T was about one o’clock in the morning. Before retiring for the night, I opened the window and lit a cigarette. The hum of a motor-car scudding1 along the Avenue du Bois de Boulogne broke the reigning2 silence. The trees were freshening the atmosphere by the swaying of their darkened tops. No buzzing insect, no living sound arose from the sterile3 soil of the city. The night was resplendent with stars. Their fires seemed, in the clearness of the air, more so than on other nights, of varied4 lines. The greater number blazed at white heat. Some there were, however, yellow and orange-tinted, similar to the flames of dying lamps. Several were blue, and I saw one of so pale a blue, so limpid5, and so soft, that I could not avert6 my gaze from it. I regret being ignorant of its name, but I console myself with the thought that men do not give the stars their true names.
“When I reflect that each one of these drops of light enlightens worlds, I ask myself whether, like our own sun, they do not shed their rays on sufferings without end, and whether pain does not penetrate8 the utmost recesses9 of heaven. We can only judge the other worlds by our own. We know of life only the forms which it assumes upon the earth, and if we suppose that our planet is one of the least good, we have no reason for believing that all goes rightly in the others, nor that fortunate is he who is born under the rays of Altair, Betelgeux, or the fiery10 Sirius, when we know what a grievous affair it is to open our eyes on earth to the light of our old Sun. It is not that I find mine an unhappy fate, when compared with that of other men. I am not troubled with either wife or child. Love and sickness have left me unscathed. I am not very rich, and I do not go into society. I am thus to be numbered with the happy ones. Little joy, however, falls to their lot. What, then, can be the fate of the others? Men are really to be pitied. I impute11 no blame to nature for this; to hold a conversation with her is an impossibility; she is not intelligent. Nor will I lay the blame on society. There is no sense in opposing society to nature. It is as absurd to oppose the nature of men to the society of men, as to oppose the nature of ants to the society of ants, or the nature of herrings to the society of herrings. Animal societies are the necessary outcome of animal nature. The earth is the planet where one eats; ’tis the planet of hunger. The animals peopling it are naturally gluttonous12 and ferocious13. Man, the most intelligent of them all, is alone avaricious14. Avarice15 has so far been the fundamental virtue16 of human societies, and the moral masterpiece of nature. Were I a writer, I should indite17 the praise of avarice. It is true that my book would not reveal anything strikingly new. The subject has been dealt with a hundred times over by moralists and economists18. Human societies have avarice and cruelty as their august basis.
“It is thus in the other universes, in the numberless ethereal worlds? Do all the stars I see shed their light on men? Do people eat and inter-devour one another beyond the infinite. This doubt troubles me, and I am unable to contemplate19 without fright the fiery dew suspended in the heavens.
“My thoughts imperceptibly become more lucid20 and gentle, and the idea of life, in its sensuality, violent and suave21 in turn, once more assumes a pleasurable aspect to my mind. I sometimes say to myself that life is beautiful. For, without such beauty, how could we discern its ugly features, and how believe that nature is bad, if at the same time we do not believe that it is good?
“For a few minutes past, the phrases of a sonata22 of Mozart have hovered23 in the air, with their white columns and their garlands of roses. My neighbour is a pianist, who at nights plays Mozart and Gluck. I close the window, and while undressing, I am pondering over the doubtful pleasures which I may give myself the next day, when of a sudden I remember that for a week past I have been invited to lunch in the Bois de Boulogne; I have a vague idea that the invitation is for the coming day. To make sure of it, I look up the letter of invitation, which lies open on my table. Its contents are:
“‘16th September 1903.
“‘My dear old Dufresne,—
“‘Do me the pleasure of coming to luncheon24 with ... etc. etc., next Saturday, the 23rd of September, 1903, etc. etc.’
“It is for to-morrow.
“I ring for my valet.
“‘Jean, wake me to-morrow at nine o’clock.’
