"There are the enemy, sure enough," the latter said. "That old rascal2, Meer Jaffier, must have been deceiving us when he said that the nabob had halted at Mankarah. I'm afraid he means to play us false."
"I expect," Charlie remarked, "that he does not know what he means, himself. These Asiatics are at any time ready to turn traitors4, and to join the strongest. At present, Jaffier does not know what is the stronger; and I think it likely enough that he will take as little share as he can in the battle, tomorrow, till he sees which way it is going. Then, if we are getting the best of it, the rascal will join us, for the sake of the advantages which he expects to gain. If the day is going against us, he will do his best to complete his master's victory; and should proofs of his intended treachery ever come to light, he will clear himself by saying that he intended to deceive us all along, and merely pretended to treat with us, in order to throw us off our guard, and so deliver us into the hands of his master."
"Yes," Major Eyre Coote replied. "These Mohammedan chiefs are indeed crafty5 and treacherous6 rascals7. The whole history of India shows that gratitude8 is a feeling altogether unknown to them; and that, whatever favours a master may have lavished9 upon them, they are always ready to betray him, if they think that by so doing they will better their position.
"Now I shall lie down, and try to get a few hours' sleep before morning. I am wet to the skin, but fortunately in these sultry nights that matters little."
"I must go my rounds," Charlie said, "and see that the sentries10 are on the alert. If the men were not so tired, I should have said that the best plan would have been to make a dash straight at the enemy's camp. It would take them quite unprepared, even if they know, as I daresay they do, that we are close at hand; and they would lose all the advantage of their artillery11."
"Yes, if we had arrived an hour before sunset, so as to be able to learn something of the nature of the ground, that would be our best course," Major Coote agreed. "But, even if the troops had been fresh, a night attack on an unknown position is a hazardous12 undertaking13.
"Good night. I must see Clive, and take his last orders."
At daybreak the English were astir, and the position of the enemy became visible. He occupied strongly intrenched works, which the Rajah Dulab Ram14 had thrown up during his stay. The right of these works rested on the river; and extended inland, at a right angle to it, for about two hundred yards; and then swept round to the north, at an obtuse15 angle, for nearly three miles. At the angle was a redoubt, mounted with cannon16. In advance of this was a mound17, covered with jungle. Halfway18 between the intrenchments and the mango grove19 were two large tanks, near the river, surrounded by high mounds20 of earth. These tanks were about half a mile from the English position. On the river bank, a little in advance of the grove, was a hunting box belonging to the nabob, surrounded by a masonry21 wall. Clive took possession of this, immediately he heard the sound of the nabob's music, on his arrival.
Soon after daylight, the nabob's troops moved out from their intrenchments, and it was evident that he was aware of the position of the English. The French, with their four field guns, took up their post on the mound of the tank nearest to the grove, and about half a mile distant from it; and in the narrow space between them and the river two heavy guns, under a native officer, were placed.
Behind the French guns was the division of Mir Mudin Khan, the one faithful general of the nabob. It consisted of five thousand horse, and seven thousand foot. Extending, in the arc of a circle, towards the village of Plassey, were the troops of the three traitor3 generals Rajah Dulab Ram, Yar Lutf Khan, and Meer Jaffier. Thus, the English position was almost surrounded; and in advancing against the camp, they would have to expose themselves to an attack in rear by the troops of the conspirators22. These generals had, between them, nearly thirty-eight thousand troops.
From the roof of the hunting box, Clive watched the progress of the enemy's movements. He saw, at once, that the position which they had taken up was one which would entail23 the absolute destruction of his force, should he be defeated; and that this depended entirely24 upon the course taken by the conspirators. Against such a force as that opposed to him, if these remained faithful to their master, success could hardly be hoped for.
However, it was now too late to retreat, and the only course was to show a bold front. Clive accordingly moved his troops out, from the mango trees, to a line with the hunting box. The Europeans were formed in the centre, with three field pieces on each side. The native troops were on either flank. Two field guns, and the two howitzers, were placed a little in advance of the hunting box, facing the French position on the mound.
At eight o'clock in the morning, of the 23rd of June, a memorable25 day in the annals of India, the preparations on both sides were complete; and Saint Frais opened the battle, by the discharge of one of his guns at the English. At the signal, the whole of the artillery round the long curve opened their fire. The ten little guns replied to this overwhelming discharge, and for half an hour continued to play on the dense26 masses of the enemy. But, however well they might be handled, they could do little against the fire of the fifty pieces of cannon, concentrated upon them.
