BY giving his eldest2 daughter, Isabelle, the heiress of Lorraine, in marriage to René, the second son of Madame Yolande, Queen of Sicily and of Jerusalem, and Duchess of Anjou,[423] Duke Charles II of Lorraine, who was in alliance with the English, had recently done his cousin and friend, the Duke of Burgundy, a bad turn. René of Anjou, now in his twentieth year, was a man of culture as much in love with sound learning as with chivalry4, and withal kind, affable, and gracious. When not engaged in some military expedition and in wielding5 the lance he delighted to illuminate6 manuscripts. He had a taste for flower-decked gardens and stories in tapestry7; and like his fair cousin the Duke of Orléans he wrote poems in French.[424] Invested with the duchy of Bar by the Cardinal8 Duke[Pg i.92] of Bar, his great-uncle, he would inherit the duchy of Lorraine after the death of Duke Charles which could not be far off. This marriage was rightly regarded as a clever stroke on the part of Madame Yolande. But he who reigns9 must fight. The Duke of Burgundy, ill content to see a prince of the house of Anjou, the brother-in-law of Charles of Valois, established between Burgundy and Flanders, stirred up against René the Count of Vaudémont, who was a claimant of the inheritance of Lorraine. The Angevin policy rendered a reconciliation10 between the Duke of Burgundy and the King of France difficult. Thus was René of Anjou involved in the quarrels of his father-in-law of Lorraine. It befell that in this year, 1429, he was waging war against the citizens of Metz, the War of the Basketful of Apples.[425] It was so called because the cause of war was a basketful of apples which had been brought into the town of Metz without paying duty to the officers of the Duke of Lorraine.[426]
Meanwhile René's mother was sending convoys11 of victuals12 from Blois to the citizens of Orléans, besieged14 by the English.[427] Although she was not then on good terms with the counsellors of her son-in-law, King Charles, she was vigilant15 in opposing the enemies of the kingdom when they threatened her own duchy of Anjou. René, Duke of Bar, had therefore ties of kindred, friendship, and interest binding16 him at the same time to the English and Burgundian party as well as to the party of France. Such was the situation of most of the French nobles. René's communications with the[Pg i.93] Commander of Vaucouleurs were friendly and constant.[428] It is possible that Sire Robert may have told him that he had a damsel at Vaucouleurs who was prophesying17 concerning the realm of France. It is possible that the Duke of Bar, curious to see her, may have had her sent to Nancy, where he was to be towards the 20th of February. But it is much more likely that René of Anjou thought less about the Maid of Vaucouleurs, whom he had never seen, than about the little Moor18 and the jester who enlivened the ducal palace.[429] In this month of February, 1429, he was neither desirous nor able to concern himself greatly with the affairs of France; and although brother-in-law to King Charles, he was preparing not to succour the town of Orléans, but to besiege13 the town of Metz.[430]
Old and ill, Duke Charles dwelt in his palace with his paramour Alison du Mai, a bastard19 and a priest's daughter, who had driven out the lawful20 wife, Dame3 Marguerite of Bavaria. Dame Marguerite was pious21 and high-born, but old and ugly, while Madame Alison was pretty. She had borne Duke Charles several children.[431]
The following story appears the most authentic22. There were certain worthy23 persons at Nancy who[Pg i.94] wanted Duke Charles to take back his good wife. To persuade him to do so they had recourse to the exhortations24 of a saint, who had revelations from Heaven, and who called herself the Daughter of God. By these persons the damsel of Domremy was represented to the enfeebled old Duke as being a saint who worked miracles of healing. By their advice he had her summoned in the hope that she possessed25 secrets which should alleviate26 his sufferings and keep him alive.
As soon as he saw her he asked whether she could not restore him to his former health and strength.
She replied that "of such things" she knew nothing. But she warned him that his ways were evil, and that he would not be cured until he had amended27 them. She enjoined28 upon him to send away Alison, his concubine, and to take back his good wife.[432]
No doubt she had been told to say something of this kind; but it also came from her own heart, for she loathed29 bad women.
Jeanne had come to the Duke because it was his due, because a little saint must not refuse when a great lord wishes to consult her, and because in short she had been brought to Nancy. But her mind was elsewhere; of nought30 could she think but of saving the realm of France.
Reflecting that Madame Yolande's son with a goodly company of men-at-arms would be of great aid to the Dauphin, she asked the Duke of Lorraine, as she took her leave, to send this young knight31 with her into France.
