy bushes of evergreen57, uncouth58 apparitions59 started into view. Wild visages protruded60, grotesquely61 horrible with vermilion and ochre, white lead and soot62; stalwart limbs appeared, encased in buck-skin; and rusty63 rifles thrust out their long muzzles64. In front, and flank, and all around them, white puffs65 of smoke and sharp reports assailed66 the bewildered senses of the travellers, who were yet more confounded by the hum of bullets shot by unerring fingers within an inch of their ears. “Gentlemen,” demanded the traders, in deprecating accents, “what would you have us do?” “Unpack your horses,” roared a voice from the woods, “pile your goods in the road, and be off.” The traders knew those with whom they had to deal. Hastening to obey the mandate67, they departed with their utmost speed, happy that their scalps were not numbered with the booty. The spoilers appropriated to themselves such of the plunder68 as pleased them, made a bonfire of the rest, and went on their way rejoicing. The discomfited69 traders repaired to Fort Loudon, and laid their complaints before Lieutenant Grant, the commandant; who, inflamed70 with wrath71 and zealous72 for the cause of justice, despatched a party of soldiers, seized several innocent persons, and lodged73 them in the guard-house.[476] In high dudgeon at such an infraction74 of their liberties, the borderers sent messengers through the country, calling upon all good men to rise in arms. Three hundred obeyed the summons, and pitched their camp on a hill opposite Fort Loudon; a rare muster48 of desperadoes, yet observing a certain moderation in their wildest acts, and never at a loss for a plausible75 reason to justify76 any pranks77 which it might please them to exhibit. By some means, they contrived78 to waylay478 and capture a considerable number of the garrison, on which the commandant condescended79 to send them a flag of truce81, and offer an exchange of prisoners. Their object thus accomplished82, and their imprisoned83 comrades restored to them, the borderers dispersed84 for the present to their homes. Soon after, however, upon the occurrence of some fresh difficulty, the commandant, afraid or unable to apprehend86 the misdoers, endeavored to deprive them of the power of mischief87 by sending soldiers to their houses and carrying off their rifles. His triumph was short; for, as he rode out one afternoon, he fell into an ambuscade of countrymen, who, dispensing88 with all forms of respect, seized the incensed89 officer, and detained him in an uncomfortable captivity90 until the rifles were restored. From this time forward, ruptures91 were repeatedly occurring between the troops and the frontiersmen; and the Pennsylvania border retained its turbulent character until the outbreak of the Revolutionary War.[477]
479
Whatever may have been Croghan’s real attitude in this affair, the border robbers had wrought92 great injury to his mission; since the agency most potent93 to gain the affections of an Indian had been completely paralyzed in the destruction of the presents. Croghan found means, however, partially94 to repair his loss from the storehouse of Fort Pitt, where the rigor95 of the season and the great depth of the snow forced him to remain several weeks. This cause alone would have served to detain him; but he was yet farther retarded96 by the necessity of holding a meeting with the Delawares and Shawanoes, along whose southern borders he would be compelled to pass. An important object of the proposed meeting was to urge these tribes to fulfil the promise they had made, during the previous autumn, to Colonel Bouquet, to yield up their remaining prisoners, and send deputies to treat of peace with Sir480 William Johnson; engagements which, when Croghan arrived at the fort, were as yet unfulfilled, though, as already mentioned, they were soon after complied with.
Immediately on his arrival, he had despatched messengers inviting97 the chiefs to a council; a summons which they obeyed with their usual reluctance98 and delay, dropping in, band after band, with such tardiness99 that a month was consumed before a sufficient number were assembled. Croghan then addressed them, showing the advantages of peace, and the peril100 which they would bring on their own heads by a renewal101 of the war; and urging them to stand true to their engagements, and send their deputies to Johnson as soon as the melting of the snows should leave the forest pathways open. Several replies, all of a pacific nature, were made by the principal chiefs; but the most remarkable102 personage who appeared at the council was the Delaware prophet mentioned in an early portion of the narrative103, as having been strongly instrumental in urging the tribes to war by means of pretended or imaginary revelations from the Great Spirit.[478] He now delivered a speech by no means remarkable for eloquence104, yet of most beneficial consequence; for he intimated that the Great Spirit had not only revoked105 his sanguinary mandates106, but had commanded the Indians to lay down the hatchet107, and smoke the pipe of peace.[479] In spite of this auspicious108 declaration, and in spite of the chastisement109 and humiliation110 of the previous autumn, Croghan was privately111 informed that a large party among the Indians still remained balanced between their anger and their fears; eager to take up the hatchet, yet dreading112 the consequences which the act might bring. Under this cloudy aspect of affairs, he was doubly gratified when a party of Shawanoe warriors113 arrived, bringing with them the prisoners whom they had promised Colonel Bouquet to surrender; and this faithful adherence114 to their word, contrary alike to Croghan’s expectations, and to the prophecies of those best versed115 in Indian character, made it apparent that, whatever481 might be the sentiments of the turbulent among them, the more influential116 portion were determined on a pacific attitude.