Had these been all served by European artillerymen, the British force would have been speedily annihilated27 as they stood. The natives of India, however, were extremely clumsy gunners. They fired but slowly, and had the feeblest idea of elevation29. Consequently their balls, for the most part, went far over the heads of the English; and the four field guns of Saint Frais did more execution than the fifty heavy pieces of the nabob. At the end of half an hour, however, Clive had lost thirty of his men, and determined30 to fall back to the mango grove.
Leaving a party in the hunting box, and in the brick kilns31 in front of it, in which the guns had been posted, to harass32 Saint Frais' battery with their musketry fire, he withdrew the rest of his force into the grove. Here they were in shelter, for it was surrounded by a high and thick bank. Behind this the men sat down, while parties set to work, piercing holes through the banks as embrasures for the guns.
The enemy, on the retreat of the British within the grove, advanced with loud shouts of triumph; and, bringing their guns closer, again opened fire. The British had, by this time, pierced the holes for their field pieces; and these opened so vigorously that several of the enemy's cannon were disabled, numbers of their gunners killed, and some ammunition33 waggons34 blown up. On the other hand the English, now in perfect shelter, did not suffer at all, although the tops of the trees were cut off, in all directions, by the storm of cannon balls which swept through them.
Although the English fire was producing considerable loss among the enemy, this was as nothing in comparison to his enormous numbers; and, at eleven o'clock, Clive summoned his principal officers around him; and it was agreed that, as Meer Jaffier and his associates, of whose position in the field they were ignorant, showed no signs of drawing off, or of treachery to their master, it was impossible to risk an attack upon the front; since they would, as they pressed forward, be enveloped35 by the forces in the rear. It was determined, therefore, that unless any unexpected circumstance occurred, they should hold their present position till nightfall; and should, at midnight, attack the enemy's camp.
A quarter of an hour later, a tremendous tropical shower commenced, and for an hour the rain came down in torrents36. Gradually the enemy's fire slackened. The English had tarpaulins37 to cover their ammunition, which, therefore, suffered no injury. The natives had no such coverings, and their powder was soon completely wetted, by the deluge38 of rain. Mir Mudin Khan, knowing that his own guns had been rendered useless, believed that those of the English were in a similar condition; and, leading out his cavalry39, made a splendid charge down upon the grove.
The English were in readiness. As the cavalry swept up, a flash of fire ran from a thousand muskets40, from the top of the embankments; while each of the field guns sent its load of grapeshot, through the embrasures, into the throng41 of horsemen.
The effect was decisive. The cavalry recoiled42 before the terrible fire, and rode back, with their brave leader mortally wounded. This blow was fatal to the fortunes of Suraja Dowlah. When the news of the death of his brave and faithful general reached him, he was struck with terror. He had long suspected Meer Jaffier of treachery, but he had now no one else to rely upon. Sending for that general he reminded him, in touching43 terms, of the benefits which he had received at the hands of his father; and conjured44 him to be faithful to him. Throwing his turban upon the ground, he said:
"Jaffier, you must defend that turban."
Jaffier responded with assurances of his loyalty45 and sincerity46, and promised to defend his sovereign with his life. Then, riding off, he at once despatched a messenger to Clive, informing him of what had happened, and urging him to attack at once.
As long as Mir Mudin Khan lived, it is probable that Meer Jaffier was still undecided as to the part he should play. While that general lived it was possible, even probable, that the English would be defeated, even should the traitors take no part against them. His death, however, left the whole management of affairs in the hands of the three conspirators, and their course was now plain.
Scarcely had Meer Jaffier left the nabob, than the unhappy young man, who was still under twenty years old, turned to Rajah Dulab Ram for counsel and advice. The traitor gave him counsel that led to his destruction. He told him that the English could not be attacked in their position; that his troops, exposed to the fire of their guns, were suffering heavily and losing heart; and he advised him, at once, to issue orders for them to fall back within their intrenchments. He also advised him to leave the field himself, and to retire to Moorshedabad, leaving it to his generals to annihilate28 the English, should they venture to attack them.