“It happens precisely25 that to-morrow, the 23rd of September 1903, I shall enter upon my fortieth year. From what I have already seen in this world I can almost conceive what still remains26 for me to be seen. I can safely foretell27 the topics of to-morrow’s conversation at the restaurant in the Bois: ‘My automobile28 goes sixty kilomètres an hour.’—‘Blanche has a nasty disposition29; but she is true to me; of that I feel sure.’—‘The Cabinet takes its pass-word from the Socialists30.’—‘In the long run, the petits-chevaux are a bore. However, there remains baccara.’—‘The workmen would be fools not to do as they please: the government always gives in to them.’—‘I will bet you that Epingle-d’Or will beat Ranavalo.’—‘What I personally cannot make out is why there is not some General to sweep away all those blackguards.’—‘What can you expect? France has been sold to England and Germany by the Jews.’ This is what I shall hear to-morrow. Here you have the social and political ideas of my friends, the great-grandsons of the bourgeois31 of July, princes of the factory and foundry, kings of the mine, who knew the way of mastering and enslaving the forces of the Revolution. My friends do not seem to me capable of preserving for any lengthy32 period the industrial empire and the political power bequeathed to them by their ancestors. My friends do not shine by their intelligence. They have not indulged in too much brainwork. No more have I. So far, I have not done much in this life. Like them, I am both idle and ignorant. I do not feel myself capable of achieving anything, and if I do not possess their vanity, if my brain is not stored with all the foolish ideas encumbering33 theirs; if, like them, I do not feel a hatred34 for and a fear of ideas, it is due to a peculiar35 circumstance of my life. My father, a big manufacturer and Conservative deputy, gave me, when I was seventeen, a young and timid “coach,” who spoke36 little, and who looked like a girl. While preparing me for my bachelorship, he was organising the social revolution in Europe. His gentleness was something refreshing37. He has often been put in prison, and is now a deputy. I used to copy his addresses to the international proletariat. He made me read the whole Socialistic library. He taught me things all of which were not to be credited, but he opened my eyes to what was going on about me; he demonstrated to me that everything our society honours is contemptible38, and that all that it despises is worthy40 of esteem41. He led me into the paths of rebellion. In spite of his demonstrations42, I came to the conclusion that falsehood should be respected and hypocrisy44 venerated45 as the two surest supports of the public order. I remained a Conservative, but my soul became saturated46 with disgust.
“As I am falling asleep, a few almost imperceptible phrases of Mozart still reach my ears now and then, and make me dream of temples of marble standing47 amid a blue foliage48.
“It was broad daylight when I awoke. I dressed myself much more quickly than it is my wont49. Unconscious of the cause for this haste, I found myself in the street without knowing how I had got there. What I now saw about me was to me the cause of a surprise which suspended all my faculties50 of reflection; and it is owing to this impossibility to reflect that my surprise did not increase, but remained stationary51 and calm. It would doubtless soon have become immoderate, and would have changed to stupor52 and terror, had I retained the use of my mind, so greatly was the scene which I was witnessing different from what it should be. Everything about me was to me new, unknown, and foreign. The trees and the lawns which I was in the habit of seeing daily had vanished. Where, on the day before, the tall grey buildings of the avenue stood out against the sky, there now stretched a fanciful line of brick cottages surrounded by gardens. I dared not look round to ascertain53 whether my own house still existed, and so I went straight towards the Porte Dauphine. I found it not. I took a street which was, so it seemed to me, the old road to Suresnes. The houses flanking it, of strange style and new form, too small to be occupied by rich people, were nevertheless embellished54 with pictures, sculptures, and brilliant potteries55. A covered terrace surmounted57 them. I followed this rural road, whose curves produced enchanting58 perspectives. It was crossed obliquely59 by other sinuous60 ways. Neither trains, nor automobiles61, nor vehicles of any kind went by. Shadows flitted over the soil. I looked upwards62 and saw masses of huge birds and enormous fishes glide63 rapidly through the upper atmosphere, which seemed to be a combination of heaven and ocean. Near the Seine, the course of which was altered, I came across a crowd of men clad in short blouses knotted at the waist, and wearing long gaiters. To all appearance they were in their working clothes. But their gait was lighter64 and more elegant than that of our workmen. I noticed women among them. What had heretofore prevented my recognising them as such was that they were dressed like the men, that they had long and straight legs, and, so it seemed to me, the narrow hips65 of American women. Although these folk did not present a savage66 appearance, I looked at them with fright. They presented to my gaze a more foreign appearance than any of the numerous strangers I had so far met upon the earth. In order to avoid seeing another human face, I turned down a deserted67 lane. Very soon I came to a circus planted with masts from which flew crimson68 oriflammes bearing in letters of gold the words: European Federation69. Placards in large frames ornamented70 with emblems71 of peace hung at the foot of the masts. They embodied72 announcements regarding popular festivals, legal injunctions, and works of public interest. In addition to balloon time-tables was a chart of the atmospheric73 currents drawn74 on the 28th of June of the year 220 of the Federation of Nations. All these texts were printed in characters new to me, and in a language of which I did not understand all the words. The while I was attempting to decipher them, the shadows of the countless75 machines cleaving76 the air flitted across my vision. Once more did I gaze upwards, and in this sky altered beyond recognition, more densely77 populated than the earth, cloven by rudders and threshed by screws, towards which a circle of smoke rose from the horizon, I perceived the sun. I felt like crying on seeing it. It was the only familiar figure which I had come across since morning. From its altitude I judged that it was about ten o’clock of the forenoon. Of a sudden I was surrounded by a second crowd of men and women, similar in appearance and in costume to the first. I was confirmed in the impression that the women, although some of them were very plump, others very skinny, and many beggared description, were on the whole androgynous in appearance. The crowd went its way. The open space once more was desert, just as our suburban78 quarters, which only come to life on the exodus79 from the workshops. I remained behind in front of the placards and read once more the date—the 28th of June of the year 220 of the European Federation. What did it mean! A proclamation by the Federal Committee, on the occasion of the festival of the Earth, furnished me with timely and useful data for comprehension of that date. This is what I read: ‘Comrades, you are aware how, in the last year of the twentieth century, the old order collapsed80 in a fearful cataclysm81, and how, after fifty years of anarchy82, the federation of the peoples of Europe was organised....” The year 220 of the federation of peoples was therefore the year 2270 of the Christian83 Era; this was certainly a fact which remained to be explained. How came it that of a sudden I found myself transported to the year 2270?