"Give me your son," she said, "with men-at-arms[Pg i.95] as my escort. In return I will pray to God for your restoration to health."
The Duke did not give her men-at-arms; neither did he give her the Duke of Bar, the heir of Lorraine, the ally of the English, who was nevertheless to join her soon beneath the standard of King Charles. But he gave her four francs and a black horse.[433]
Perhaps it was on her return from Nancy that she wrote to her parents asking their pardon for having left them. The fact that they received a letter and forgave is all that is known.[434] One cannot forbear surprise that Jacques d'Arc, all through the month that his daughter was at Vaucouleurs, should have remained quietly at home, when previously32, after having merely dreamed of her being with men-at-arms, he had threatened that if his sons did not drown her he would with his own hands. For he must have been aware that at Vaucouleurs she was living with men-at-arms. Knowing her temperament33, he had displayed great simplicity34 in letting her go. One cannot help supposing that those pious persons who believed in Jeanne's goodness, and desired her to be taken into France for the saving of the kingdom, must have undertaken to reassure35 her father and mother concerning their daughter's manner of life; perhaps they even gave the simple folk to understand that if Jeanne did go to the King her family would derive36 therefrom honour and advantage.
Before or after her journey to Nancy (which is not known), certain of the townsfolk of Vaucouleurs who believed in the young prophetess either had made, or purchased for her ready made, a suit of masculine[Pg i.96] clothing, a jerkin, cloth doublet, hose laced on to the coat, gaiters, spurs, a whole equipment of war. Sire Robert gave her a sword.[435]
She had her hair cut round like a boy.[436] Jean de Metz and Bertrand de Poulengy, with their servants Jean de Honecourt and Julien, were to accompany her as well as the King's messenger, Colet de Vienne, and the bowman Richard.[437] There was still some delay and councils were held, for the soldiers of Antoine de Lorraine, Lord of Joinville, infested37 the country. Throughout the land there was nothing but pillage38, robbery, murder, cruel tyranny, the ravishing of women, the burning of churches and abbeys, and the perpetration of horrible crimes. Those were the hardest times ever known to man.[438] But the damsel was not afraid, and said: "In God's name! take me to the gentle Dauphin, and fear not any trouble or hindrance39 we may meet."[439]
At length, on a day in February, so it is said, the little company issued forth40 from Vaucouleurs by La Porte de France.[440]
[Pg i.97]
A few friends who had followed her so far watched her go. Among them were her hosts, Henri Leroyer and Catherine, and Messire Jean Colin, canon of Saint-Nicolas, near Vaucouleurs, to whom Jeanne had confessed several times.[441] They trembled for their saint as they thought of the perils41 of the way and the length of the journey.
"How can you," they asked her, "set forth on such a journey when there are men-at-arms on every hand?" But out of the serene42 peace of her heart she answered them:
"I do not fear men-at-arms; my way has been made plain before me. If there be men-at-arms my Lord God will make a way for me to go to my Lord Dauphin. For that am I come."[442]
Sire Robert was present at her departure. According to the customary formula he took an oath from each of the men-at-arms that they would surely and safely conduct her whom he confided43 to them. Then, being a man of little faith, he said to Jeanne in lieu of farewell: "Go! and come what may."[443] And the little company went off into the mist, which at that season envelops44 the meadows of the Meuse.
They were obliged to avoid frequented roads and[Pg i.98] to beware especially of passing by Joinville, Montiers-en-Saulx and Sailly, where there were soldiers of the hostile party. Sire Bertrand and Jean de Metz were accustomed to such stealthy expeditions; they knew the byways and were acquainted with useful precautions, such as binding up the horses' feet in linen45 so as to deaden the sound of hoofs46 on the ground.[444]
At nightfall, having escaped all danger, the company approached the right bank of the Marne and reached the Abbey of Saint-Urbain.[445] From time immemorial it had been a place of refuge, and in those days its abbot was Arnoult of Aulnoy, a kinsman47 of Robert of Baudricourt.[446] The gate of the plain edifice48 opened for the travellers who passed beneath the groined vaulting49 of its roof.[447] The abbey included a building set apart for strangers. There they found the resting-place of the first stage of their journey.
On the right of the outer door was the abbey church wherein were preserved the relics50 of Pope Saint Urbain. On the 24th of February, in the morning, Jeanne attended conventual mass there.[448] Then she and her companions took horse again. Crossing the Marne by the bridge opposite Saint-Urbain, they pressed on towards France.