These councils, and the previous delays, consumed so much time, that Croghan became fearful that the tribes of the Illinois might, meanwhile, commit themselves by some rash outbreak, which would increase the difficulty of reconciliation117. In view of this danger, his colleague, Lieutenant Fraser, volunteered to proceed in advance, leaving Croghan to follow when he had settled affairs at Fort Pitt. Fraser departed, accordingly, with a few attendants. The rigor of the season had now begun to relent, and the ice-locked Ohio was flinging off its wintry fetters118. Embarked119 in a birch canoe, and aided by the current, Fraser floated prosperously downwards120 for a thousand miles, and landed safely in the country of the Illinois. Here he found the Indians in great destitution121, and in a frame of mind which would have inclined them to peace but for the secret encouragement they received from the French. A change, however, soon took place. Boats arrived from New Orleans, loaded with a great quantity of goods, which the French, at that place, being about to abandon it, had sent in haste to the Illinois. The traders’ shops at Kaskaskia were suddenly filled again. The Indians were delighted; and the French, with a view to a prompt market for their guns, hatchets122, and gunpowder123, redoubled their incitements to war. Fraser found himself in a hornet’s nest. His life was in great danger; but Pontiac, who was then at Kaskaskia, several times interposed to save him. The French traders picked a quarrel with him, and instigated124 the Indians to kill him; for it was their interest that the war should go on. A party of them invited Pontiac to dinner; plied26 him with whiskey; and, having made him drunk, incited125 him to have Fraser and his servant seized. They were brought to the house where the debauch126 was going on; and here, among a crowd of drunken Indians, their lives hung by a hair. Fraser writes, “He (Pontiac) and his men fought all night about us. They said we would get off next day if they should not prevent our flight by killing127 us. This Pontiac would not do. All night they did nothing else but sing the death song; but my servant and I, with the help of an Indian who was sober, defended ourselves482 till morning, when they thought proper to let us escape. When Pontiac was sober, he made me an apology for his behavior; and told me it was owing to bad counsel he had got that he had taken me; but that I need not fear being taken in that manner for the future.”[480]
Fraser’s situation was presently somewhat improved by a rumor3 that an English detachment was about to descend the Ohio. The French traders, before so busy with their falsehoods and calumnies128, now held their peace, dreading the impending129 chastisement. They no longer gave arms and ammunition130 to the Indians; and when the latter questioned them concerning the fabrication of a French army advancing to the rescue, they treated the story as unfounded, or sought to evade131 the subject. St. Ange, too, and the other officers of the crown, confiding132 in the arrival of the English, assumed a more decisive tone; refusing to give the Indians presents, telling them that thenceforward they must trust to the English for supplies, reproving them for their designs against the latter, and advising them to remain at peace.[481]
Nevertheless, Fraser’s position was neither safe nor pleasant. He could hear nothing of Croghan, and he was almost alone, having sent away all his men; except his servant, to save them from being abused and beaten by the Indians. He had discretionary orders to go down to Mobile and report to the English commandant there; and of these he was but too glad to avail himself. He descended80 the Mississippi in disguise, and safely reached New Orleans.[482]
483
Apparently133, it was about this time that an incident took place, mentioned, with evident satisfaction, in a letter of the French commandant, Aubry. The English officers in the south, unable to send troops up the Mississippi, had employed a Frenchman, whom they had secured in their interest, to ascend134 the river with a boat-load of goods, which he was directed to distribute among the Indians, to remove their prejudice against the English and pave the way to reconciliation. Intelligence of this movement reached the ears of Pontiac, who, though much pleased with the approaching supplies, had no mind that they should be devoted135 to serve the interests of his enemies. He descended to the river bank with a body of his warriors; and as La Garantais, the Frenchman, landed, he seized him and his men, flogged them severely136, robbed them of their cargo137, and distributed the goods with exemplary impartiality138 among his delighted followers139.[483]
Notwithstanding this good fortune, Pontiac daily saw his followers dropping off from their allegiance; for even the boldest had lost heart. Had any thing been wanting to convince him of the hopelessness of his cause, the report of his ambassadors returning from New Orleans would have banished140 every doubt. No record of his interview with them remains141; but it is easy to conceive with what chagrin142 he must have learned that the officer of France first in rank in all America had refused to aid him, and urged the timid counsels of peace. The vanity of those expectations, which had been the mainspring of his enterprise, now rose clear and palpable before him; and, with rage and bitterness, he saw the rotten foundation of his hopes sinking into dust, and the whole structure of his plot crumbling143 in ruins about him.