“‘I have not, as far as I know,’ I said to myself, ‘been preserved for so many years in the mummy state, like Colonel Fougas. I have not driven the machine with which Mr. H. G. Wells explores time. And if, following the example of William Morris, I have, while asleep, skipped three and a half centuries, I am unaware86 of the fact, since, when dreaming, one does not know that one is doing so. I am utterly87 convinced that I am not asleep.’
“While indulging in these musings and others not worth recording88, I was following a long street bordered with railings behind which pink-hued houses of various styles, but all equally small, smilingly peeped through the foliage. At times I perceived huge circuses of steel standing out in the landscape, and crowned with flames and smoke. Terror planed over these regions to which no name can be given, while the vibrating rush of air caused by the rapid flight of the machines resounded89 painfully through my brain. The street led to a meadow studded with clumps90 of trees and intersected by rivulets91. Cows were pasturing in it. Just as my eyes were feasting upon the freshness of the scene I fancied I saw in front of me shadows flitting along a smooth and straight road. The whirlwind engendered92 by them, as they passed me, fanned my cheeks. I saw that they were trams and automobiles, real transparencies in their rapidity.
“I crossed the road by a foot-bridge, and for a long time I sauntered through small meadows and woodlands. I thought I was in the open country, when I discovered an extensive frontage of resplendent houses bordering on the park. Soon, I found myself opposite a palace of an airy style of architecture. A sculptured and painted frieze93, representing a largely attended feast, stretched across the vast fa?ade. I perceived, through the panes94 of the bay-windows, men and women seated in a large and bright room around long marble tables, laden95 with prettily96 painted potteries. I entered, under the impression that this was a restaurant. I was not hungry, but weary, and the coolness of the room, artistically97 hung with garlands of fruit, appeared to me delicious. A man who stood by the door asked me for my voucher98, and, as I showed embarrassment99, he remarked:
“‘I see, comrade, that you are not of these parts. How is it that you are travelling without vouchers100! Very sorry, but it is impossible for me to admit you. Go and seek the delegate who hires journeymen; or, if you are too weak to work, address yourself to the delegate who attends to those who need succour.’
“I informed him that I was nowise unfit for work, and drew away. A stout101 fellow, who was picking his teeth, said to me obligingly:
“‘Comrade, you need not go to the delegate who engages journeymen. I am the delegate attached to the bakery of the section. We are one comrade short. Come along with me. You shall be put to work at once.’
“I thanked the corpulent comrade, assured him of my willingness, pointing out, however, that I was not a baker102.
“He looked at me with some surprise, and told me that he could see I enjoyed a joke.
“I followed him. We stopped in front of an immense cast-iron building having a monumental gateway103, on the pediment of which a couple of bronze giants were resting on their elbows—the Sower and the Reaper104. Their bodies expressed strength unstrained. A calm pride irradiated their faces, and they carried high their heads; in this, greatly dissimilar to the fierce-looking workers of the Flemish Constantin Meunier. We entered a room forty mètres in height, wherein, amid clouds of a light whitish dust, machinery105 was working with a sonorous106 and calm hum. Under the metallic107 dome108, bags tendered themselves spontaneously to the knife which disembowelled them; the flour which escaped from them dropped into troughs where powerful hands of steel kneaded it into dough109 which flowed into moulds, which when full hastened to put themselves of their own accord into an oven as capacious and deep as a tunnel. Five or six men at most, motionless amid all this motion, supervised the labour of the machinery.
