The shades of evening were closing in, when a lad of some sixteen years of age stood gazing across the swollen2 waters of the Nith rushing past in turbid3 flood. He scarce seemed conscious of the pouring rain; but with his lowland bonnet4 pressed down over his eyes, and his plaid wrapped tightly round him, he stood on a rising hummock5 of ground at the edge of the flood, and looked across the stream.
“If they are not here soon,” he said to himself, “they will not get across the Nith tonight. None but bold riders could do so now; but by what uncle says, Captain Hume must be that and more. Ah! here they come.”
As he spoke6 two horsemen rode down the opposite side of the valley and halted at the water's edge. The prospect7 was not a pleasant one. The river was sixty or seventy feet wide, and in the centre the water swept along in a raging current.
“You cannot cross here,” the boy shouted at the top of his voice. “You must go higher up where the water's deeper.”
The wind swept his words away, but his gestures were understood.
“The boy is telling us to go higher up,” said one of the horsemen.
“I suppose he is,” the other replied; “but here is the ford8. You see the road we have travelled ends here, and I can see it again on the other side. It is getting dark, and were we to cross higher up we might lose our way and get bogged9; it is years since I was here. What's the boy going to do now? Show us a place for crossing?”
The lad, on seeing the hesitation10 of the horsemen, had run along the bank up the stream, and to their surprise, when he had gone a little more than a hundred yards he dashed into the water. For a time the water was shallow, and he waded11 out until he reached the edge of the regular bank of the river, and then swam out into the current.
“Go back,” the horseman shouted; but his voice did not reach the swimmer, who, in a few strokes, was in the full force of the stream, and was soon lost to the sight of the horsemen among the short foaming12 waves of the torrent.
“The boy will be drowned,” one of the horsemen said, spurring his horse up the valley; but in another minute the lad was seen breasting the calmer water just above the ford.
“You cannot cross here, Captain Hume,” he said, as he approached the horsemen. “You must go nigh a mile up the river.”
“Why, who are you, lad?” the horseman asked, “and how do you know my name?”
“I'm the nephew of Nigel Graheme. Seeing how deep the floods were I came out to show you the way, for the best horse in the world could not swim the Nith here now.”
“But this is the ford,” Captain Hume said.
“Yes, this is the ford in dry weather. The bottom here is hard rock and easy to ride over when the river is but waist deep, but below and above this place it is covered with great boulders13. The water is six feet deep here now, and the horses would be carried down among the rocks, and would never get across. A mile up the river is always deep, and though the current is strong there is nothing to prevent a bold horseman from swimming across.”
“I thank you heartily14, young sir,” Captain Hume said. “I can see how broken is the surface of the water, and doubt not that it would have fared hard with us had we attempted to swim across here. In faith, Munro, we have had a narrow escape.”
“Ay, indeed,” the other agreed. “It would have been hard if you and I, after going through all the battlefields of the Low Countries, should have been drowned here together in a Scottish burn. Your young friend is a gallant15 lad and a good swimmer, for in truth it was no light task to swim that torrent with the water almost as cold as ice.”
“Now, sirs, will you please to ride on,” the boy said; “it is getting dark fast, and the sooner we are across the better.”
So saying he went off at a fast run, the horses trotting16 behind him. A mile above he reached the spot he had spoken of. The river was narrower here, and the stream was running with great rapidity, swirling17 and heaving as it went, but with a smooth even surface.
“Two hundred yards farther up,” the boy said, “is the beginning of the deep; if you take the water there you will get across so as to climb up by that sloping bank just opposite.”
He led the way to the spot he indicated, and then plunged18 into the stream, swimming quietly and steadily19 across, and allowing the stream to drift him down.
The horsemen followed his example. They had swum many a swollen river, and although their horses snorted and plunged at first, they soon quieted down and swam steadily over. They just struck the spot which the boy had indicated. He had already arrived there, and, without a word, trotted20 forward.
It was soon dark, and the horsemen were obliged to keep close to his heels to see his figure. It was as much as they could do to keep up with him, for the ground was rough and broken, sometimes swampy21, sometimes strewn with boulders.
