We are introduced again, then, to Olympus; and, as before, to a quarrel among the Immortals10. It is Jove this time who is the aggressor. He has seen the result of the combat, and taunts12 Juno with the double patronage14 extended to the Greeks by herself and Minerva—which, after all, has failed—while Venus, more active and energetic, has rescued her favourite. However, he awards the victory to Menelaus; and suggests, as a solution to all disputes and difficulties, that now Helen should be given up, the Greeks go home, and so the fate of Troy be averted16. At the thought of her enemy thus escaping, the queen of the gods cannot contain her rage. Jupiter gives way. He loves Troy much, but domestic peace and quietness more. He warns his queen, however, that if he now consents to give up Troy to her insatiable revenge, she shall not stand in his way hereafter, in case some community of mortals who may be her especial favourites shall incur17 his royal displeasure. And Juno, with that utter indifference18 to human suffering, or human justice, which characterises the deities19 of Olympus, makes answer in these words:—
“Three cities there are dearest to my heart;
Argos, and Sparta, and the ample streets
Of rich Mycen?; work on them thy will—
Destroy them, if thine anger they incur—
I will not interpose nor hinder thee.”
In furtherance of this strange compact, Minerva is{v.i-65} once more sent down to the plains of Troy. Her mission now is to incite20 the Trojans to break the truce21 by some overt22 act, and thus not only renew the war, but put themselves plainly in the wrong. Clothing herself in the human shape of the son of old Antenor, she mingles23 in the Trojan ranks, and addresses herself to the cunning bowman Pandarus. His character in the Iliad has nothing in common with the “Sir Pandarus of Troy,” whose name, as the base uncle of Cressida, has passed into an unwholesome by-word, and whom Lydgate, Chaucer, and, lastly, Shakespeare, borrowed from the medieval romancers. Here he is but an archer24 of known skill, somewhat given to display, with his bow of polished ibex-horns tipped with gold, and vain of his reputation, whom the goddess easily tempts25 to end the long war at once by a timely shot, and win immortal11 renown26 by taking off Menelaus. With a brief prayer and a vow27 of a hecatomb to Apollo, the god of the bow—who is supposed to be as ready as the rest of the immortals to abet28 an act of treachery on such conditions—Pandarus ensconces himself behind the shields of his comrades, and choosing out his arrow with the same care which we read of in the great exploits of more modern bowmen, he discharges it point-blank at the unsuspecting Menelaus. The shaft29 flies true enough, but Minerva is at hand to avert15 the actual peril30 from the Greek hero: she turns the arrow aside—
“As when a mother from her infant’s cheek,
It is a pretty simile32; but the result is not so entirely harmless. The arrow strikes in the belt, and so meets{v.i-66} the double resistance of belt and corslet. It draws blood, nevertheless, in a stream; and both Menelaus and Agamemnon at first fear that the wound is mortal;—
Shuddered the warlike Menelaus’ self;
But when the sinew and the arrow-head
He saw projecting, back his spirit came.
As Menelaus by the hand he held,
Fatal to thee hath been the oath I swore,
Have trodden under foot.’” (D.)
Two points are remarkable40 in this passage: first, the tenderness which Agamemnon shows towards his younger brother, even to the point of self-reproach at having allowed him to fight Paris at all, though in a quarrel which was so thoroughly41 his own. His expressions of grief and remorse42 at the thought of going home to Greece without him (which run to considerable length), though somewhat tinged43 with selfishness, inasmuch as he feels his own honour at stake, are much more like the feeling of a parent than of an elder brother. Again, the picture of Menelaus “shuddering” at his own wound—so sensitive to the dread44 of death that he apparently45 all but faints, until he is reassured46 by finding that the barb47 of the arrow has not really penetrated—is utterly48 inconsistent with our English notions of a hero. We have to bear in mind, here and elsewhere, that these Greek heroes, of whatever race we are to suppose them to be, are of an entirely differ{v.i-67}ent temperament49 to us cold and self-restrained northerns. They are highly sensitive to bodily pain, very much given to groans50 and tears, and very much afraid of death for themselves, however indifferent to human life in the case of others. Death, to these sensuous51 Greeks, was an object of dread and aversion, chiefly because it implied to their minds something like annihilation. However vivid in some passages of their poets is the description of those happy Elysian fields where the souls of heroes dwelt, the popular belief gave to the disembodied spirit but a shadowy and colourless existence.