All was lost. His allies were falling off, his followers deserting484 him. To hold out longer would be destruction, and to fly was scarcely an easier task. In the south lay the Cherokees, hereditary144 enemies of his people. In the west were the Osages and Missouries, treacherous145 and uncertain friends, and the fierce and jealous Dahcotah. In the east the forests would soon be filled with English traders, and beset146 with English troops; while in the north his own village of Detroit lay beneath the guns of the victorious147 garrison. He might, indeed, have found a partial refuge in the remoter wilderness148 of the upper lakes; but those dreary wastes would have doomed149 him to a life of unambitious exile. His resolution was taken. He determined to accept the peace which he knew would be proffered150, to smoke the calumet with his triumphant151 enemies, and patiently await his hour of vengeance152.[484]
The conferences at Fort Pitt concluded, Croghan left that place on the fifteenth of May, and embarked on the Ohio, accompanied by several Delaware and Shawanoe deputies, whom he had persuaded those newly reconciled tribes to send with him, for the furtherance of his mission. At the mouth of the Scioto, he was met by a band of Shawanoe warriors, who, in compliance153 with a message previously154 sent to them, delivered into his hands seven intriguing155 Frenchmen, who for some time past had lived in their villages. Thence he pursued his voyage smoothly156 and prosperously, until, on the eighth of June, he reached a spot a little below the mouth of the Wabash. Here he landed with his party; when suddenly the hideous157 war-whoop, the explosion of musketry, and the whistling of arrows greeted him from the covert158 of the neighboring thickets159. His men fell thick about him. Three Indians and two white men were shot dead on the spot; most of the remainder were wounded; and on the next instant the survivors160 found themselves prisoners in the hands of eighty yelling Kickapoos, who plundered161 them of all they had. No sooner, however, was their prey162 fairly within their clutches, than the cowardly assailants began to apologize for what they had done, saying it was all a mistake, and that the French had set them on by telling them that the Indians who accompanied485 Croghan were Cherokees, their mortal enemies; excuses utterly163 without foundation, for the Kickapoos had dogged the party for several days, and perfectly164 understood its character.[485]
It is superfluous165 to inquire into the causes of this attack. No man practically familiar with Indian character need be told the impossibility of foreseeing to what strange acts the wayward impulses of this murder-loving race may prompt them. Unstable166 as water, capricious as the winds, they seem in some of their moods like ungoverned children fired with the instincts of devils. In the present case, they knew that they hated the English,—knew that they wanted scalps; and thinking nothing of the consequences, they seized the first opportunity to gratify their rabid longing167. This done, they thought it best to avert168 any probable effects of their misconduct by such falsehoods as might suggest themselves to their invention.
Still apologizing for what they had done, but by no means suffering their prisoners to escape, they proceeded up the Wabash, to the little French fort and settlement of Vincennes, where, to his great joy, Croghan found among the assembled Indians some of his former friends and acquaintance. They received him kindly169, and sharply rebuked170 the Kickapoos, who, on their part, seemed much ashamed and crestfallen171. From Vincennes the English were conducted, in a sort of honorable captivity, up the river to Ouatanon, where they arrived on the twenty-third, fifteen days after the attack, and where Croghan was fortunate enough to find a great number of his former Indian friends, who received him, to appearance at least, with much cordiality. He took up his quarters in the fort, where there was at this time no garrison, a mob of French traders and Indians being the only tenants172 of the place. For several days, his time was engrossed173 with receiving deputation after deputation from the various tribes and sub-tribes of the neighborhood, smoking pipes of peace, making486 and hearing speeches, and shaking hands with greasy174 warriors, who, one and all, were strong in their professions of good will, promising175 not only to regard the English as their friends, but to aid them, if necessary, in taking possession of the Illinois.
While these amicable176 conferences were in progress, a miscreant177 Frenchman came from the Mississippi with a message from a chief of that region, urging the Indians of Ouatanon to burn the Englishman alive. Of this proposal the Indians signified their strong disapprobation, and assured the startled envoy178 that they would stand his friends,—professions the sincerity179 of which, happily for him, was confirmed by the strong guaranty of their fears.
