For man lives in his recreations, and is revealed to us by the search-light of an epigram. Humor, in one form or another, is characteristic of every nation; and reflecting the salient points of social and national life, it illuminates9 those crowded corners which history leaves obscure. The laugh that we enjoy at our own expense betrays us to the rest of the world, and the humorists of England and America have been long employed in pointing out with derisive11 fingers their own, and not their neighbor’s shortcomings. If we are more reckless in our satire12, and more amused at our own wit, it is because we are better tempered, and newer to the game. The delight of being a nation, and a very big nation at that, has not yet with us lost all the charm of novelty, and we pelt13 one another with ridicule14 after the joyously15 aggressive fashion of schoolboys pelting16 one another with snowballs. Already{96} there is a vast array of seasoned and recognized jokes which are leveled against every city in the land. The culture of Boston, the slowness of Philadelphia, the ostentation17 of New York, the arrogance18 and ambition of Chicago, the mutual19 jealousy20 of Minneapolis and St. Paul,—these are themes of which the American satirist21 never wearies, these are characteristics which he has striven, with some degree of success, to make clear to the rest of mankind. Add to them our less justifiable22 diversion at official corruption23 and mismanagement, our glee over the blunders and rascalities of the men whom we permit to govern us, and we have that curious combination of keenness and apathy24, of penetration25 and indifference26 which makes possible American humor.
Now Englishmen, however prone27 to laugh at their own foibles, do not, as a rule, take their politics lightly. Those whom I have known were most depressingly serious when discussing the situation with friends, and most disagreeably violent when by chance they met an opponent. Neither do they see anything funny in being robbed by corporations; but,{97} with discouraging and unhumorous tenacity28, exact payment of the last farthing of debt, fulfilment of the least clause in a charter. Our lenity in such matters is a trait which they fail to understand, and are disinclined to envy. One of the most amusing scenes I ever witnessed was an altercation29 between an exceedingly clever Englishwoman, who for years has taken a lively part in public measures, and a countrywoman of my own, deeply imbued30 with that gentle pessimism31 which insures contentment, and bars reform. The subject under discussion was the street-car service of Philadelphia (which would have been primitive32 for Asia Minor), and the Englishwoman was expressing in no measured terms her amazement33 at such comprehensive and unqualified inefficiency34. In vain my American friend explained to her that this car-service was one of the most diverting things about our Quaker city, that it represented one of those humorous details which gave Philadelphia its distinctly local color. The Englishwoman declined to be amused. “I do not understand you in the least,” she said gravely. “You have a beautiful city, of which you should be{98} proud. You have disgraceful streets and trams, of which you should be ashamed. Yet you ridicule your city as if you were ashamed of that, and defend your trams as if you were proud of them. If you think it funny to be imposed on, you will never be at a loss for a joke.”
Yet corruption in office, like hypocrisy35 in religion, has furnished food for mirth ever since King Log and King Stork36 began their beneficent reigns37. Diogenes complained that the people of Athens liked to have the things they should have held most dear pelted38 with dangerous banter39. Kant found precisely40 the same fault with the French, and even the history of sober England is enlivened by its share of such satiric41 laughter. “Wood was dear at Newmarket,” said a wit, when Sir Henry Montague received there the white staff which made him Lord High Treasurer42 of England, for which exalted43 honor he had paid King James the First full twenty thousand pounds. The jest sounds so light-hearted, so free from any troublesome resentment44, that it might have been uttered in America; but it is well to remember that such witticisms45 pointed46 un{99}erringly to the tragic47 downfall of the Stuarts. Indeed, the gayest laugh occasionally rings a death-knell, and so our humorists wield48 a power which could hardly be entrusted49 into better hands. “Punch” has the cleanest record of any English journal. It has ever—save for those perverse50 and wicked slips which cost it the friendship of stouthearted51 Richard Doyle—allied itself with honor and honesty, and that sane52 tolerance53 which is the basis of humor. “Life” has fought an even braver fight, and has been the active champion of all that is helpless and ill-treated, the advocate of all that is honorable and sincere. The little children who crawl, wasted and fever-stricken, through the heated city streets, the animals that pay with prolonged pain for the pleasures of scientific research,—these hapless victims of our advanced civilization find their best friend in this New York comic paper. The girl whose youth and innocence54 are bartered55 for wealth in the open markets of matrimony, sees no such vigorous protest against her degradation56 as in its wholesome57 pages. It is scant58 praise to say that “Life” does more to quicken charity, and to purify social corrup{100}tion than all the religious and ethical59 journals in the country. This is the natural result of its reaching the proper audience. It has the same beneficent effect that sermons would have if they were preached to the non-church-going people who require them.