“It is well we have a guide,” Colonel Munro said to his companion; “for assuredly, even had we got safely across the stream, we should never have found our way across such a country as this. Scotland is a fine country, Hume, a grand country, and we are all proud of it, you know, but for campaigning, give me the plains of Germany; while, as for your weather here, it is only fit for a water rat.”
Hume laughed at this outburst.
“I sha'n't be sorry, Munro, for a change of dry clothes and a corner by a fire; but we must be nearly there now if I remember right. Graheme's hold is about three miles from the Nith.”
The boy presently gave a loud shout, and a minute later lights were seen ahead, and in two or three minutes the horsemen drew up at a door beside which two men were standing22 with torches; another strolled out as they stopped.
“Welcome, Hume! I am glad indeed to see you; and—ah! is it you, Munro? it is long indeed since we met.”
“That is it, Graheme; it is twelve years since we were students together at St. Andrews.”
“I did not think you would have come on such a night,” Graheme said.
“I doubt that we should have come tonight, or any other night, Nigel, if it had not been that that brave boy who calls you uncle swam across the Nith to show us the best way to cross. It was a gallant deed, and I consider we owe him our lives.”
“It would have gone hard with you, indeed, had you tried to swim the Nith at the ford; had I not made so sure you would not come I would have sent a man down there. I missed Malcolm after dinner, and wondered what had become of him. But come in and get your wet things off. It is a cold welcome keeping you here. My men will take your horses round to the stable and see that they are well rubbed down and warmly littered.”
In a quarter of an hour the party were assembled again in the sitting room. It was a bare room with heavily timbered ceiling and narrow windows high up from the ground; for the house was built for purposes of defence, like most Scottish residences in those days. The floor was thickly strewn with rushes. Arms and trophies23 of the chase hung on the walls, and a bright fire blazing on the hearth24 gave it a warm and cheerful aspect. As his guests entered the room Graheme presented them with a large silver cup of steaming liquor.
“Drain this,” he said, “to begin with. I will warrant me a draught25 of spiced wine will drive the cold of the Nith out of your bones.”
The travellers drank off the liquor.
“'Tis a famous drink,” Hume said, “and there is nowhere I enjoy it so much as in Scotland, for the cold here seems to have a knack26 of getting into one's very marrow27, though I will say there have been times in the Low Countries when we have appreciated such a draught. Well, and how goes it with you, Graheme?”
“Things might be better; in fact, times in Scotland have been getting worse and worse ever since King James went to England, and all the court with him. If it were not for an occasional raid among the wild folks of Galloway, and a few quarrels among ourselves, life would be too dull to bear here.”
“But why bear it?” Captain Hume asked. “You used to have plenty of spirit in our old college days, Graheme, and I wonder at your rusting28 your life out here when there is a fair field and plenty of honour, to say nothing of hard cash, to be won in the Low Country. Why, beside Hepburn's regiment29, which has made itself a name throughout all Europe, there are half a score of Scottish regiments30 in the service of the King of Sweden, and his gracious majesty31 Gustavus Adolphus does not keep them idle, I warrant you.”
“I have thought of going a dozen times,” Graheme said, “but you see circumstances have kept me back; but I have all along intended to cross the seas when Malcolm came of an age to take the charge of his father's lands. When my brother James was dying from that sword thrust he got in a fray32 with the Duffs, I promised him I would be a father to the boy, and see that he got his rights.”
“Well, we will talk of the affair after supper, Graheme, for now that I have got rid of the cold I begin to perceive that I am well nigh famished33.”
As the officer was speaking, the servitors were laying the table, and supper was soon brought in. After ample justice had been done to this, and the board was again cleared, the three men drew their seats round the fire, Malcolm seating himself on a low stool by his uncle.
“And now to business, Nigel,” Colonel Munro said. “We have not come back to Scotland to see the country, or to enjoy your weather, or even for the pleasure of swimming your rivers in flood.