The next arrival was that of Maisonville, a messenger from St. Ange, requesting Croghan to come to Fort Chartres, to adjust affairs in that quarter. The invitation was in accordance with Croghan’s designs; and he left the fort on the following day, attended by Maisonville, and a concourse of the Ouatanon Indians, who, far from regarding him as their prisoner, were now studious to show him every mark of respect. He had advanced but a short distance into the forest when he met Pontiac himself, who was on his way to Ouatanon, followed by a numerous train of chiefs and warriors. He gave his hand to the English envoy, and both parties returned together to the fort. Its narrow precincts were now crowded with Indians, a perilous180 multitude, dark, malignant181, inscrutable; and it behooved182 the Englishman to be wary, in his dealings with them, since a breath might kindle183 afresh the wildfire in their hearts.
At a meeting of the chiefs and warriors, Pontiac offered the calumet and belt of peace, and professed184 his concurrence185 with the chiefs of Ouatanon in the friendly sentiments which they expressed towards the English. The French, he added, had deceived him, telling him and his people that the English meant to enslave the Indians of the Illinois, and turn loose upon them their enemies the Cherokees. It was this which drove him to arms; and now that he knew the story to be false, he would no longer stand in the path of the English. Yet they must not imagine that, in taking possession of the French forts, they gained any right to the country; for the487 French had never bought the land, and lived upon it by sufferance only.
As this meeting with Pontiac and the Illinois chiefs made it needless for Croghan to advance farther on his western journey, he now bent186 his footsteps towards Detroit, and, followed by Pontiac and many of the principal chiefs, crossed over to Fort Miami, and thence descended the Maumee, holding conferences at the several villages which he passed on his way. On the seventeenth of August, he reached Detroit, where he found a great gathering187 of Indians, Ottawas, Pottawattamies, and Ojibwas; some encamped about the fort, and others along the banks of the River Rouge188. They obeyed his summons to a meeting with alacrity189, partly from a desire to win the good graces of a victorious enemy, and partly from the importunate190 craving191 for liquor and presents, which never slumbers192 in an Indian breast. Numerous meetings were held; and the old council-hall where Pontiac had essayed his scheme of abortive193 treachery was now crowded with repentant194 warriors, anxious, by every form of submission, to appease195 the conqueror196. Their ill success, their fears of chastisement, and the miseries197 they had endured from the long suspension of the fur-trade, had banished from their minds every thought of hostility198. They were glad, they said, that the dark clouds were now dispersing199, and the sunshine of peace once more returning; and since all the nations to the sunrising had taken their great father the King of England by the hand, they also wished to do the same. They now saw clearly that the French were indeed conquered; and thenceforth they would listen no more to the whistling of evil birds, but lay down the war-hatchet, and sit quiet on their mats. Among those who appeared to make or renew their submission was the Grand Sauteur, who had led the massacre200 at Michillimackinac, and who, a few years after, expiated201 his evil deeds by a bloody death. He now pretended great regret for what he had done. “We red people,” he said, “are a very jealous and foolish people; but, father, there are some among the white men worse than we are, and they have told us lies, and deceived us. Therefore we hope you will take pity on our women and children, and grant us peace.” A band of Pottawattamies from St. Joseph’s were also present, and, after excusing themselves for488 their past conduct by the stale plea of the uncontrollable temper of their young men, their orator202 proceeded as follows:—
“We are no more than wild creatures to you, fathers, in understanding; therefore we request you to forgive the past follies203 of our young people, and receive us for your children. Since you have thrown down our former father on his back, we have been wandering in the dark, like blind people. Now you have dispersed all this darkness, which hung over the heads of the several tribes, and have accepted them for your children, we hope you will let us partake with them the light, that our women and children may enjoy peace. We beg you to forget all that is past. By this belt we remove all evil thoughts from your hearts.
“Fathers, when we formerly204 came to visit our fathers the French, they always sent us home joyful205; and we hope you, fathers, will have pity on our women and young men, who are in great want of necessaries, and not let us go home to our towns ashamed.”