When we have learned to recognize the fact that humor does not necessarily imply fun, we will better understand the humorist’s attitude and labors. There is nothing, as a rule, very funny, in the weekly issues of “Punch,” and “Puck,” and “Life.” Many of the jokes ought to be explained in a key like that which accompanied my youthful arithmetic; and those which need no such deciphering are often so threadbare and feeble from hard usage, that it is scarcely decent to exact further service from them. It has been represented to us more than once that the English, being conservative in the matter of amusement, prefer those jests which, like “old Grouse60 in the gunroom,” have grown seasoned in long years of telling. “Slow to understand a new joke,” says Mrs. Pennell, “they are equally slow to part with one that has been mastered.” But there are some time-honored jests—the young{101} housekeeper’s pie, for example, and the tramp who is unable to digest it—which even a conservative American, if such an anomaly exists, would relinquish61 dry-eyed and smiling. It is not for such feeble waggery as this that we value our comic journals, but for those vital touches which illuminate10 and betray the tragic farce62 called life. “Punch’s” cartoon depicting63 Bismarck as a discharged pilot, gloomily quitting the ship of state, while overhead the young emperor swaggers and smiles derisively64, is in itself an epitome65 of history, a realization66 of those brief bitter moments which mark the turning-point of a nation and stand for the satire of success. “Life’s” sombre picture of the young wife bowing her head despairingly over the piano, as though to shut out from her gaze her foolish, besotted husband, is an unflinching delineation67 of the most sordid, pitiful and commonplace of all daily tragedies. In both these masterly sketches68 there is a grim humor, softened69 by kindliness70, and this is the key-note of their power. They are as unlike as possible in subject and in treatment, but the undercurrent of human sympathy is the same.
Is it worth while, then, to be so contentious{102} over the superficial contrasts of English and American humor, when both spring from the same seed, and nourish the same fruit? Why should we resent one another’s methods, or deny one another’s success? If, as our critics proudly claim, we Americans have a quicker perception of the ludicrous, the English have a finer standard by which to judge its worth. If we, as a nation, have more humor, they have better humorists, and can point serenely71 to those unapproached and unapproachable writers of the eighteenth century, whose splendid ringing laughter still clears the murky72 air. It is true, I am told now and then, with commendable73 gravity, that such mirth is unbecoming in a refined and critical age, and that, if I would try a little harder to follow the somewhat elusive74 satire of the modern analyst75, I should enjoy a species of pleasantry too delicate or too difficult for laughter. I hesitate to affirm coarsely in reply that I like to laugh, because it is possible to be deeply humiliated76 by the contempt of one’s fellow-creatures. It is possible also to be sadly confused by new theories and new standards; by the people who tell me that exaggerated types, like Mr.{103} Micawber and Mrs. Gamp, are not amusing, and by the critics who are so good as to reveal to me the depths of my own delusions77. “We have long ago ceased to be either surprised, grieved, or indignant at anything the English say of us,” writes Mr. Charles Dudley Warner. “We have recovered our balance. We know that since ‘Gulliver’ there has been no piece of original humor produced in England equal to Knickerbocker’s ‘New York;’ that not in this century has any English writer equaled the wit and satire of the ‘Biglow Papers.’”
Does this mean that Mr. Warner considers Washington Irving to be the equal of Jonathan Swift; that he places the gentle satire of the American alongside of those trenchant78 and masterly pages which constitute the landmarks79 of literature? “Swift,” says Dr. Johnson, with reluctant truthfulness80, “must be allowed for a time to have dictated81 the political opinions of the English nation.” He is a writer whom we may be permitted to detest82, but not to undervalue. His star, red as Mars, still flames fiercely in the horizon, while the genial83 lustre84 of Washington Irving grows{104} dimmer year by year. We can never hope to “recover our balance” by confounding values, a process of self-deception which misleads no one but ourselves.