“We are commissioned by the King of Sweden to raise some 3000 or 4000 more Scottish troops. I believe that the king intends to take part in the war in Germany, where the Protestants are getting terribly mauled, and where, indeed, it is likely that the Reformed Religion will be stamped out altogether unless the Swedes strike in to their rescue. My chief object is to fill up to its full strength of two thousand men the Mackay Regiment, of which I am lieutenant34 colonel. The rest of the recruits whom we may get will go as drafts to fill up the vacancies35 in the other regiments. So you see here we are, and it is our intention to beat up all our friends and relations, and ask them each to raise a company or half a company of recruits, of which, of course, they would have the command.
“We landed at Berwick, and wrote to several of our friends that we were coming. Scott of Jedburgh has engaged to raise a company. Balfour of Lauderdale, who is a cousin of mine, has promised to bring another; they were both at St. Andrew's with us, as you may remember, Graheme. Young Hamilton, who had been an ensign in my regiment, left us on the way. He will raise a company in Douglasdale. Now, Graheme, don't you think you can bring us a band of the men of Nithsdale?”
“I don't know,” Graheme said hesitatingly. “I should like it of all things, for I am sick of doing nothing here, and my blood often runs hot when I read of the persecutions of the Protestants in Germany; but I don't think I can manage it.”
“Oh, nonsense, Nigel!” said Hume; “you can manage it easily enough if you have the will. Are you thinking of the lad there? Why not bring him with you? He is young, certainly, but he could carry a colour; and as for his spirit and bravery, Munro and I will vouch36 for it.”
“Oh, do, uncle,” the lad exclaimed, leaping to his feet in his excitement. “I promise you I would not give you any trouble; and as for marching, there isn't a man in Nithsdale who can tire me out across the mountains.”
“Oh, they will be all right,” the boy said. “Leave old Duncan in charge, and he will look after them.”
“But I had intended you to go to St. Andrews next year, Malcolm, and I think the best plan will be for you to go there at once. As you say, Duncan can look after the place.”
Malcolm's face fell.
“Take the lad with you, Graheme,” Colonel Munro said. “Three years under Gustavus will do him vastly more good than will St. Andrews. You know it never did us any good to speak of. We learned a little more Latin than we knew when we went there, but I don't know that that has been of any use to us; whereas for the dry tomes of divinity we waded through, I am happy to say that not a single word of the musty stuff remains38 in my brains. The boy will see life and service, he will have opportunities of distinguishing himself under the eye of the most chivalrous39 king in Europe, he will have entered a noble profession, and have a fair chance of bettering his fortune, all of which is a thousand times better than settling down here in this corner of Scotland.”
“I must think it over,” Graheme said; “it is a serious step to take. I had thought of his going to the court at London after he left the university, and of using our family interest to push his way there.”
“What is he to do in London?” Munro said. “The old pedant40 James, who wouldn't spend a shilling or raise a dozen men to aid the cause of his own daughter, and who thought more of musty dogmatic treatises41 than of the glory and credit of the country he ruled over, or the sufferings of his co-religionists in Germany, has left no career open to a lad of spirit.”
“Well, I will think it over by the morning,” Graheme said. “And now tell me a little more about the merits of this quarrel in Germany. If I am going to fight, I should like at least to know exactly what I am fighting about.”
“My dear fellow,” Hume laughed, “you will never make a soldier if you always want to know the ins and outs of every quarrel you have to fight about; but for once the tenderest conscience may be satisfied as to the justice of the contention42. But Munro is much better versed43 in the history of the affair than I am; for, to tell you the truth, beyond the fact that it is a general row between the Protestants and Catholics, I have not troubled myself much in the matter.”
“You must know,” Colonel Munro began, “that some twenty years ago the Protestant princes of Germany formed a league for mutual44 protection and support, which they called the Protestant union; and a year later the Catholics, on their side, constituted what they called the Holy League. At that time the condition of the Protestants was not unbearable45. In Bohemia, where they constituted two-thirds of the population, Rudolph II, and after him Mathias, gave conditions of religious freedom.