They had still one hundred and twenty-five leagues to cover and three rivers to cross, in a country infested with brigands51. Through fear of the enemy they journeyed by night.[449] When they lay down on[Pg i.99] the straw the damsel, keeping her hose laced to her coat, slept in her clothes, under a covering, between Jean de Metz and Bertrand de Poulengy in whom she felt confidence. They said afterwards that they never desired the damsel because of the holiness they beheld52 in her;[450] that may or may not be believed.
Jean de Metz was filled with no such ardent53 faith in the prophetess, since he inquired of her: "Will you really do what you say?"
To which she replied: "Have no fear. I do what I am commanded to do. My brethren in Paradise tell me what I have to do. It is now four or five years since my brethren in Paradise and Messire told me that I must go forth to war to deliver the realm of France."[451]
These rude comrades did not all preserve an attitude of religious respect in her presence. Certain mocked her and diverted themselves by talking before her as if they belonged to the English party. Sometimes, as a joke, they got up a false alarm and pretended to turn back. Their jests were wasted. She believed them, but she was not afraid, and would say gravely to those who thought to frighten her with the English: "Be sure not to flee. I tell you in God's name, they will not harm you."[452]
Ever at the approach of danger whether real or feigned54, there came to her lips the words of encouragement: "Do not be afraid. You will see how graciously the fair Dauphin will look upon us when we come to Chinon."[453]
Her greatest grief was that she could not pray in[Pg i.100] church as often as she would like. Every day she repeated: "If we could, we should do well to hear mass."[454]
As they avoided high roads they were not often in the way of bridges; and they were frequently forced to ford55 rivers in flood. They crossed the Aube, near Bar-sur-Aube, the Seine near Bar-sur-Seine, the Yonne opposite Auxerre, where Jeanne heard mass in the church of Saint-Etienne; then they reached the town of Gien, on the right bank of the Loire.[455]
At length these Lorrainers beheld a French town loyal to the King of France. They had travelled seventy-five leagues through the enemy's country without being attacked or molested56. Afterwards this was considered miraculous57. But was it impossible for seven or eight Armagnac horsemen to traverse English and Burgundian lands without misadventure? The Commander of Vaucouleurs frequently sent letters to the Dauphin which reached him, and the Dauphin was in the habit of despatching messengers to the Commander; Colet de Vienne had just borne his message.[456]
In point of fact the followers58 of the Dauphin ran risks well nigh as great in the provinces under his sway as in lands subject to other masters.[457]
[Pg i.101]
Freebooters in the pay of King Charles, when they pillaged59 travellers and held them to ransom60, did not stay to ask whether they were Armagnacs or Burgundians. Indeed, it was after their passage of the Loire that Bertrand de Poulengy and his companions found themselves exposed to the greatest danger.
Informed of their approach, certain men-at-arms of the French party went before and lay in ambush61, waiting to surprise them. They intended to capture the damsel, cast her into a pit, and keep her there beneath a great stone, in the hope that the King who had sent for her would give a large sum for her rescue.[458] It was the custom for freebooters and mercenaries thus to cast travellers into pits delivering them on payment of ransom. Eighteen years before, at Corbeil, five men had been kept in a pit on bread and water by Burgundians. Three of them died, being unable to pay the ransom.[459] Such a fate very nearly befell Jeanne. But the wretches62 who were lying in wait for her, at the moment when they should have struck did nothing, wherefore is unknown, perhaps because they were afraid of not being the stronger.[460]
From Gien, the little company followed the northern boundary of the duchy of Berry, crossed into Blésois, possibly passed through Selles-sur-Cher and Saint-Aignan, then, having entered Touraine, reached[Pg i.102] the green slopes of Fierbois.[461] There one of the two heavenly ladies, who daily discoursed63 familiarly with the peasant girl, had her most famous sanctuary64; there it was that Saint Catherine received multitudes of pilgrims and worked great miracles. According to popular belief the origin of her worship in this place was warlike and national and dated back to the beginning of French history. It was known that after his victory over the Saracens at Poitiers Charles Martel had placed his sword in the oratory65 of the Blessed Catherine.[462] But it must be admitted that since then the sanctuary had long suffered from desertion and neglect. Rather more than forty years before the coming of the damsel from Domremy, its walls in the depths of a wood were overrun by briers and brambles.