Curiously85 enough, at least one Englishman may be found who cordially agrees with Mr. Warner. The Rev8. R. H. Haweis has enriched the world with a little volume on American humorists, in which he kindly86 explains a great deal which we had thought tolerably clear already, as, for example, why Mark Twain is amusing. The authors whom Mr. Haweis has selected to illustrate87 his theme are Washington Irving, Dr. Holmes, Mr. Lowell, Artemus Ward88, Mark Twain and Bret Harte; and he arranges this somewhat motley group into a humorous round-table, where all hold equal rank. He is not only generous, he is strictly89 impartial90 in his praise; and manifests the same cordial enthusiasm for Boston’s “Autocrat91” and for “The Innocents Abroad.” Artemus Ward’s remark to his hesitating audience: “Ladies and gentlemen! You cannot expect to go in without paying your money, but you can pay your money without going in,” delights our kindly critic beyond{105} measure. “Was there ever a wittier92 motto than this?” he asks, with such good-natured exultation93 that we have a vague sense of self-reproach at not being more diverted by the pleasantry.
Now Mr. Haweis, guided by that dangerous instinct which drives us on to unwarranted comparisons, does not hesitate to link the fame of Knickerbocker’s “New York” with the fame of “Gulliver’s Travels,” greatly to the disadvantage of the latter. “Irving,” he gravely declares, “has all the satire of Swift, without his sour coarseness.” It would be as reasonable to say, “Apollinaris has all the vivacity94 of brandy, without its corrosive95 insalubrity.” The advantages of Apollinaris are apparent at first sight. It sparkles pleasantly, it is harmless, it is refreshing96, it can be consumed in large quantities without any particular result. Its merits are incontestible; but when all is said, a few of us still remember Dr. Johnson—“Brandy, sir, is a drink for heroes!” The robust97 virility98 of Swift places him forever at the head of English-speaking satirists. Unpardonable as is his coarseness, shameful99 as is his cynicism, we must still{106} agree with Carlyle that his humor, “cased, like Ben Jonson’s, in a most hard and bitter rind,” is too genuine to be always unloving and malign100.
The truth is that, when not confused by critics, we Americans have a sense of proportion as well as a sense of humor, and our keen appreciation101 of a jest serves materially to modify our national magniloquence, and to lessen102 our national self-esteem103. We are good-tempered, too, where this humor is aroused, and so the frank ignorance of foreigners, the audacious disparagement104 of our fellow countrymen, are accepted with equal serenity105. Newspapers deem it their duty to lash106 themselves into patriotic107 rage over every affront108, but newspaper readers do not. Surely it is a generous nation that so promptly109 forgave Dickens for the diverting malice110 of “Martin Chuzzlewit.” I heard once a young Irishman, who was going to the World’s Fair, ask a young Englishman, who had been, if the streets of Chicago were paved, and the question was hailed with courteous111 glee by the few Americans present. Better still, I had the pleasure of listening to a citizen of Seattle, who was describing to a{107} group of his townspeople the glories of the Fair, and the magnitude of the city which had brought it to such a triumphant112 conclusion. “Chicago, gentlemen,” said this enthusiastic traveler in a burst of final eloquence113, “Chicago is the Seattle of Illinois.” The splendid audacity114 of this commended it as much to one city as to the other; and when it was repeated in Chicago, it was received with that frank delight which proves how highly we value the blessed privilege of laughter.
Perhaps it is our keener sense of humor which prompts America to show more honor to her humorists than England often grants. Perhaps it is merely because we are in the habit of according to all our men of letters a larger share of public esteem than a more critical or richly endowed nation would think their labors merited. Perhaps our humorists are more amusing than their English rivals. Whatever may be the cause, it is undoubtedly115 true that we treat Mr. Stockton with greater deference116 than England treats Mr. Anstey. We have illustrated117 articles about him in our magazines, and incidents of his early infancy118 are gravely narrated119, as{108} likely to interest the whole reading public. Now Mr. Anstey might have passed his infancy in an egg, for all the English magazines have to tell us on the subject. His books are bought, and read, and laughed over, and laid aside, and when there is a bitter cadence120 in his mirth, people are disappointed and displeased121. England has always expected her jesters to wear the cap and bells. She would have nothing but foolish fun from Hood122, sacrificing his finer instincts and his better parts on the shrine123 of her own ruthless desires, and yielding him scant return for the lifelong vassalage124 she exacted. It is fitting that an English humorist should have written the most sombre, the most heart-breaking, the most beautiful and consoling of tragic stories. Du Maurier in “Peter Ibbetson” has taught to England the lesson she needed to learn.