“Gradually, however, the Catholic party about the emperor gained the upper hand; then various acts in breach46 of the conditions granted to the Protestants were committed, and public spirit on both sides became much embittered47. On the 23d of May, 1618, the Estates of Bohemia met at Prague, and the Protestant nobles, headed by Count Thurn, came there armed, and demanded from the Imperial councillors an account of the high handed proceedings48. A violent quarrel ensued, and finally the Protestant deputies seized the councillors Martinitz and Slavata, and their secretary, and hurled49 them from the window into the dry ditch, fifty feet below. Fortunately for the councillors the ditch contained a quantity of light rubbish, and they and their secretary escaped without serious damage. The incident, however, was the commencement of war. Bohemia was almost independent of Austria, administering its own internal affairs. The Estates invested Count Thurn with the command of the army. The Protestant union supported Bohemia in its action. Mathias, who was himself a tolerant and well meaning man, tried to allay50 the storm; but, failing to do so, marched an army into Bohemia.
“Had Mathias lived matters would probably have arranged themselves, but he died the following spring, and was succeeded by Ferdinand II. Ferdinand is one of the most bigoted51 Catholics living, and is at the same time a bold and resolute52 man; and he had taken a solemn vow53 at the shrine54 of Loretto that, if ever he came to the throne, he would re-establish Catholicism throughout his dominions55. Both parties prepared for the strife56; the Bohemians renounced57 their allegiance to him and nominated the Elector Palatine Frederick V, the husband of our Scotch58 princess, their king.
“The first blow was struck at Zablati. There a union army, led by Mansfeldt, was defeated by the Imperial general Bucquoi. A few days later, however, Count Thurn, marching through Moravia and Upper Austria, laid siege to Vienna. Ferdinand's own subjects were estranged59 from him, and the cry of the Protestant army, 'Equal rights for all Christian60 churches,' was approved by the whole population—for even in Austria itself there were a very large number of Protestants. Ferdinand had but a few soldiers, the population of the city were hostile, and had Thurn only entered the town he could have seized the emperor without any resistance.
“Thurn hesitated, and endeavoured instead to obtain the conditions of toleration which the Protestants required; and sixteen Austrian barons61 in the city were in the act of insisting upon Ferdinand signing these when the head of the relieving army entered the city. Thurn retired62 hastily. The Catholic princes and representatives met at Frankfort and elected Ferdinand Emperor of Germany. He at once entered into a strict agreement with Maximilian of Bavaria to crush Protestantism throughout Germany. The Bohemians, however, in concert with Bethlem Gabor, king of Hungary, again besieged63 Vienna; but as the winter set in they were obliged to retire. From that moment the Protestant cause was lost; Saxony and Hesse-Darmstadt left the union and joined Ferdinand. Denmark, which had promised its assistance to the Protestants, was persuaded to remain quiet. Sweden was engaged in a war with the Poles.
“The Protestant army was assembled at Ulm; the army of the League, under the order of Maximilian of Bavaria, was at Donauworth. Maximilian worked upon the fears of the Protestant princes, who, frightened at the contest they had undertaken, agreed to a peace, by which they bound themselves to offer no aid to Frederick V.
“The Imperial forces then marched to Bohemia and attacked Frederick's army outside Prague, and in less than an hour completely defeated it. Frederick escaped with his family to Holland. Ferdinand then took steps to carry out his oath. The religious freedom granted by Mathias was abolished. In Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, and Austria proper. Many of the promoters of the rebellion were punished in life and property. The year following all members of the Calvinistic sect64 were forced to leave their country, a few months afterwards the Lutherans were also expelled, and in 1627 the exercise of all religious forms except those of the Catholic Church was forbidden; 200 of the noble, and 30,000 of the wealthier and industrial classes, were driven into exile; and lands and property to the amount of 5,000,000 or 6,000,000 pounds were confiscated65.
“The hereditary66 dominions of Frederick V were invaded, the Protestants were defeated, the Palatinate entirely67 subdued68, and the electorate69 was conferred upon Maximilian of Bavaria; and the rigid70 laws against the Protestants were carried into effect in the Palatinate also. It had now become evident to all Europe that the Emperor of Austria was determined71 to stamp out Protestantism throughout Germany; and the Protestant princes, now thoroughly72 alarmed, besought73 aid from the Protestant countries, England, Holland, and Denmark. King James, who had seen unmoved the misfortunes which had befallen his daughter and her husband, and who had been dead to the general feeling of the country, could no longer resist, and England agreed to supply an annual subsidy74; Holland consented to supply troops; and the King of Denmark joined the League, and was to take command of the army.