On the twenty-seventh of August, Croghan held a meeting with the Ottawas, and the other tribes of Detroit and Sandusky; when, adopting their own figurative language, he addressed them in the following speech, in which, as often happened when white men borrowed the tongue of the forest orator, he lavished206 a more unsparing profusion207 of imagery than the Indians themselves:—
“Children, we are very glad to see so many of you here present at your ancient council-fire, which has been neglected for some time past; since then, high winds have blown, and raised heavy clouds over your country. I now, by this belt, rekindle208 your ancient fire, and throw dry wood upon it, that the blaze may ascend to heaven, so that all nations may see it, and know that you live in peace and tranquillity209 with your fathers the English.
“By this belt I disperse85 all the black clouds from over your heads, that the sun may shine clear on your women and children, that those unborn may enjoy the blessings210 of this general peace, now so happily settled between your fathers the English and you, and all your younger brethren to the sunsetting.
“Children, by this belt I gather up all the bones of your489 deceased friends, and bury them deep in the ground, that the buds and sweet flowers of the earth may grow over them, that we may not see them any more.
“Children, with this belt I take the hatchet out of your hands, and pluck up a large tree, and bury it deep, so that it may never be found any more; and I plant the tree of peace, which all our children may sit under, and smoke in peace with their fathers.
“Children, we have made a road from the sunrising to the sunsetting. I desire that you will preserve that road good and pleasant to travel upon, that we may all share the blessings of this happy union.”
On the following day, Pontiac spoke in behalf of the several nations assembled at the council.
“Father, we have all smoked out of this pipe of peace. It is your children’s pipe; and as the war is all over, and the Great Spirit and Giver of Light, who has made the earth and every thing therein, has brought us all together this day for our mutual211 good, I declare to all nations that I have settled my peace with you before I came here, and now deliver my pipe to be sent to Sir William Johnson, that he may know I have made peace, and taken the King of England for my father, in presence of all the nations now assembled; and whenever any of those nations go to visit him, they may smoke out of it with him in peace. Fathers, we are obliged to you for lighting212 up our old council-fire for us, and desiring us to return to it; but we are now settled on the Miami River, not far from hence: whenever you want us, you will find us there.”[486]
490
“Our people,” he added, “love liquor, and if we dwelt near you in our old village of Detroit, our warriors would be always drunk, and quarrels would arise between us and you.” Drunkenness was, in truth, the bane of the whole unhappy race; but Pontiac, too thoroughly213 an Indian in his virtues214 and his vices215 to be free from its destructive taint216, concluded his speech with the common termination of an Indian harangue217, and desired that the rum barrel might be opened, and his thirsty warriors allowed to drink.
At the end of September, having brought these protracted218 conferences to a close, Croghan left Detroit, and departed for Niagara, whence, after a short delay, he passed eastward, to report the results of his mission to the commander-in-chief. But before leaving the Indian country, he exacted from Pontiac a promise that in the spring he would descend to Oswego, and, in behalf of the tribes lately banded in his league, conclude a treaty of peace and amity219 with Sir William Johnson.[487]
Croghan’s efforts had been attended with signal success. The tribes of the west, of late bristling220 in defiance221, and hot for fight, had craved222 forgiveness, and proffered the calumet. The war was over; the last flickerings of that wide conflagration223 had died away; but the embers still glowed beneath the ashes, and fuel and a breath alone were wanting to rekindle those desolating224 fires.
491
In the mean time, a hundred Highlanders of the 42d Regiment225, those veterans whose battle-cry had echoed over the bloodiest226 fields of America, had left Fort Pitt under command of Captain Sterling227, and, descending228 the Ohio, arrived at Fort Chartres just as the snows of early winter began to whiten the naked forests.[488] The flag of France descended from the rampart; and with the stern courtesies of war, St. Ange yielded up his post, the citadel229 of the Illinois, to its new masters. In that act was consummated230 the double triumph of British power in America. England had crushed her hereditary foe231; and France, in her fall, had left to irretrievable ruin the savage39 tribes to whom her policy and self-interest had lent a transient support.
