Scene I.—House of Master Peter.—Window looking out on a fine park.—Three gentlemen seated near a good fire.
Peter: Bravo! Nothing like a good fire after a good dinner. It does feel so comfortable. But, alas2! how many honest folks, like the Boi d'Yvetot,
"Soufflent, faute de bois,
Dans leurs doigts."
Miserable3 creatures! A charitable thought has just come into my head. You see these fine trees; I am about to fell them, and distribute the timber among the poor.
Peter: Not exactly. My good works would soon have an end were I to dissipate my fortune. I estimate my park as worth ￡1000. By cutting down the trees I shall pocket a good sum.
Paul: Wrong. Your wood as it stands is worth more than that of the neighbouring forests, for it renders you services which they cannot render. When cut down it will be only good for firewood, like any other, and will not bring a penny more the load.
Peter: Oh! oh! Mr Theorist, you forget that I am a practical man. My reputation as a speculator is sufficiently5 well established, I believe, to prevent me from being taken for a noodle. Do you imagine I am going to amuse myself by selling my timber at the price of float-wood?
Paul: It would seem so.
Peter: Simpleton! And what if I can hinder float-wood from being brought into Paris?
Paul: That alters the case. But how can you manage it?
Peter: Here is the whole secret. You know that float-wood, on entering the city, pays 5d. the load. To-morrow, I induce the commune to raise the duty to ￡4, ￡8, ￡12,—in short, sufficiently high to prevent the entry of a single log. Now, do you follow me? If the good people are not to die of cold, they have no alternative but to come to my woodyard. They will bid against each other for my wood, and I will sell it for a high price; and this act of charity, successfully carried out, will put me in a situation to do other acts of charity.
Paul: A fine invention, truly! It suggests to me another of the same kind.
John: And what is that? Is philanthropy to be again brought into play?
Paul: How do you like this Normandy butter?
John: Excellent.
Paul: Hitherto I have thought it passable. But do you not find that it takes you by the throat? I could make better butter in Paris. I shall have four or five hundred cows, and distribute milk, butter, and cheese among the poor.
Peter and John: What! in charity?
Paul: Bah! let us put charity always in the foreground. It is so fine a figure that its very mask is a good passport. I shall give my butter to the people, and they will give me their money. Is that what is called selling?
John: No; not according to the Bourgeois6 Gentilhomme. But, call it what you please, you will ruin yourself. How can Paris ever compete with Normandy in dairy produce?
Paul: I shall be able to save the cost of carriage.
John: Be it so. Still, while paying that cost, the Normans can beat the Parisians.
Paul: To give a man something at a lower price—is that what you call beating him?
John: It is the usual phrase; and you will always find yourself beaten.
Paul: Yes; as Don Quixote was beaten. The blows will fall upon Sancho. John, my friend, you forget the octroi.
John: The octroi! What has that to do with your butter?
Paul: To-morrow, I shall demand protection, and induce the commune to prohibit butter being brought into Paris from Normandy and Brittany. The people must then either dispense7 with it, or purchase mine, and at my own price, too.
John: Upon my honour, gentlemen, your philanthropy has quite made a convert of me.
"On apprend à hurler, dit l'autre, avec les loups."
My mind is made up. I shall not be thought unworthy of my colleagues. Peter, this sparkling fire has inflamed8 your soul. Paul, this butter has lubricated the springs of your intelligence. I, too, feel stimulated9 by this piece of powdered pork; and tomorrow I shall vote, and cause to be voted, the exclusion10 of swine, dead and alive. That done, I shall construct superb sheds in the heart of Paris,
"Pour l'animal immonde aux Hebreux defendu."
I shall become a pig-driver and pork-butcher. Let us see how the good people of Paris can avoid coming to provide themselves at my shop.
Peter: Softly, my good friends; if you enhance the price of butter and salt meat to such an extent, you cut down beforehand the profit I expect from my wood.
Paul: And my speculation11 will be no longer so wondrously12 profitable, if I am overcharged for my firewood and bacon.
John: And I, what shall I gain by overcharging you for my sausages, if you overcharge me for my faggots and bread and butter?
Peter: Very well, don't let us quarrel Let us rather put our heads together and make reciprocal concessions13. Moreover, it is not good to consult one's self-interest exclusively—we must exercise humanity, and see that the people do not want fuel.
Paul: Very right; and it is proper that the people should have butter to their bread.