In those days it was not uncommon66 for saints of both sexes, if they had suffered from some unjust neglect, to come and complain to some pious person of the wrong being done them on earth. They appeared possibly to a monk67, to a peasant or a citizen, denounced the impiety68 of the faithful in terms urgent and sometimes violent, and commanded him to reinstate their worship and restore their sanctuary. And this is what Madame Saint Catherine did. In the year 1375 she entrusted69 a knight of the neighbourhood of Fierbois, one Jean Godefroy, who was blind and paralysed, with the restoration of her oratory to its old[Pg i.103] brilliance70 and fame, promising71 to cure him if he would pray for nine days in the place where Charles Martel had put his sword. Jean Godefroy had himself carried to the deserted72 chapel73, but beforehand his servants must perforce hew74 a way through the thicket75 with their axes. Madame Saint Catherine restored to Jean Godefroy the use of his eyes and his limbs, and it was by this benefit that she recalled to the people of Touraine the glory they had slighted. The oratory was repaired; the faithful again wended their way thither76, and miracles abounded77. At first the saint healed the sick; then, when the land was ravaged78 by war, it was her office more especially to deliver from the hands of the English such prisoners as had recourse to her. Sometimes she rendered captives invisible to their guards; sometimes she broke bonds, chains, and locks; to wit, those of a nobleman by name Cazin du Boys, who in 1418 was taken with the garrison79 of Beaumont-sur-Oise. Locked in an iron cage, bound with a strong rope on which slept a Burgundian, he thought on Madame Saint Catherine, and dedicated80 himself to this glorious virgin81. Immediately the cage was opened. Sometimes she even constrained82 the English to unchain their prisoners themselves and set them free without ransom. That was a great miracle. One no less great was worked by her on Perrot Chapon, of Saint-Sauveur, near Luzarches. For a month Perrot had been in bonds in an English prison, when he dedicated himself to Saint Catherine and fell asleep. He awoke, still bound, in his own house.
Generally she helped those who helped themselves. Such was the case of Jean Ducoudray, citizen of Saumur, a prisoner in the castle of Bellême in 1429. He commended his soul devoutly83 to Saint Catherine,[Pg i.104] then leapt forth, throttled84 the guard, climbed the ramparts, dropped the height of two lances, and went out a free man into the country.[463]
Perhaps these miracles would have been less frequent had the English been in greater force in France; but their men were few: in Normandy they intrenched themselves in towns, abandoning the open country to soldiers of fortune who ranged the district and captured convoys, thus greatly promoting the intervention85 of Madame Saint Catherine.[464]
The prisoners, who had become her votaries86 and whom she had delivered, discharged their vows87 by making the pilgrimage to Fierbois. In her chapel there, they hung the cords and chains with which they had been bound, their armour88, and sometimes, in special cases, the armour of the enemy.
This had been done nine months before Jeanne's coming to Fierbois by a certain knight, Jean du Chastel. He had escaped from the hands of a captain, who accused him of having committed treason thereby89, alleging90 that du Chastel had given him his word of honour. Du Chastel on the other hand maintained that he had not sworn, and he challenged the captain to meet him in single combat. The issue of the combat proved right to be on the side of the French knight; for with the aid of Madame Saint Catherine he was victorious91. In return he came to Fierbois to offer to his holy protectress the armour of the vanquished92 Englishman, in the presence of my[Pg i.105] Lord, the Bastard of Orléans, of Captain La Hire and several other nobles.[465]
Jeanne must have delighted to hear tell of such miracles, or others like them, and to see so many weapons hanging from the chapel walls. She must have been well pleased that the saint who visited her at all hours and gave her counsel should so manifestly appear the friend of poor soldiers and peasants cast into bonds, cages and pits, or hanged on trees by the Godons.
She prayed in the chapel and heard two masses.