“In Germany the Protestants of lower Saxony and Brunswick, and the partisan75 leader Mansfeldt, were still in arms. The army under the king of Denmark advanced into Brunswick, and was there confronted by that of the league under Tilly, while an Austrian army, raised by Wallenstein, also marched against it. Mansfeldt endeavoured to prevent Wallenstein from joining Tilly, but was met and defeated by the former general. Mansfeldt was, however, an enterprising leader, and falling back into Brandenburg, recruited his army, joined the force under the Duke of Saxe-Weimar, and started by forced marches to Silesia and Moravia, to join Bethlem Gabor in Hungary. Wallenstein was therefore obliged to abandon his campaign against the Danes and to follow him. Mansfeldt joined the Hungarian army, but so rapid were his marches that his force had dwindled76 away to a mere77 skeleton, and the assistance which it would be to the Hungarians was so small that Bethlem Gabor refused to cooperate with it against Austria.
“Mansfeldt disbanded his remaining soldiers, and two months afterwards died. Wallenstein then marched north. In the meantime Tilly had attacked King Christian at Lutter, and completely defeated him. I will tell you about that battle some other time. When Wallenstein came north it was decided78 that Tilly should carry the war into Holland, and that Wallenstein should deal with the King of Denmark and the Protestant princes. In the course of two years he drove the Danes from Silesia, subdued Brandenburg and Mecklenburg, and, advancing into Pomerania, besieged Stralsund.
“What a siege that was to be sure! Wallenstein had sworn to capture the place, but he didn't reckon upon the Scots. After the siege had begun Lieutenant General Sir Alexander Leslie, with 5000 Scots and Swedes, fought his way into the town; and though Wallenstein raised fire upon it, though we were half starved and ravaged79 by plague, we held out for three months, repulsing80 every assault, till at last the Imperialists were obliged to draw off; having lost 12,200 men.
“This, however, was the solitary81 success on our side, and a few months since, Christian signed a peace, binding82 himself to interfere83 no more in the affairs of Germany. When Ferdinand considered himself free to carry out his plans, he issued an edict by which the Protestants throughout Germany were required to restore to the Catholics all the monasteries84 and land which had formerly85 belonged to the Catholic Church. The Catholic service was alone to be performed, and the Catholic princes of the empire were ordered to constrain86 their subjects, by force if necessary, to conform to the Catholic faith; and it was intimated to the Protestant princes that they would be equally forced to carry the edict into effect. But this was too much. Even France disapproved87, not from any feeling of pity on the part of Richelieu for the Protestants, but because it did not suit the interests of France that Ferdinand should become the absolute monarch88 of all Germany.
“In these circumstances Gustavus of Sweden at once resolved to assist the Protestants in arms, and ere long will take the field. That is what has brought us here. Already in the Swedish army there are 10,000 Scotchmen, and in Denmark they also form the backbone89 of the force; and both in the Swedish and Danish armies the greater part of the native troops are officered and commanded by Scotchmen.
“Hitherto I myself have been in the Danish service, but my regiment is about to take service with the Swedes. It has been quietly intimated to us that there will be no objection to our doing so, although Christian intends to remain neutral, at any rate for a time. We suffered very heavily at Lutter, and I need 500 men to fill up my ranks to the full strength.
“Now, Graheme, I quite rely upon you. You were at college with Hepburn, Hume, and myself, and it will be a pleasure for us all to fight side by side; and if I know anything of your disposition90 I am sure you cannot be contented91 to be remaining here at the age of nine-and-twenty, rusting out your life as a Scotch laird, while Hepburn has already won a name which is known through Europe.”