John: Undoubtedly14; and a bit of bacon for the pot.
All: Three cheers for charity; three cheers for philanthropy; and to-morrow we take the octroi by assault.
Peter: Ah! I forgot. One word more; it is essential. My good friends, in this age of egotism the world is distrustful, and the purest intentions are often misunderstood. Paul, you take the part of pleading for the wood; John will do the same for the butter; and I shall devote myself to the home-bred pig. It is necessary to prevent malignant15 suspicions.
Paul and John (leaving): Upon my word, that is a clever fellow.
Paul: Mes chers collègues, Every day there are brought to Paris great masses of firewood, which drain away large sums of money. At this rate, we shall all be ruined in three years, and what will become of the poorer classes? (Cheers) We must prohibit foreign timber. I don't speak for myself, for all the wood I possess would not make a tooth-pick. In what I mean to say, then, I am entirely17 free from any personal interest or bias18. (Hear, hear) But here is my friend Peter, who possesses a park, and he will guarantee an adequate supply of fuel to our fellow-citizens, who will no longer be dependent on the charcoal-burners of the Yonne. Have you ever turned your attention to the risk which we run of dying of cold, if the proprietors19 of forests abroad should take it into their heads to send no more firewood to Paris? Let us put a prohibition20, then, on bringing in wood. By this means we shall put a stop to the draining away of our money, create an independent interest charged with supplying the city with firewood, and open up to workmen a new source of employment and remuneration. (Cheers)
John: I support the proposal of my honourable21 friend, the preceding speaker, which is at once so philanthropic, and, as he himself has explained, so entirely disinterested22. It is indeed high time that we should put an end to this insolent23 laissez passer, which has brought immoderate competition into our markets, and to such an extent that there is no province which possesses any special facility for providing us with a product, be it what it may, which does not immediately inundate24 us, undersell us, and bring ruin on the Parisian workman. It is the duty of Government to equalize the conditions of production by duties wisely adapted to each case, so as not to allow to enter from without anything which is not dearer than in Paris, and so relieve us from an unequal struggle. How, for example, can we possibly produce milk and butter in Paris, with Brittany and Normandy at our door? Remember, gentlemen, that the agriculturists of Brittany have cheaper land, a more abundant supply of hay, and manual labour on more advantageous25 terms.
Does not common sense tell us that we must equalize the conditions by a protective octroi tariff26? I demand that the duty on milk and butter should be raised by 1000 per cent., and still higher if necessary. The workman's breakfast will cost a little more, but see to what extent his wages will be raised! We shall see rising around us cow-houses, dairies, and barrel chums, and the foundations laid of new sources of industry. Not that I have any interest in this proposition. I am not a cowfeeder, nor have I any wish to be so. The sole motive27 which actuates me is a wish to be useful to the working classes. (Applause.)
Peter: I am delighted to see in this assembly statesmen so pure, so enlightened, and so devoted28 to the best interests of the people. (Cheers) I admire their disinterestedness29, and I cannot do better than imitate the noble example which has been set me. I give their motions my support, and I shall only add another, for prohibiting the entry into Paris of the pigs of Poitou. I have no desire, I assure you, to become a pig-driver or a pork-butcher. In that case I should have made it a matter of conscience to be silent. But is it not shameful30, gentlemen, that we should be the tributaries31 of the peasants of Poitou, who have the audacity32 to come into our own market and take possession of a branch of industry which we ourselves have no means of carrying on? and who, after having inundated33 us with their hams and sausages, take perhaps nothing from us in return? At all events, who will tell us that the balance of trade is not in their favour, and that we are not obliged to pay them a tribute in hard cash? Is it not evident that if the industry of Poitou were transplanted to Paris, it would open up a steady demand for Parisian labour? And then, gentlemen, is it not very possible, as M. Lestiboudois has so well remarked, that we may be buying the salt pork of Poitou, not with our incomes, but with our capital? Where will that land us? Let us not suffer, then, that rivals who are at once avaricious34, greedy, and perfidious35, should come here to undersell us, and put it out of our power to provide ourselves with the same commodities. Gentlemen, Paris has reposed37 in you her confidence; it is for you to justify38 that confidence. The people are without employment; it is for you to create employment for them; and if salt pork shall cost them a somewhat higher price, we have, at least, the consciousness of having sacrificed our own interests to those of the masses, as every good magistrate39 ought to do. (Loud and long-continued cheers.)