The wound is soon stanched52 by the aid of the skilful53 leech54 Machaon, son of ?sculapius (and therefore grandson of Apollo “the Healer”), but who is a warrior55 and chieftain as well as the rest, though he has placed his skill at the service of Agamemnon. The King of Men himself, as soon as his brother’s hurt is tended, rushes along the lines, rousing chiefs and clansmen to avenge56 the treachery of the enemy. Idomeneus of Crete, Ajax the Greater and the Less, Mnestheus of Athens, Ulysses, Diomed—to all in turn he makes his passionate57 appeal; to some, in language which they are inclined to resent, as implying that they were disinclined for the combat. Diomed and Sthenelus he even reminds of the brave deeds of their fathers Tydeus and Capaneus in the great siege of Thebes, and stings them with the taunt13, that the sons will never win the like renown. Diomed hears in silence; but the son of Capaneus inherits, with all the bravery, something of the insolence58 of the chief who swore that “with or without the gods” he would burn Thebes: he answers the great king in words which have yet a certain nobility in their self-assertion{v.i-68}—
“Atrides, lie not, when thou know’st the truth;
We hold ourselves far better than our sires;
We took the strength of seven-gated Thebes,
Though with a smaller host we stormed her towers,
For them—their own presumption60 was their fall.”
All the leaders of the Greeks eagerly marshal their forces at the King’s call. Nestor’s experienced counsel orders the line of battle—so well, that subsequent commanders were fain to take a lesson from it.
“In the front rank, with chariot and with horse,
Compactly massed, to stem the tide of war.
Between the two he placed th’ inferior troops,
That e’en against their will they needs must fight.
The horsemen first he charged, and bade them keep
Their horses well in hand, nor wildly rush
In skill or valour over-confident,
Advance before his comrades, nor alone
Retire; for so your lines were easier forced;
But ranging each beside a hostile car,
Thrust with your spears; for such the better way;
By men so disciplined, in elder days,
Were lofty walls and fencèd towers destroyed.’” (D.)
点击收听单词发音
1 intrigues | |
n.密谋策划( intrigue的名词复数 );神秘气氛;引人入胜的复杂情节v.搞阴谋诡计( intrigue的第三人称单数 );激起…的好奇心 | |
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2 interfere | |
v.(in)干涉,干预;(with)妨碍,打扰 | |
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3 creed | |
n.信条;信念,纲领 | |
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4 motives | |
n.动机,目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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5 entirely | |
ad.全部地,完整地;完全地,彻底地 | |
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6 jealousy | |
n.妒忌,嫉妒,猜忌 | |
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7 pique | |
v.伤害…的自尊心,使生气 n.不满,生气 | |
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8 melodrama | |
n.音乐剧;情节剧 | |
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9 dwellers | |
n.居民,居住者( dweller的名词复数 ) | |
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10 immortals | |
不朽的人物( immortal的名词复数 ); 永生不朽者 | |
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11 immortal | |
adj.不朽的;永生的,不死的;神的 | |
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12 taunts | |
嘲弄的言语,嘲笑,奚落( taunt的名词复数 ) | |
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13 taunt | |
n.辱骂,嘲弄;v.嘲弄 | |
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14 patronage | |
n.赞助,支援,援助;光顾,捧场 | |
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15 avert | |
v.防止,避免;转移(目光、注意力等) | |
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16 averted | |
防止,避免( avert的过去式和过去分词 ); 转移 | |
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17 incur | |
vt.招致,蒙受,遭遇 | |
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18 indifference | |
n.不感兴趣,不关心,冷淡,不在乎 | |
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19 deities | |
n.神,女神( deity的名词复数 );神祗;神灵;神明 | |
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20 incite | |
v.引起,激动,煽动 | |
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21 truce | |
n.休战,(争执,烦恼等的)缓和;v.以停战结束 | |