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1
itinerary
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| n.行程表，旅行路线；旅行计划 | |
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eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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dame
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| n.女士 | |
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chivalry
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| n.骑士气概，侠义；（男人）对女人彬彬有礼，献殷勤 | |
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wielding
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| 手持着使用（武器、工具等）( wield的现在分词 )； 具有； 运用（权力）； 施加（影响） | |
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illuminate
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| vt.照亮，照明；用灯光装饰；说明，阐释 | |
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tapestry
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| n.挂毯，丰富多采的画面 | |
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8
cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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reigns
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| n.君主的统治( reign的名词复数 )；君主统治时期；任期；当政期 | |
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reconciliation
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| n.和解，和谐，一致 | |
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convoys
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| n.（有护航的）船队( convoy的名词复数 )；车队；护航（队）；护送队 | |
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victuals
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| n.食物；食品 | |
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besiege
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| vt.包围，围攻，拥在...周围 | |
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besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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vigilant
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| adj.警觉的，警戒的，警惕的 | |
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binding
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| 有约束力的，有效的，应遵守的 | |
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prophesying
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| v.预告，预言( prophesy的现在分词 ) | |
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moor
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| n.荒野，沼泽；vt.(使)停泊；vi.停泊 | |
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bastard
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| n.坏蛋，混蛋；私生子 | |
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lawful
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| adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的 | |
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pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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authentic
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| a.真的，真正的；可靠的，可信的，有根据的 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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exhortations
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| n.敦促( exhortation的名词复数 )；极力推荐；（正式的）演讲；（宗教仪式中的）劝诫 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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alleviate
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| v.减轻，缓和，缓解(痛苦等) | |
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Amended
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| adj. 修正的 动词amend的过去式和过去分词 | |
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enjoined
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| v.命令( enjoin的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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loathed
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| v.憎恨，厌恶( loathe的过去式和过去分词 )；极不喜欢 | |
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nought
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| n.／adj.无，零 | |
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knight
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| n.骑士，武士；爵士 | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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reassure
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| v.使放心，使消除疑虑 | |
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derive
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| v.取得；导出；引申；来自；源自；出自 | |
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infested
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| adj.为患的，大批滋生的（常与with搭配）v.害虫、野兽大批出没于( infest的过去式和过去分词 )；遍布于 | |
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pillage
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| v.抢劫；掠夺；n.抢劫，掠夺；掠夺物 | |
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hindrance
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| n.妨碍，障碍 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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perils
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| 极大危险( peril的名词复数 )； 危险的事（或环境） | |
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serene
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| adj. 安详的，宁静的，平静的 | |
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confided
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| v.吐露（秘密，心事等）( confide的过去式和过去分词 )；（向某人）吐露（隐私、秘密等） | |
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envelops
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| v.包围，笼罩，包住( envelop的第三人称单数 ) | |
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45
linen
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| n.亚麻布，亚麻线，亚麻制品；adj.亚麻布制的，亚麻的 | |
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46
hoofs
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| n.（兽的）蹄，马蹄( hoof的名词复数 )v.（兽的）蹄，马蹄( hoof的第三人称单数 ) | |
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47
kinsman
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| n.男亲属 | |
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edifice
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| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室) | |
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vaulting
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| n.（天花板或屋顶的）拱形结构 | |
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relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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51
brigands
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| n.土匪，强盗( brigand的名词复数 ) | |
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52
beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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feigned
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| a.假装的，不真诚的 | |
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Ford
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| n.浅滩，水浅可涉处；v.涉水，涉过 | |
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molested
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| v.骚扰( molest的过去式和过去分词 )；干扰；调戏；猥亵 | |
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miraculous
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| adj.像奇迹一样的，不可思议的 | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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pillaged
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| v.抢劫，掠夺( pillage的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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ransom
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| n.赎金，赎身；v.赎回，解救 | |
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ambush
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| n.埋伏(地点)；伏兵；v.埋伏；伏击 | |
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wretches
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| n.不幸的人( wretch的名词复数 )；可怜的人；恶棍；坏蛋 | |
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discoursed
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| 演说（discourse的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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sanctuary
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| n.圣所，圣堂，寺庙；禁猎区，保护区 | |
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oratory
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| n.演讲术；词藻华丽的言辞 | |
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uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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monk
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| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
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impiety
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| n.不敬；不孝 | |
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entrusted
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| v.委托，托付( entrust的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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brilliance
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| n.光辉，辉煌，壮丽，（卓越的）才华，才智 | |
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promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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hew
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| v.砍；伐；削 | |
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thicket
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| n.灌木丛，树林 | |
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thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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abounded
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| v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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ravaged
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| 毁坏( ravage的过去式和过去分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫 | |
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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constrained
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| adj.束缚的,节制的 | |
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devoutly
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| adv.虔诚地，虔敬地，衷心地 | |
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throttled
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| v.扼杀( throttle的过去式和过去分词 )；勒死；使窒息；压制 | |
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intervention
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| n.介入，干涉，干预 | |
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votaries
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| n.信徒( votary的名词复数 )；追随者；（天主教）修士；修女 | |
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vows
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| 誓言( vow的名词复数 )； 郑重宣布，许愿 | |
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armour
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| （=armor）n.盔甲；装甲部队 | |
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thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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alleging
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| 断言，宣称，辩解( allege的现在分词 ) | |
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victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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vanquished
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| v.征服( vanquish的过去式和过去分词 )；战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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