The best-loved workers of every nation are those who embody125 distinctly national characteristics, whose work breathes a spirit of wholesome national prejudice, who are children of their own soil, and cannot, even in fancy, be associated with any other art or literature save the art or literature of their fatherland.{109} This was the case with honest John Leech126, whom England took to her heart and held dear because he was so truly English, because he despised Frenchmen, and mistrusted Irishmen, and hated Jews, and had a splendid British frankness in conveying these various impressions to the world. What would Leech have thought of Peter Ibbetson watching with sick heart the vessels127 bound for France! What a contrast between the cultured sympathy of Du Maurier’s beautiful drawings, and the real, narrow affection which Leech betrays even for his Staffordshire roughs, who are British roughs, be it rememberd, and not without their stanch128 and sturdy British virtues129. He does not idealize them in any way. He is content to love them as they are. Neither does Mr. Barrie endeavor to describe Thrums as a place where any but Thrums people could ever have found life endurable; yet he is as loyal in his affection for that forbidding little hamlet as if it were Florence the fair. Bret Harte uses no alluring130 colors with which to paint his iniquitous131 mining camps, but he is the brother at heart of every gambler and desperado in the diggings. Hu{110}manity is a mighty132 bond, and nationality strengthens its fibres. We can no more imagine Bret Harte amid Jane Austen’s placid133 surroundings, than we can imagine Dr. Holmes in a mining-camp, or Henry Fielding in Boston. Just as the Autocrat springs from Puritan ancestors, and embodies134 the intellectual traditions of New England, so Tom Jones, in his riotous135 young manhood, springs from that lusty Saxon stock, of whose courage, truthfulness, and good-tempered animalism he stands the most splendid representative. “The old order is passed and the new arises;” but Sophia Western has not yet yielded her place in the hearts of men to the morbid136 and self-centred heroines of modern fiction. Truest of all, is Charles Lamb who, more than any other humorist, more than any other man of letters, perhaps, belongs exclusively to his own land, and is without trace or echo of foreign influence. France was to Lamb, not a place where the finest prose is written, but a place where he ate frogs—“the nicest little delicate things—rabbity-flavored. Imagine a Lilliputian rabbit.” Germany was little or nothing, and America was less. The child of London streets,{111}
rich in the splendid literature of England, and faithful lover both of the teeming138 city and the ripe old books, Lamb speaks to English hearts in a language they can understand. And we, his neighbors, whom he recked not of, hold him just as dear; for his spleenless humor is an inheritance of our mother tongue, one of the munificent139 gifts which England shares with us, and for which no payment is possible save the frank and generous recognition of a pleasure that is without peer.