Suraja Dowlah, at no time capable of thinking for himself, and now bewildered by the death of the general he knew to be faithful to him, and by his doubts as to the fidelity48 of the others, fell into the snare49. He at once issued orders for the troops to retire within their intrenchments; and then, mounting a swift camel, and accompanied by two thousand horsemen, he left the field, and rode off to Moorshedabad.
The movement of retirement50 at once commenced. The three traitor generals drew off their troops, and those of Mir Mudin Khan also obeyed orders, and fell back. Saint Frais, however, refused to obey. He saw the ruin which would follow upon the retreat, and he pluckily51 continued his fire.
Clive, after the council had decided47 that nothing should be done till nightfall, had lain down in the hunting box to snatch a little repose52, his thoughts having kept him awake all night. Major Kilpatrick, seeing the retirement of the enemy; and that the French artillerymen remained, unsupported, on the mound; at once advanced, with two hundred and fifty Europeans, and two guns, against it; sending word to Clive what he was doing. Clive, angry that any officer should have taken so important a step, without consulting him, at once ran after the detachment, and severely53 reprimanded Major Kilpatrick, for moving from the grove without orders. Immediately, however, that he comprehended the whole position, he recognized the wisdom of the course Kilpatrick had taken, and sent him back to the grove, to order the whole force to advance.
Saint Frais, seeing that he was entirely unsupported, fired a last shot; and then, limbering up, fell back in perfect order to the redoubt at the corner of the intrenchment, where he again posted his field pieces, in readiness for action.
Looking round the field, Clive saw that two of the divisions which formed the arc of the circle were marching back towards the intrenchments; but that the third, that on the left of their line, had wheeled round and was marching towards the rear of the grove. Not having received the letter which Meer Jaffier had written to him, he supposed that this movement indicated an intention to attack his baggage; and he therefore detached some European troops, with a field gun, to check the advance. Upon the gun opening fire, the enemy's division halted. It ceased its advance, but continued apart from the rest of the enemy. In the meantime, Clive had arrived upon the mound which Saint Frais had left; and, planting his guns there, opened fire upon the enemy within their intrenchments.
The Indian soldiers and inferior officers, knowing nothing of the treachery of their chiefs, were indignant at being thus cannonaded in their intrenchments by a foe54 so inferior in strength; and horse, foot, and artillery poured out again from the intrenchments, and attacked the British.
The battle now raged in earnest. Clive posted half his infantry55 and artillery on the mound of the tank nearest to the enemy's intrenchments, and the greater part of the rest on rising ground, two hundred yards to the left of it; while he placed a hundred and sixty picked shots, Europeans and natives, behind the tank close to the intrenchments, with orders to keep up a continuous musketry fire upon the enemy, as they sallied out.
The enemy fought bravely. Saint Frais worked his guns unflinchingly at the redoubt, the infantry poured in volley after volley, the cavalry made desperate charges right up to the British lines. But they had no leader, and were fighting against men well commanded, and confident in themselves. Clive observed that the division on the enemy's extreme left remained inactive, and detached from the army; and it, for the first time, struck him that this was the division of Meer Jaffier. Relieved for the safety of his baggage, and from the attack which had hitherto threatened in his rear, he at once determined to carry the hill in advance of Saint Frais's battery, and the redoubt occupied by the French leader.
Strong columns were sent against each position. The hill was carried without opposition56, and then so heavy and searching a fire was poured into the intrenched camp that the enemy began to fall back, in utter confusion. Saint Frais, finding himself isolated57 and alone in the redoubt, as he had before been on the mound, was forced to retire.
At five o'clock the battle was over, and the camp of the Nabob of Bengal in the possession of the English. The British loss was trifling58. Seven European and sixteen native soldiers were killed, thirteen Europeans and thirty-six natives wounded. It was one of the decisive battles of the world, for the fate of India hung in the balance. Had Clive been defeated, and his force annihilated, as it must have been if beaten, the English would have been swept out of Bengal. The loss of that presidency59 would have had a decided effect on the struggle in Madras, where the British were, with the greatest difficulty, maintaining themselves against the French.
Henceforth Bengal, the richest province in India, belonged to the English; for although, for a time, they were content to recognize Meer Jaffier and his successors as its nominal60 rulers, these were but puppets in their hands, and they were virtual masters of the province.
After the battle, Meer Jaffier arrived. Conscious of his own double-dealing, he by no means felt sure of the reception he should meet with. It suited Clive, however, to ignore the doubtful part he had played, and he was saluted61 as Nabob of Bengal.