A Voice: I have heard much talk of the poor; but under pretext40 of affording them employment, you begin by depriving them of what is more valuable than employment itself, namely, butter, firewood, and meat.
Peter, Paul, and John: Vote, vote! Down with Utopian dreamers, theorists, generalizers! Vote, vote! (The three motions are carried.)
Scene III.—Twenty years afterwards.
Son: Father, make up your mind; we must leave Paris. Nobody can any longer live there—no work, and everything dear.
Father: You don't know, my son, how much it costs one to leave the place where he was born.
Son: The worst thing of all is to perish from want.
Father: Go you, then, and search for a more hospitable41 country. For myself, I will not leave the place where are the graves of your mother, and of your brothers and sisters. I long to obtain with them that repose36 which has been denied me in this city of desolation.
Son: Courage, father; we shall find employment somewhere else—in Poitou, or Normandy, or Brittany. It is said that all the manufactures of Paris are being removed by degrees to these distant provinces.
Father: And naturally so. Not being able to sell firewood and provisions, the people of these provinces have ceased to produce them beyond what their own wants call for. The time and capital at their disposal are devoted to making for themselves those articles with which we were in use to furnish them.
Son: Just as at Paris they have given up the manufacture of elegant dress and furniture, and betaken themselves to the planting of trees, and the rearing of pigs and cows. Although still young, I have lived to see vast warehouses42, sumptuous43 quarters of the city, and quays44 once teeming45 with life and animation46 on the banks of the Seine, turned into meadows and copses.
Father: While towns are spread over the provinces, Paris is turned into green fields. What a deplorable revolution! And this terrible calamity47 has been brought upon us by three magistrates48, backed by public ignorance.
Son: Pray relate to me the history of this change.
Father: It is short and simple. Under pretext of planting in Paris three new branches of industry, and by this means giving employment to the working classes, these men got the commune to prohibit the entry into Paris of firewood, butter, and meat. They claimed for themselves the right of providing for their fellow-citizens. These commodities rose at first to exorbitant49 prices. No one earned enough to procure50 them, and the limited number of those who could procure them spent all their income on them, and had no longer the means of buying anything else. A check was thus given to all other branches of industry and production, and all the more quickly that the provinces no longer afforded a market. Poverty, death, and emigration then began to depopulate Paris.
Son: And when is this to stop?
Father: When Paris has become a forest and a prairie.
Son: The three magistrates must have made a large fortune?
Father: At first they realized enormous profits, but at length they fell into the common poverty.
Son: How did that happen?
Father: Look at that ruin. That was a magnificent man-sion-house surrounded with a beautiful park. If Paris had continued to progress, Master Peter would have realized more interest than his entire capital now amounts to.
Son: How can that be, seeing he has got rid of competition?
Father: Competition in selling has disappeared, but competition in buying has disappeared also, and will continue every day to disappear more and more until Paris becomes a bare field, and until the copses of Master Peter have no more value than the copses of an equal extent of land in the Forest of Bondy. It is thus that monopoly, like every other system of injustice51, carries in itself its own punishment.
Son: That appears to me not very clear, but the decadence52 of Paris is an incontestable fact. Is there no means, then, of counteracting53 this singular measure that Peter and his colleagues got adopted twenty years ago?
Father: I am going to tell you a secret. I remain in Paris on purpose. I shall call in the people to my assistance. It rests with them to replace the octroi on its ancient basis, and get quit of that fatal principle which was engrafted on it, and which still vegetates54 there like a parasitical55 fungus56.
Son: You must succeed in this at once.
Father: On the contrary, the work will be difficult and laborious57. Peter, Paul, and John understand one another marvellously. They will do anything rather than allow firewood, butter, and butchers' meat to enter Paris. They have on their side the people, who see clearly the employment which these three protected branches of industry afford. They know well to what extent the cowfeeders and wood-merchants give employment to labour; but they have by no means the same exact idea of the labour which would be developed in the open air of liberty.
Son: If that is all, you will soon enlighten them.
Father: At your age, my son, no doubts arise. If I write, the people will not read; for, to support their miserable existence, they have not much time at their disposal. If I speak, the magistrates will shut my mouth. The people, therefore, will long remain under their fatal mistake. Political parties, whose hopes are founded on popular passions, will set themselves, not to dissipate their prejudices, but to make merchandise of them. I shall have to combat at one and the same time the great men of the day, the people, and their leaders. In truth, I see a frightful58 storm ready to burst over the head of the bold man who shall venture to protest against an iniquity59 so deeply rooted in this country.