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1
attentive
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| adj.注意的，专心的；关心(别人)的，殷勤的 | |
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confiding
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| adj.相信人的，易于相信的v.吐露（秘密，心事等）( confide的现在分词 )；（向某人）吐露（隐私、秘密等） | |
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verity
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| n.真实性 | |
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labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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delusion
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| n.谬见，欺骗，幻觉，迷惑 | |
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sordid
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| adj.肮脏的，不干净的，卑鄙的，暗淡的 | |
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abatement
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| n.减(免)税，打折扣，冲销 | |
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rev
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| v.发动机旋转，加快速度 | |
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illuminates
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| v.使明亮( illuminate的第三人称单数 )；照亮；装饰；说明 | |
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illuminate
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| vt.照亮，照明；用灯光装饰；说明，阐释 | |
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derisive
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| adj.嘲弄的 | |
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satire
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| n.讽刺，讽刺文学，讽刺作品 | |
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pelt
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| v.投掷，剥皮，抨击，开火 | |
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ridicule
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| v.讥讽，挖苦；n.嘲弄 | |
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joyously
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| ad.快乐地, 高兴地 | |
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pelting
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| 微不足道的，无价值的，盛怒的 | |
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ostentation
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| n.夸耀，卖弄 | |
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arrogance
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| n.傲慢，自大 | |
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mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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satirist
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| n.讽刺诗作者，讽刺家，爱挖苦别人的人 | |
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justifiable
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| adj.有理由的，无可非议的 | |
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corruption
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| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
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apathy
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| n.漠不关心，无动于衷；冷淡 | |
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penetration
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| n.穿透，穿人，渗透 | |
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indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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prone
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| adj.(to)易于…的，很可能…的；俯卧的 | |
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tenacity
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| n.坚韧 | |
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altercation
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| n.争吵，争论 | |
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imbued
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| v.使（某人/某事）充满或激起（感情等）( imbue的过去式和过去分词 )；使充满；灌输；激发（强烈感情或品质等） | |
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pessimism
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| n.悲观者，悲观主义者，厌世者 | |
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primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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amazement
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| n.惊奇，惊讶 | |
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inefficiency
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| n.无效率，无能；无效率事例 | |
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hypocrisy
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| n.伪善，虚伪 | |
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stork
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| n.鹳 | |
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reigns
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| n.君主的统治( reign的名词复数 )；君主统治时期；任期；当政期 | |
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pelted
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| （连续地）投掷( pelt的过去式和过去分词 )； 连续抨击； 攻击； 剥去…的皮 | |
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banter
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| n.嘲弄，戏谑；v.取笑，逗弄，开玩笑 | |
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precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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satiric
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| adj.讽刺的，挖苦的 | |
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treasurer
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| n.司库，财务主管 | |
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exalted
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| adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的 | |
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resentment
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| n.怨愤，忿恨 | |
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witticisms
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| n.妙语，俏皮话( witticism的名词复数 ) | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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tragic
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| adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的 | |
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48
wield
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| vt.行使，运用，支配；挥，使用(武器等) | |
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49
entrusted
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| v.委托，托付( entrust的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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perverse
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| adj.刚愎的；坚持错误的，行为反常的 | |
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stouthearted
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| adj.刚毅的，大胆的 | |
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sane
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| adj.心智健全的，神志清醒的，明智的，稳健的 | |
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53
tolerance
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| n.宽容；容忍，忍受；耐药力；公差 | |
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54
innocence
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| n.无罪；天真；无害 | |
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55
bartered
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| v.作物物交换，以货换货( barter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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degradation
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| n.降级；低落；退化；陵削；降解；衰变 | |
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wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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58
scant
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| adj.不充分的，不足的；v.减缩，限制，忽略 | |
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ethical
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| adj.伦理的，道德的，合乎道德的 | |
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60
grouse
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| n.松鸡；v.牢骚，诉苦 | |
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61
relinquish
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| v.放弃，撤回，让与，放手 | |
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62
farce
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| n.闹剧，笑剧，滑稽戏；胡闹 | |
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depicting
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| 描绘，描画( depict的现在分词 )； 描述 | |
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64
derisively
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| adv. 嘲笑地，嘲弄地 | |
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65
epitome
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| n.典型，梗概 | |
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66
realization
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| n.实现；认识到，深刻了解 | |
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67
delineation
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| n.记述；描写 | |
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68
sketches
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| n.草图( sketch的名词复数 )；素描；速写；梗概 | |
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69
softened
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| （使）变软( soften的过去式和过去分词 )； 缓解打击； 缓和； 安慰 | |
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70
kindliness
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| n.厚道，亲切，友好的行为 | |
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71