It would have been far better for him, had he remained one of the great chiefs of Bengal. The enormous debt, with which Clive and his colleagues had saddled him, crushed him. The sum was so vast that it was only by imposing62 the most onerous63 taxation64 upon his people that he was enabled to pay it, and the discontent excited proved his destruction.
Omichund had no greater reason for satisfaction, at the part which he had played in the ruin of his country. The fact that he had been deceived, by the forged treaty, was abruptly65 and brutally66 communicated to him; and the blow broke his heart. He shortly afterwards became insane, and died before eighteen months were over.
Suraja Dowlah fled to Moorshedabad, where the remnants of his army followed him. At first, the nabob endeavoured to secure their fidelity by issuing a considerable amount of pay. Then, overpowered by his fears of treachery, he sent off the ladies of the zenana, and all his treasures, on elephants; and, a few hours afterwards, he himself, accompanied by his favourite wife, and a slave with a casket of his most valuable jewels, fled in disguise.
A boat had been prepared, and lay in readiness at the wharf67 of the palace. Rowing day and night against the stream, the boat reached Rajmahal, ninety miles distant, on the night of the fourth day following his flight. Here the rowers were so knocked up, by their exertions68, that it was impossible to proceed further; and they took refuge in a deserted69 hut, by the bank.
The following morning, however, they were seen by a fakir, whose ears the young tyrant70 had had cut off, thirteen months previously71; and this man, recognizing the nabob even in his disguise, at once took the news to Meer Jaffier's brother, who happened to reside in the town. The latter immediately sent a party of his retainers, who captured the nabob without difficulty. He was again placed in the boat, and taken back to Moorshedabad, where he was led into the presence of Meer Jaffier.
The wretched young man implored72 the mercy of his triumphant73 successor, the man who owed station and rank and wealth to his grandfather; and who had, nevertheless, betrayed him to the English. His entreaties74 so far moved Meer Jaffier that he was irresolute75, for a time, as to the course he should pursue. His son, however, Mirav, a youth of about the same age as the deposed76 nabob, insisted that it was folly77 to show mercy; as Meer Jaffier would never be safe, so long as Suraja Dowlah remained alive; and his father, at last, assigned the captive to his keeping, knowing well what the result would be.
In the night, Suraja Dowlah was murdered. His mangled78 remains79 were, in the morning, placed on an elephant, and exposed to the gaze of the populace and soldiery.
Suraja Dowlah was undoubtedly80 a profligate81 and rapacious82 tyrant. In the course of a few months, he alienated83 his people, and offended a great number of his most powerful chiefs. The war which he undertook against the English, although at the moment unprovoked, must still be regarded as a patriotic84 one; and, had he not soiled his victory by the massacre85 of the prisoners, which he first permitted and then approved, the English would have had no just cause of complaint against him.
From the day of the arrival of Clive at Calcutta, he was doomed86. It is certain that the nabob would not have remained faithful to his engagements, when the danger which wrung87 the concessions88 from him had passed. Nevertheless, the whole of the circumstances which followed the signature of the treaty, the manner in which the unhappy youth was alternately cajoled and bullied89 to his ruin, the loathsome90 treachery in which those around him engaged, with the connivance91 of the English; and, lastly, the murder in cold blood, which Meer Jaffier, our creature, was allowed to perpetrate; rendered the whole transaction one of the blackest in the annals of English history.