Son: You will have truth and justice on your side.
Father: And they will have force and calumny60 on theirs. Were I but young again! but age and suffering have exhausted61 my strength.
Son: Very well, father; what strength remains62 to you, devote to the service of the country. Begin this work of enfranchisement63, and leave to me the care of finishing it.
Jacques Bonhomme: Parisians, let us insist upon a reform of the octroi duties; let us demand that they be instantly brought down to the former rate. Let every citizen be free to buy his firewood, butter, and butchers' meat where he sees fit.
The People: Vive, vive la Liberte!
Peter: Parisians, don't allow yourselves to be seduced65 by that word, liberty. What good can result from liberty to purchase if you want the means—in other words, if you are out of employment? Can Paris produce firewood as cheaply as the Forest of Bondy? meat as cheaply as Poitou? butter as cheaply as Normandy? If you open your gates freely to these rival products, what will become of the cowfeeders, woodcutters, and pork-butchers? They cannot dispense with protection.
The People: Vive, vive la Protection!
Jacques Bonhomme: Protection! but who protects you workmen? Do you not compete with one another? Let the wood-merchants, then, be subject to competition in their turn. They ought not to have right by law to raise the price of firewood, unless the rate of wages is also raised by law. Are you no longer in love with equality?
The People: Vive, vive l'Egalite!
Peter: Don't listen to these agitators66. We have, it is true, raised the price of firewood, butchers' meat, and butter; but we have done so for the express purpose of being enabled to give good wages to the workmen. We are actuated by motives67 of charity.
The People: Vive, vive la Charite!
Jacques Bonhomme. Cause the rate of wages to be raised by the octroi, if you can, or cease by the same means to raise the prices of commodities. We Parisians ask for no charity—we demand justice.
The People: Vive, vive la Justice!
Peter: It is precisely68 the high price of commodities which will lead, par1 ricochet, to a rise of wages.
The People: Vive, vive la Cherte!
Jacques Bonhomme: If butter is dear, it is not because you pay high wages to the workmen, it is not even because you make exorbitant profits; it is solely69 because Paris is ill-adapted for that branch of industry; it is because you wish to make in the town what should be made in the country, and in the country what should be made in the town. The people have not more employment—only they have employment of a different kind. They have no higher wages; while they can no longer buy commodities as cheaply as formerly70.
The People: Vive, vive le Bon Marche!
Peter: This man seduces71 you with fine words. Let us place the question before you in all its simplicity72. Is it, or is it not, true, that if we admit firewood, meat, and butter freely or at a lower duty, our markets will be inundated? Believe me there is no other means of preserving ourselves from this new species of invasion but to keep the door shut, and so maintain the prices of commodities by rendering73 them artificially rare.
Some Voices in the Crowd: Vive, vive la Rarete!
Jacques Bonhomme: Let us bring the question to the simple test of truth. You cannot divide among the people of Paris commodities which are not in Paris. If there be less meat, less firewood, less butter, the share falling to each will be smaller. Now there must be less if we prohibit what should be allowed to enter the city. Parisians, abundance for each of you can be secured only by general abundance.
The People: Vive, vive l'Abondance!
Peter: It is in vain that this man tries to persuade you that it is your interest to be subjected to unbridled competition.
The People: A bas, à bas la Concurrence74!
Jacques Bonhomme: It is in vain that this man tries to make you fall in love with restriction75.
The People: A bas, à bas la Restriction!
Peter: I declare, for my own part, if you deprive the poor cowfeeders and pig-drivers of their daily bread, I can no longer be answerable for public order. Workmen, distrust that man. He is the agent of perfidious Normandy, and derives76 his inspiration from the provinces. He is a traitor77; down with him! (The people preserve silence.)
Jacques Bonhomme: Parisians, what I have told you to-day,
I told you twenty years ago, when Peter set himself to work the octroi for his own profit and to your detriment78. I am not, then, the agent of Normandy. Hang me up, if you will, but that will not make oppression anything else than oppression. Friends, it is not Jacques or Peter that you must put an end to, but liberty if you fear it, or restriction if it does you harm.
The People: Hang nobody, and set everybody free.