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1
repulse
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| n.击退，拒绝；vt.逐退，击退，拒绝 | |
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2
rumors
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| n.传闻( rumor的名词复数 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷v.传闻( rumor的第三人称单数 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷 | |
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3
rumor
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| n.谣言，谣传，传说 | |
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4
accomplishment
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| n.完成，成就，（pl.）造诣，技能 | |
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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6
ceded
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| v.让给，割让，放弃( cede的过去式 ) | |
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disabuse
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| v.解惑；矫正 | |
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phantom
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| n.幻影，虚位，幽灵；adj.错觉的，幻影的，幽灵的 | |
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9
tenacity
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| n.坚韧 | |
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10
quenched
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| 解（渴）( quench的过去式和过去分词 )； 终止（某事物）； （用水）扑灭（火焰等）； 将（热物体）放入水中急速冷却 | |
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gage
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| n.标准尺寸，规格；量规，量表 [=gauge] | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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13
despatch
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| n./v.(dispatch)派遣；发送；n.急件；新闻报道 | |
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14
eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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bouquet
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| n.花束，酒香 | |
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16
submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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17
soften
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| v.(使)变柔软；(使)变柔和 | |
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antipathy
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| n.憎恶；反感，引起反感的人或事物 | |
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19
vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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20
wary
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| adj.谨慎的，机警的，小心的 | |
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21
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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22
bluff
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| v.虚张声势，用假象骗人；n.虚张声势，欺骗 | |
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23
demeanor
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| n.行为；风度 | |
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24
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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25
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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plied
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| v.使用（工具）( ply的过去式和过去分词 )；经常供应（食物、饮料）；固定往来；经营生意 | |
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rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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clogged
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| （使）阻碍( clog的过去式和过去分词 )； 淤滞 | |
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29
anecdote
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| n.轶事，趣闻，短故事 | |
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30
braggadocio
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| n.吹牛大王 | |
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31
bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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32
prohibition
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| n.禁止；禁令，禁律 | |
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33
pretence
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| n.假装，作假；借口，口实；虚伪；虚饰 | |
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34
clandestine
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| adj.秘密的，暗中从事的 | |
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35
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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36
sinister
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| adj.不吉利的，凶恶的，左边的 | |
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37
barter
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| n.物物交换，以货易货，实物交易 | |
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38
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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39
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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40
devastation
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| n.毁坏；荒废；极度震惊或悲伤 | |
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41
reeking
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| v.发出浓烈的臭气( reek的现在分词 )；散发臭气；发出难闻的气味 (of sth)；明显带有（令人不快或生疑的跡象） | |
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42
frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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43
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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44
inquiries
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| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
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45
remonstrances
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| n.抱怨，抗议( remonstrance的名词复数 ) | |
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46
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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47
mustered
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| v.集合，召集，集结（尤指部队）( muster的过去式和过去分词 )；（自他人处）搜集某事物；聚集；激发 | |
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48
muster
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| v.集合，收集，鼓起，激起；n.集合，检阅，集合人员，点名册 | |
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49
verge
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| n.边，边缘；v.接近，濒临 | |
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50
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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51
laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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52
plodded
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| v.沉重缓慢地走（路）( plod的过去式和过去分词 )；努力从事；沉闷地苦干；缓慢进行（尤指艰难枯燥的工作） | |
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53
wayfarers
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| n.旅人，（尤指）徒步旅行者( wayfarer的名词复数 ) | |
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54
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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55
harp
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| n.竖琴；天琴座 | |
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56
dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的 | |
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57
evergreen
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| n.常青树；adj.四季常青的 | |
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58
uncouth
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| adj.无教养的，粗鲁的 | |
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59
apparitions
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| n.特异景象( apparition的名词复数 )；幽灵；鬼；（特异景象等的）出现 | |
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60
protruded
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| v.（使某物）伸出，（使某物）突出( protrude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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61
grotesquely
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| adv. 奇异地,荒诞地 | |
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62
soot
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| n.煤烟，烟尘；vt.熏以煤烟 | |
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63
rusty
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| adj.生锈的；锈色的；荒废了的 | |
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64
muzzles
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| 枪口( muzzle的名词复数 )； （防止动物咬人的）口套； （四足动物的）鼻口部； （狗）等凸出的鼻子和口 | |
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65
puffs
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| n.吸( puff的名词复数 )；（烟斗或香烟的）一吸；一缕（烟、蒸汽等）；（呼吸或风的）呼v.使喷出( puff的第三人称单数 )；喷着汽（或烟）移动；吹嘘；吹捧 | |
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66
assailed
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| v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
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67
mandate
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| n.托管地；命令，指示 | |
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68
plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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69
discomfited
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| v.使为难( discomfit的过去式和过去分词)；使狼狈；使挫折；挫败 | |
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70
inflamed
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| adj.发炎的，红肿的v.（使）变红，发怒，过热( inflame的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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71
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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72
zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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73
lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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74
infraction
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| n.违反；违法 | |
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75
plausible
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| adj.似真实的，似乎有理的，似乎可信的 | |
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76
justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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77
pranks
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| n.玩笑，恶作剧( prank的名词复数 ) | |
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78
contrived