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22 overt | |
adj.公开的,明显的,公然的 | |
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23 mingles | |
混合,混入( mingle的第三人称单数 ); 混进,与…交往[联系] | |
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24 archer | |
n.射手,弓箭手 | |
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25 tempts | |
v.引诱或怂恿(某人)干不正当的事( tempt的第三人称单数 );使想要 | |
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26 renown | |
n.声誉,名望 | |
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27 vow | |
n.誓(言),誓约;v.起誓,立誓 | |
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28 abet | |
v.教唆,鼓励帮助 | |
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29 shaft | |
n.(工具的)柄,杆状物 | |
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30 peril | |
n.(严重的)危险;危险的事物 | |
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31 slumbers | |
睡眠,安眠( slumber的名词复数 ) | |
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32 simile | |
n.直喻,明喻 | |
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33 shuddered | |
v.战栗( shudder的过去式和过去分词 );发抖;(机器、车辆等)突然震动;颤动 | |
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34 crimson | |
n./adj.深(绯)红色(的);vi.脸变绯红色 | |
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35 groaning | |
adj. 呜咽的, 呻吟的 动词groan的现在分词形式 | |
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36 spoke | |
n.(车轮的)辐条;轮辐;破坏某人的计划;阻挠某人的行动 v.讲,谈(speak的过去式);说;演说;从某种观点来说 | |
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37 groaned | |
v.呻吟( groan的过去式和过去分词 );发牢骚;抱怨;受苦 | |
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38 forth | |
adv.向前;向外,往外 | |
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39 plighted | |
vt.保证,约定(plight的过去式与过去分词形式) | |
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40 remarkable | |
adj.显著的,异常的,非凡的,值得注意的 | |
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41 thoroughly | |
adv.完全地,彻底地,十足地 | |
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42 remorse | |
n.痛恨,悔恨,自责 | |
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43 tinged | |
v.(使)发丁丁声( ting的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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44 dread | |
vt.担忧,忧虑;惧怕,不敢;n.担忧,畏惧 | |
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45 apparently | |
adv.显然地;表面上,似乎 | |
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46 reassured | |
adj.使消除疑虑的;使放心的v.再保证,恢复信心( reassure的过去式和过去分词) | |
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47 barb | |
n.(鱼钩等的)倒钩,倒刺 | |
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48 utterly | |
adv.完全地,绝对地 | |
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49 temperament | |
n.气质,性格,性情 | |
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50 groans | |
n.呻吟,叹息( groan的名词复数 );呻吟般的声音v.呻吟( groan的第三人称单数 );发牢骚;抱怨;受苦 | |
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51 sensuous | |
adj.激发美感的;感官的,感觉上的 | |
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52 stanched | |
v.使(伤口)止血( stanch的过去式 );止(血);使不漏;使不流失 | |
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53 skilful | |
(=skillful)adj.灵巧的,熟练的 | |
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54 leech | |
n.水蛭,吸血鬼,榨取他人利益的人;vt.以水蛭吸血;vi.依附于别人 | |
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55 warrior | |
n.勇士,武士,斗士 | |
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56 avenge | |
v.为...复仇,为...报仇 | |
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57 passionate | |
adj.热情的,热烈的,激昂的,易动情的,易怒的,性情暴躁的 | |
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58 insolence | |
n.傲慢;无礼;厚颜;傲慢的态度 | |
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59 omens | |
n.前兆,预兆( omen的名词复数 ) | |
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60 presumption | |
n.推测,可能性,冒昧,放肆,[法律]推定 | |
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61 warriors | |
武士,勇士,战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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62 infantry | |
n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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63 tumult | |
n.喧哗;激动,混乱;吵闹 | |
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