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收听单词发音
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1
par
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| n.标准，票面价值，平均数量；adj.票面的，平常的，标准的 | |
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alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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4
gratis
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| adj.免费的 | |
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5
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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6
bourgeois
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| adj./n.追求物质享受的(人)；中产阶级分子 | |
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7
dispense
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| vt.分配，分发；配(药)，发(药)；实施 | |
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8
inflamed
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| adj.发炎的，红肿的v.（使）变红，发怒，过热( inflame的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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9
stimulated
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| a.刺激的 | |
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exclusion
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| n.拒绝，排除，排斥，远足，远途旅行 | |
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speculation
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| n.思索，沉思；猜测；投机 | |
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wondrously
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| adv.惊奇地，非常，极其 | |
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13
concessions
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| n.（尤指由政府或雇主给予的）特许权( concession的名词复数 )；承认；减价；（在某地的）特许经营权 | |
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undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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malignant
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| adj.恶性的，致命的；恶意的，恶毒的 | |
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chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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bias
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| n.偏见，偏心，偏袒；vt.使有偏见 | |
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proprietors
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| n.所有人，业主( proprietor的名词复数 ) | |
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prohibition
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| n.禁止；禁令，禁律 | |
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honourable
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| adj.可敬的；荣誉的，光荣的 | |
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disinterested
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| adj.不关心的，不感兴趣的 | |
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insolent
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| adj.傲慢的，无理的 | |
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inundate
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| vt.淹没，泛滥，压倒 | |
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advantageous
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| adj.有利的；有帮助的 | |
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tariff
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| n.关税，税率；(旅馆、饭店等)价目表，收费表 | |
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motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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disinterestedness
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shameful
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| adj.可耻的，不道德的 | |
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tributaries
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| n. 支流 | |
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audacity
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| n.大胆，卤莽，无礼 | |
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inundated
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| v.淹没( inundate的过去式和过去分词 )；（洪水般地）涌来；充满；给予或交予（太多事物）使难以应付 | |
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avaricious
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| adj.贪婪的，贪心的 | |
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perfidious
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| adj.不忠的，背信弃义的 | |
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repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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reposed
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| v.将（手臂等）靠在某人（某物）上( repose的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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magistrate
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| n.地方行政官，地方法官，治安官 | |
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pretext
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| n.借口，托词 | |
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hospitable
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| adj.好客的；宽容的；有利的，适宜的 | |
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warehouses
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| 仓库，货栈( warehouse的名词复数 ) | |
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sumptuous
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| adj.豪华的，奢侈的，华丽的 | |
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quays
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| 码头( quay的名词复数 ) | |
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teeming
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| adj.丰富的v.充满( teem的现在分词 )；到处都是；（指水、雨等）暴降；倾注 | |
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animation
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| n.活泼，兴奋，卡通片／动画片的制作 | |
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calamity
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| n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件 | |
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magistrates
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| 地方法官，治安官( magistrate的名词复数 ) | |
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exorbitant
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| adj.过分的；过度的 | |
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procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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51
injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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decadence
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| n.衰落，颓废 | |
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counteracting
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| 对抗，抵消( counteract的现在分词 ) | |
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vegetates
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| v.过单调呆板的生活( vegetate的第三人称单数 )；植物似地生长；（瘤、疣等）长大 | |
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parasitical
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| adj. 寄生的(符加的) | |
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fungus
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| n.真菌，真菌类植物 | |
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laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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iniquity
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| n.邪恶；不公正 | |
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calumny
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| n.诽谤，污蔑，中伤 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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enfranchisement
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| 选举权 | |
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agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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seduced
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| 诱奸( seduce的过去式和过去分词 )； 勾引； 诱使堕落； 使入迷 | |
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agitators
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| n.（尤指政治变革的）鼓动者( agitator的名词复数 )；煽动者；搅拌器；搅拌机 | |
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motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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solely
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| adv.仅仅，唯一地 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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seduces
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| 诱奸( seduce的第三人称单数 )； 勾引； 诱使堕落； 使入迷 | |
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simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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rendering
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| n.表现，描写 | |
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concurrence
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| n.同意；并发 | |
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restriction
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| n.限制，约束 | |
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derives
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| v.得到( derive的第三人称单数 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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traitor
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| n.叛徒，卖国贼 | |
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detriment
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| n.损害；损害物，造成损害的根源 | |
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