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| adj.不自然的，做作的；虚构的 | |
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79
condescended
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| 屈尊，俯就( condescend的过去式和过去分词 )； 故意表示和蔼可亲 | |
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80
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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81
truce
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| n.休战，(争执，烦恼等的)缓和；v.以停战结束 | |
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82
accomplished
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|
| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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83
imprisoned
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| 下狱，监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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84
dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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85
disperse
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| vi.使分散；使消失；vt.分散；驱散 | |
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86
apprehend
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| vt.理解，领悟，逮捕，拘捕，忧虑 | |
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87
mischief
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| n.损害，伤害，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋，胡闹 | |
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88
dispensing
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| v.分配( dispense的现在分词 )；施与；配（药） | |
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89
incensed
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| 盛怒的 | |
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90
captivity
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| n.囚禁；被俘；束缚 | |
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91
ruptures
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| n.（体内组织等的）断裂( rupture的名词复数 )；爆裂；疝气v.（使）破裂( rupture的第三人称单数 )；（使体内组织等）断裂；使（友好关系）破裂；使绝交 | |
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92
wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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93
potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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94
partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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95
rigor
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| n.严酷，严格，严厉 | |
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96
retarded
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| a.智力迟钝的，智力发育迟缓的 | |
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97
inviting
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| adj.诱人的，引人注目的 | |
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98
reluctance
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| n.厌恶，讨厌，勉强，不情愿 | |
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99
tardiness
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| n.缓慢；迟延；拖拉 | |
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100
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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101
renewal
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| adj.(契约)延期，续订，更新，复活，重来 | |
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102
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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103
narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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104
eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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105
revoked
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| adj.[法]取消的v.撤销，取消，废除( revoke的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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106
mandates
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| 托管（mandate的第三人称单数形式） | |
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107
hatchet
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| n.短柄小斧；v.扼杀 | |
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108
auspicious
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| adj.吉利的；幸运的，吉兆的 | |
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109
chastisement
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| n.惩罚 | |
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110
humiliation
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| n.羞辱 | |
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111
privately
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| adv.以私人的身份，悄悄地，私下地 | |
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112
dreading
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| v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的现在分词 ) | |
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113
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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114
adherence
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| n.信奉，依附，坚持，固着 | |
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115
versed
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| adj. 精通，熟练 | |
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116
influential
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| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
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117
reconciliation
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| n.和解，和谐，一致 | |
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118
fetters
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| n.脚镣( fetter的名词复数 )；束缚v.给…上脚镣，束缚( fetter的第三人称单数 ) | |
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119
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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120
downwards
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| adj./adv.向下的（地），下行的（地） | |
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121
destitution
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| n.穷困，缺乏，贫穷 | |
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122
hatchets
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| n.短柄小斧( hatchet的名词复数 )；恶毒攻击；诽谤；休战 | |
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123
gunpowder
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| n.火药 | |
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124
instigated
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| v.使（某事物）开始或发生，鼓动( instigate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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125
incited
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| 刺激，激励，煽动( incite的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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126
debauch
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| v.使堕落，放纵 | |
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127
killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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128
calumnies
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| n.诬蔑，诽谤，中伤（的话）( calumny的名词复数 ) | |
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129
impending
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| a.imminent, about to come or happen | |
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130
ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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131
evade
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| vt.逃避，回避；避开，躲避 | |
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132
confiding
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| adj.相信人的，易于相信的v.吐露（秘密，心事等）( confide的现在分词 )；（向某人）吐露（隐私、秘密等） | |
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133
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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134
ascend
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| vi.渐渐上升，升高；vt.攀登，登上 | |
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135
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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136
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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137
cargo
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| n.(一只船或一架飞机运载的)货物 | |
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138
impartiality
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| n. 公平, 无私, 不偏 | |
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139
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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140
banished
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| v.放逐，驱逐( banish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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141
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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142
chagrin
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| n.懊恼；气愤；委屈 | |
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143
crumbling
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| adj.摇摇欲坠的 | |
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144
hereditary
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| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
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145
treacherous
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| adj.不可靠的，有暗藏的危险的；adj.背叛的，背信弃义的 | |
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146
beset
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| v.镶嵌；困扰，包围 | |
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147
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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148
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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149
doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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150
proffered
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| v.提供，贡献，提出( proffer的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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151
triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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152
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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153
compliance
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| n.顺从；服从；附和；屈从 | |
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154