serenely
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| adv.安详地，宁静地，平静地 | |
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72
murky
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| adj.黑暗的，朦胧的；adv.阴暗地，混浊地；n.阴暗；昏暗 | |
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73
commendable
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| adj.值得称赞的 | |
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74
elusive
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| adj.难以表达(捉摸)的；令人困惑的；逃避的 | |
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75
analyst
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| n.分析家，化验员；心理分析学家 | |
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76
humiliated
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| 感到羞愧的 | |
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77
delusions
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| n.欺骗( delusion的名词复数 )；谬见；错觉；妄想 | |
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trenchant
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| adj.尖刻的，清晰的 | |
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79
landmarks
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| n.陆标( landmark的名词复数 )；目标；（标志重要阶段的）里程碑 ~ (in sth)；有历史意义的建筑物（或遗址） | |
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80
truthfulness
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| n. 符合实际 | |
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81
dictated
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| v.大声讲或读( dictate的过去式和过去分词 )；口授；支配；摆布 | |
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82
detest
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| vt.痛恨，憎恶 | |
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83
genial
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| adj.亲切的，和蔼的，愉快的，脾气好的 | |
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84
lustre
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| n.光亮，光泽；荣誉 | |
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85
curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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86
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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illustrate
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| v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图 | |
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88
ward
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| n.守卫，监护，病房，行政区，由监护人或法院保护的人（尤指儿童）；vt.守护，躲开 | |
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89
strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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90
impartial
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| adj.(in,to)公正的，无偏见的 | |
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91
autocrat
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| n.独裁者；专横的人 | |
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92
wittier
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| 机智的，言辞巧妙的，情趣横生的( witty的比较级 ) | |
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exultation
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| n.狂喜，得意 | |
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vivacity
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| n.快活，活泼，精神充沛 | |
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95
corrosive
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| adj.腐蚀性的；有害的；恶毒的 | |
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refreshing
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| adj.使精神振作的，使人清爽的，使人喜欢的 | |
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robust
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| adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的 | |
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98
virility
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| n.雄劲，丈夫气 | |
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99
shameful
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| adj.可耻的，不道德的 | |
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100
malign
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| adj.有害的；恶性的；恶意的；v.诽谤，诬蔑 | |
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101
appreciation
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| n.评价；欣赏；感谢；领会，理解；价格上涨 | |
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102
lessen
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| vt.减少，减轻；缩小 | |
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103
esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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104
disparagement
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| n.轻视，轻蔑 | |
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105
serenity
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| n.宁静，沉着，晴朗 | |
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106
lash
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| v.系牢；鞭打；猛烈抨击；n.鞭打；眼睫毛 | |
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107
patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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108
affront
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| n./v.侮辱，触怒 | |
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109
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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110
malice
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| n.恶意，怨恨，蓄意；[律]预谋 | |
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111
courteous
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| adj.彬彬有礼的，客气的 | |
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112
triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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113
eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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114
audacity
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| n.大胆，卤莽，无礼 | |
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115
undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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116
deference
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| n.尊重，顺从；敬意 | |
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117
illustrated
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| adj. 有插图的，列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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118
infancy
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| n.婴儿期；幼年期；初期 | |
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119
narrated
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| v.故事( narrate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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120
cadence
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| n.（说话声调的）抑扬顿挫 | |
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121
displeased
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| a.不快的 | |
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122
hood
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| n.头巾，兜帽，覆盖；v.罩上，以头巾覆盖 | |
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123
shrine
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| n.圣地，神龛，庙；v.将...置于神龛内，把...奉为神圣 | |
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124
vassalage
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| n.家臣身份，隶属 | |
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125
embody
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| vt.具体表达，使具体化；包含，收录 | |
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126
leech
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| n.水蛭，吸血鬼，榨取他人利益的人；vt.以水蛭吸血；vi.依附于别人 | |
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127
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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128
stanch
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| v.止住（血等）；adj.坚固的；坚定的 | |
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129
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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130
alluring
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| adj.吸引人的，迷人的 | |
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131
iniquitous
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| adj.不公正的；邪恶的；高得出奇的 | |
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132
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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133
placid
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| adj.安静的，平和的 | |
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134
embodies
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| v.表现( embody的第三人称单数 )；象征；包括；包含 | |
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135
riotous
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| adj.骚乱的；狂欢的 | |
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136
morbid
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| adj.病的；致病的；病态的；可怕的 | |
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137
mightier
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| adj. 强有力的，强大的，巨大的 adv. 很，极其 | |
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138
teeming
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| adj.丰富的v.充满( teem的现在分词 )；到处都是；（指水、雨等）暴降；倾注 | |
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139
munificent
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| adj.慷慨的，大方的 | |
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