“‘’Tis an old bakery,’ said my companion. ‘It hardly produces more than eighty thousand loaves a day, and its too weak machines employ too many hands. It matters little. Come up to the place where the goods arrive.’
“I did not have the time to ask for a more explicit110 command. A lift had deposited me on the platform. Hardly had I reached it, when a kind of flying whale alighted close to me and unloaded a number of sacks. No human being was aboard this machine. Other flying whales brought more sacks which they unloaded, and which offered themselves up in succession to the knife which ripped them open. The screws revolved111, and the rudder did its work. There was no one at the helm, nobody aboard the machine. I could hear in the distance the slight hum of a wasp112 flying, and then the thing grew with astounding113 rapidity. It seemed quite sure of itself, but my ignorance as to what would happen, should it perchance go wrong, caused me to shudder114. I was several times tempted115 to ask to be allowed to go down again. A false shame prevented me. I stood my ground. The sun was disappearing on the horizon, and it was about five o’clock when the lift came up for me. The day’s work was over. I was given a voucher for board and lodging116.
“The rotund comrade remarked to me:
“‘You must be hungry. You may, if you wish, take your evening meal at the public table. If you prefer eating by yourself in your own room, you may likewise do so. If you prefer supping at my place, together with a few comrades, say so at once. I am going to telephone to the culinary workshop that your rations43 be sent to you. I am telling you all this in order to set you at ease, for you seem like a fish out of water. You have no doubt come from afar. You do not look as if you could take care of yourself. To-day, your task has been an easy one. Do not, however, imagine that one’s livelihood117 is earned every day as cheaply as that. If the ?-rays which directed the balloons had worked badly, as will sometimes happen, your task would not have been so easy. What is your particular line, and where do you come from?’
“These questions embarrassed me greatly. I could not tell him the truth. I could not inform him that I was a bourgeois, and that I had come from the twentieth century. He would have thought me crazy. I replied in a vague and embarrassed manner that I had no trade, and that I came from far, from very far.
“He smiled, and said:
“‘I understand. You dare not admit it. You come from the United States of Africa. You are not the only European who has thus given us the slip. But nearly all these deserters end by coming back to us.’
“I answered not a word, and my silence led him to believe that he had guessed aright. He renewed his invitation to supper, and asked me my name. I informed him that I was known as Hippolyte Dufresne. He seemed surprised at my having two names.
“‘My name is Michel,’ he said.
“Then, after a minute inspection119 of my straw hat, my jacket, my shoes, and the rest of my costume, which was no doubt somewhat dusty, but of a good cut, for after all I do not have my clothes made by a tailor who acts as hall-porter in the Rue7 des Acacias, he continued:
“‘Hippolyte, I see whence you have come. You have lived in the black provinces. Nowadays there are only Zulus and Basutos to weave cloth so badly, to give so grotesque120 a shape to a suit, to make such ill-shapen footgear, and to stiffen121 linen122 with starch123. It is only among them that you can have learnt to shave off your beard, while preserving on your face a moustache, and two little whiskers. This custom of scissoring the hair of the face, so as to form figures and ornaments124, is the last word of tattooing125, nowadays in vogue126 only among the Basutos and Zulus. These black provinces of the United States of Africa are wallowing in a state of barbarism resembling in many aspects the state of France three or four hundred years ago.’
“I accepted Michel’s invitation.
“‘I live quite close to here, in Sologne,’ he said. ‘My aeroplane scuds127 along fairly well. We shall soon be there.’
“He made me take a seat under the belly128 of a huge mechanical bird, and we were soon cleaving the air so rapidly that I lost breath. The aspect of the countryside was vastly different from the one known to me. All the roads were bordered with houses; countless canals intersected the fields with their silvery lines. As I sat wrapt in admiration129, Michel remarked to me:
“‘The land is fairly well exploited, and cultivation130 is “intense,” as they say, since chemists are themselves agriculturists. One has tried one’s best, and one has worked hard for the past three hundred years. The fact is that to make collectivism a reality it has been necessary to compel the soil to return four or five times more than it returned in the days of capitalistic anarchy. You, who have lived among the Zulus and Basutos, are aware that the necessaries of life are so scarce with them that were they to be divided among all it would amount to sharing poverty and not wealth. The super-abundant production which we have attained132 to is more especially due to the progress made by science. The almost total suppression of the urban classes has also been of great advantage to agriculture. The shopkeepers and the clerks have gone, some to the factory, others to the field.’