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torrent
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| n.激流，洪流；爆发，(话语等的)连发 | |
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swollen
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| adj.肿大的，水涨的；v.使变大，肿胀 | |
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turbid
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| adj.混浊的，泥水的，浓的 | |
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bonnet
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| n.无边女帽；童帽 | |
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hummock
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| n.小丘 | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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Ford
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| n.浅滩，水浅可涉处；v.涉水，涉过 | |
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bogged
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| adj.陷于泥沼的v.（使）陷入泥沼， （使）陷入困境( bog的过去式和过去分词 )；妨碍，阻碍 | |
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hesitation
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| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
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waded
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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foaming
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| adj.布满泡沫的；发泡 | |
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boulders
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| n.卵石( boulder的名词复数 )；巨砾；（受水或天气侵蚀而成的）巨石；漂砾 | |
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heartily
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| adv.衷心地，诚恳地，十分，很 | |
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gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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trotting
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| 小跑，急走( trot的现在分词 )； 匆匆忙忙地走 | |
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swirling
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| v.旋转，打旋( swirl的现在分词 ) | |
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plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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trotted
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| 小跑，急走( trot的过去分词 )； 匆匆忙忙地走 | |
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swampy
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| adj.沼泽的，湿地的 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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trophies
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| n.（为竞赛获胜者颁发的）奖品( trophy的名词复数 )；奖杯；（尤指狩猎或战争中获得的）纪念品；（用于比赛或赛跑名称）奖 | |
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hearth
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| n.壁炉炉床，壁炉地面 | |
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draught
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| n.拉，牵引，拖；一网（饮，吸，阵)；顿服药量，通风；v.起草，设计 | |
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knack
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| n.诀窍，做事情的灵巧的，便利的方法 | |
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marrow
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| n.骨髓；精华；活力 | |
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rusting
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| n.生锈v.（使）生锈( rust的现在分词 ) | |
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regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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fray
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| v.争吵；打斗；磨损，磨破；n.吵架；打斗 | |
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famished
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| adj.饥饿的 | |
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lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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vacancies
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| n.空房间( vacancy的名词复数 )；空虚；空白；空缺 | |
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vouch
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| v.担保；断定；n.被担保者 | |
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herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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chivalrous
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| adj.武士精神的；对女人彬彬有礼的 | |
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pedant
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| n.迂儒；卖弄学问的人 | |
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treatises
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| n.专题著作，专题论文，专著( treatise的名词复数 ) | |
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contention
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| n.争论，争辩，论战；论点，主张 | |
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versed
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| adj. 精通，熟练 | |
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mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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unbearable
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| adj.不能容忍的；忍受不住的 | |
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breach
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| n.违反，不履行；破裂；vt.冲破，攻破 | |
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embittered
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| v.使怨恨，激怒( embitter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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allay
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| v.消除，减轻(恐惧、怀疑等) | |
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bigoted
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| adj.固执己见的，心胸狭窄的 | |
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resolute
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| adj.坚决的，果敢的 | |
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vow
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| n.誓(言)，誓约；v.起誓，立誓 | |
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shrine
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| n.圣地，神龛，庙；v.将...置于神龛内，把...奉为神圣 | |
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dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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strife
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| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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renounced
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| v.声明放弃( renounce的过去式和过去分词 )；宣布放弃；宣布与…决裂；宣布摒弃 | |
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scotch
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| n.伤口，刻痕；苏格兰威士忌酒；v.粉碎，消灭，阻止；adj.苏格兰(人)的 | |
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estranged
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| adj.疏远的，分离的 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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barons
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| 男爵( baron的名词复数 )； 巨头； 大王； 大亨 | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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sect
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| n.派别，宗教，学派，派系 | |
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confiscated
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| 没收，充公( confiscate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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hereditary
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| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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electorate
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| n.全体选民；选区 | |
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rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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besought
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| v.恳求，乞求（某事物）( beseech的过去式和过去分词 )；(beseech的过去式与过去分词) | |
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subsidy
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| n.补助金，津贴 | |
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partisan
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| adj.党派性的；游击队的；n.游击队员；党徒 | |
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dwindled
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| v.逐渐变少或变小( dwindle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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ravaged
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| 毁坏( ravage的过去式和过去分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫 | |
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repulsing
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| v.击退( repulse的现在分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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binding
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| 有约束力的，有效的，应遵守的 | |
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interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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monasteries
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| 修道院( monastery的名词复数 ) | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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constrain
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| vt.限制，约束；克制，抑制 | |
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disapproved
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| v.不赞成( disapprove的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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backbone
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| n.脊骨，脊柱，骨干；刚毅，骨气 | |
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disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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