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1
martial
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| adj.战争的，军事的，尚武的，威武的 | |
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rascal
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| n.流氓；不诚实的人 | |
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traitor
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| n.叛徒，卖国贼 | |
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traitors
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| 卖国贼( traitor的名词复数 )； 叛徒； 背叛者； 背信弃义的人 | |
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crafty
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| adj.狡猾的，诡诈的 | |
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treacherous
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| adj.不可靠的，有暗藏的危险的；adj.背叛的，背信弃义的 | |
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rascals
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| 流氓( rascal的名词复数 )； 无赖； （开玩笑说法）淘气的人（尤指小孩）； 恶作剧的人 | |
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8
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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lavished
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| v.过分给予，滥施( lavish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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sentries
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| 哨兵，步兵( sentry的名词复数 ) | |
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artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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hazardous
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| adj.(有)危险的，冒险的；碰运气的 | |
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undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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ram
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| (random access memory)随机存取存储器 | |
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obtuse
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| adj.钝的；愚钝的 | |
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cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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mound
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| n.土墩，堤，小山；v.筑堤，用土堆防卫 | |
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halfway
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| adj.中途的，不彻底的，部分的；adv.半路地，在中途，在半途 | |
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grove
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| n.林子，小树林，园林 | |
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mounds
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| 土堆，土丘( mound的名词复数 )； 一大堆 | |
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masonry
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| n.砖土建筑；砖石 | |
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conspirators
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| n.共谋者，阴谋家( conspirator的名词复数 ) | |
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entail
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| vt.使承担，使成为必要，需要 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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annihilated
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| v.（彻底）消灭( annihilate的过去式和过去分词 )；使无效；废止；彻底击溃 | |
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annihilate
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| v.使无效；毁灭；取消 | |
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elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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kilns
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| n.窑( kiln的名词复数 )；烧窑工人 | |
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harass
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| vt.使烦恼，折磨，骚扰 | |
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ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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waggons
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| 四轮的运货马车( waggon的名词复数 )； 铁路货车； 小手推车 | |
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enveloped
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| v.包围，笼罩，包住( envelop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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torrents
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| n.倾注；奔流( torrent的名词复数 )；急流；爆发；连续不断 | |
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tarpaulins
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| n.防水帆布，防水帆布罩( tarpaulin的名词复数 ) | |
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deluge
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| n./vt.洪水，暴雨，使泛滥 | |
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cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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muskets
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| n.火枪，（尤指）滑膛枪( musket的名词复数 ) | |
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throng
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| n.人群，群众；v.拥挤，群集 | |
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recoiled
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| v.畏缩( recoil的过去式和过去分词 )；退缩；报应；返回 | |
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touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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conjured
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| 用魔术变出( conjure的过去式和过去分词 )； 祈求，恳求； 变戏法； （变魔术般地） 使…出现 | |
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loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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49
snare
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| n.陷阱，诱惑，圈套；（去除息肉或者肿瘤的）勒除器；响弦，小军鼓；vt.以陷阱捕获，诱惑 | |
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50
retirement
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| n.退休，退职 | |
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pluckily
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| adv.有勇气地，大胆地 | |
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repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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54
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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55
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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56
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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isolated
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| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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presidency
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| n.总统(校长，总经理)的职位(任期) | |
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nominal
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| adj.名义上的；(金额、租金)微不足道的 | |
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saluted
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| v.欢迎，致敬( salute的过去式和过去分词 )；赞扬，赞颂 | |
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imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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onerous
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| adj.繁重的 | |
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taxation
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| n.征税，税收，税金 | |
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abruptly
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| adv.突然地，出其不意地 | |
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brutally
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| adv.残忍地，野蛮地，冷酷无情地 | |
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wharf
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| n.码头，停泊处 | |
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exertions
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| n.努力( exertion的名词复数 )；费力；（能力、权力等的）运用；行使 | |
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deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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tyrant
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| n.暴君，专制的君主，残暴的人 | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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implored
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| 恳求或乞求（某人）( implore的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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entreaties
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| n.恳求，乞求( entreaty的名词复数 ) | |
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irresolute
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| adj.无决断的，优柔寡断的，踌躇不定的 | |
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deposed
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| v.罢免( depose的过去式和过去分词 )；（在法庭上）宣誓作证 | |
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folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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mangled
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| vt.乱砍（mangle的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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profligate
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| adj.行为不检的；n.放荡的人，浪子，肆意挥霍者 | |
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rapacious
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| adj.贪婪的，强夺的 | |
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alienated
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| adj.感到孤独的，不合群的v.使疏远( alienate的过去式和过去分词 )；使不友好；转让；让渡（财产等） | |
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patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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wrung
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| 绞( wring的过去式和过去分词 )； 握紧（尤指别人的手）； 把（湿衣服）拧干； 绞掉（水） | |
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concessions
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| n.（尤指由政府或雇主给予的）特许权( concession的名词复数 )；承认；减价；（在某地的）特许经营权 | |
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bullied
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| adj.被欺负了v.恐吓，威逼( bully的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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loathsome
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| adj.讨厌的，令人厌恶的 | |
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connivance
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| n.纵容；默许 | |
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