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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155
intriguing
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| adj.有趣的；迷人的v.搞阴谋诡计(intrigue的现在分词)；激起…的好奇心 | |
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156
smoothly
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| adv.平滑地，顺利地，流利地，流畅地 | |
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157
hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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158
covert
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| adj.隐藏的；暗地里的 | |
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159
thickets
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| n.灌木丛( thicket的名词复数 )；丛状物 | |
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160
survivors
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| 幸存者，残存者，生还者( survivor的名词复数 ) | |
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161
plundered
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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162
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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163
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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164
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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165
superfluous
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| adj.过多的，过剩的，多余的 | |
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166
unstable
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| adj.不稳定的，易变的 | |
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167
longing
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| n.（for）渴望 | |
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168
avert
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| v.防止，避免；转移(目光、注意力等) | |
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169
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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170
rebuked
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| 责难或指责( rebuke的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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171
crestfallen
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| adj. 挫败的，失望的，沮丧的 | |
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172
tenants
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| n.房客( tenant的名词复数 )；佃户；占用者；占有者 | |
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173
engrossed
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| adj.全神贯注的 | |
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174
greasy
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| adj. 多脂的，油脂的 | |
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175
promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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176
amicable
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| adj.和平的，友好的；友善的 | |
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177
miscreant
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| n.恶棍 | |
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178
envoy
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| n.使节，使者，代表，公使 | |
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179
sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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180
perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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181
malignant
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| adj.恶性的，致命的；恶意的，恶毒的 | |
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182
behooved
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| v.适宜( behoove的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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183
kindle
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| v.点燃，着火 | |
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184
professed
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| 公开声称的，伪称的，已立誓信教的 | |
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185
concurrence
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| n.同意；并发 | |
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186
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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187
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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188
rouge
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| n.胭脂，口红唇膏；v.(在…上)擦口红 | |
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189
alacrity
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| n.敏捷，轻快，乐意 | |
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190
importunate
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| adj.强求的；纠缠不休的 | |
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191
craving
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| n.渴望,热望 | |
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192
slumbers
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| 睡眠，安眠( slumber的名词复数 ) | |
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193
abortive
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| adj.不成功的，发育不全的 | |
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194
repentant
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| adj.对…感到悔恨的 | |
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195
appease
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| v.安抚，缓和，平息，满足 | |
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196
conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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197
miseries
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| n.痛苦( misery的名词复数 )；痛苦的事；穷困；常发牢骚的人 | |
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198
hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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199
dispersing
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| adj. 分散的 动词disperse的现在分词形式 | |
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200
massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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201
expiated
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| v.为（所犯罪过）接受惩罚，赎（罪）( expiate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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202
orator
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| n.演说者，演讲者，雄辩家 | |
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203
follies
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| 罪恶，时事讽刺剧； 愚蠢，蠢笨，愚蠢的行为、思想或做法( folly的名词复数 ) | |
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204
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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205
joyful
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| adj.欢乐的，令人欢欣的 | |
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206
lavished
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| v.过分给予，滥施( lavish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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207
profusion
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| n.挥霍；丰富 | |
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208
rekindle
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| v.使再振作；再点火 | |
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209
tranquillity
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| n. 平静, 安静 | |
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210
blessings
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| n.（上帝的）祝福( blessing的名词复数 )；好事；福分；因祸得福 | |
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211
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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212
lighting
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| n.照明，光线的明暗，舞台灯光 | |
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213
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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214
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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215
vices
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| 缺陷( vice的名词复数 )； 恶习； 不道德行为； 台钳 | |
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216
taint
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| n.污点；感染；腐坏；v.使感染；污染 | |
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217
harangue
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| n.慷慨冗长的训话，言辞激烈的讲话 | |
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218
protracted
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| adj.拖延的；延长的v.拖延“protract”的过去式和过去分词 | |
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219
amity
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| n.友好关系 | |
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220
bristling
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| a.竖立的 | |
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221
defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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222
craved
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| 渴望，热望( crave的过去式 )； 恳求，请求 | |
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223
conflagration
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| n.建筑物或森林大火 | |
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224
desolating
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| 毁坏( desolate的现在分词 )； 极大地破坏； 使沮丧； 使痛苦 | |
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225
regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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226
bloodiest
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| adj.血污的( bloody的最高级 )；流血的；屠杀的；残忍的 | |
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227
sterling
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| adj.英币的(纯粹的，货真价实的)；n.英国货币(英镑) | |
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228
descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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229
citadel
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| n.城堡；堡垒；避难所 | |
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230
consummated
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| v.使结束( consummate的过去式和过去分词 )；使完美；完婚；（婚礼后的）圆房 | |
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231
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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