“‘What!’ I exclaimed. ‘You have suppressed the cities! What has become of Paris?’
“‘Hardly any one lives there now,’ replied Michel. ‘The greater part of those hideous133 and insanitary five-storied houses, wherein dwelt the citizens of the closed era, have fallen in ruins, and have been suffered to remain in that condition. House-building was very poor in the twentieth century of that unhappy era. We have preserved some of the older and better constructed buildings and converted them into museums. We possess a large number of museums and libraries: it is there we seek instruction. We have also kept a portion of the remains of the H?tel de Ville. It was an ugly and fragile building, but great things were carried out within its precincts. As we no longer have tribunals, commerce, and armies, we no longer have cities, so to speak. Nevertheless, the density134 of the population is much greater on certain points than on others, and in spite of the rapidity of means of communication, the mining and metallurgic centres are densely peopled.’
“‘What is that you say?’ I asked him. ‘You have done away with the courts of law? Have you then suppressed crime and misdemeanour?’
“‘Crime will last as long as old and gloomy humanity. But, the number of criminals has diminished with the number of the wretched. The suburbs of the great cities were the feeding-grounds of crime; we no longer have big cities. The wireless135 telephone makes the highways safe day and night. We are all provided with electric means of defence. As to misdemeanours, they were rather the result of the scruples136 of the judges than of the perversity137 of the accused. Now that we no longer possess lawyers and judges, and that justice is administered by citizens summoned in rotation138, many misdemeanours have disappeared, doubtless because it is impossible to recognise them as such.’
“In this fashion did Michel discourse139 while steering140 his aeroplane. I am recording the meaning of his words as exactly as I can. I regret my inability, owing to a lack of memory, and also from fear of not making myself understood, to reproduce his language in all its expressiveness143 and its movement. The baker and his contemporaries spoke a language astonishing me at first by the novelty of its vocabulary and syntax, and especially by its pithy144 and flowing construction.
“‘We have arrived,’ he said; ‘’tis here that I live. You will sup with comrades who, like myself, take an interest in statistics.’
“‘What! You a statistician! I thought you were a baker.
“‘I am a baker, six hours of the day. This is the duration of the day’s work as determined146 for nearly a century by the Federal Committee. The rest of the time I give up to statistical147 labours. It is the science which has stepped into history’s shoes. The historians of old related the brilliant deeds of the few. Ours register all that is produced and consumed.’
“After having conducted me to a hydrotherapic closet established on the roof, Michel led me down-stairs to the dining-room lit up by electricity, entirely148 white, and ornamented only with a sculptured frieze of strawberry plants in bloom. A table in painted pottery149 was covered with dishes with a metallic glaze150. Three persons sat at it. Michel named them to me.
“‘Morin, Perceval, Chéron.’
“These three individuals were all clad alike in rough-spun jackets, velvet151 breeches, and grey stockings. Morin wore a long white beard; Chéron’s and Perceval’s faces were callow. Their short hair and more especially the frankness of their looks gave them the appearance of young lads. Yet I felt sure that they were women. Perceval seemed to me rather pretty, although she was no longer very young. I thought Chéron altogether charming. Michel introduced me:
“‘I have brought comrade Hippolyte, who also calls himself Dufresne, to meet you; he has lived among the half-breeds, in the black provinces of the United States of Africa. He could not get any dinner at eleven o’clock, and so he must have an appetite.’
“I was indeed hungry. They helped me to tiny bits of food cut into squares, which were not unpleasant to the taste, however new to me. A variety of cheeses were on the table. Morin poured me out a glass of light beer, and informed me that I could drink to my heart’s content, as it did not contain any alcohol.
“‘That’s right,’ I said. ‘I am glad to see that you pay attention to the evils of alcohol.’
“‘They have almost ceased to exist,’ answered Morin. ‘We succeeded in suppressing alcoholism before the end of the closed era. It would have otherwise been impossible to establish the new régime. An alcoholic152 proletariat is incapable153 of emancipation154.’
“‘Have you not also,’ I inquired, while tasting a strangely carved bit of food—‘have you not also perfected food?’
“‘Comrade,’ replied Perceval, ‘you doubtless refer to chemical alimentation. So far, it has not made any great strides. ’Tis in vain that we send our chemists as delegates into the kitchen.... Their tabloids155 are of no good. With the exception that we know how to compound properly caloric and nutritious156 foods, we feed almost as coarsely as the men of the closed era, and we enjoy it just as much.’
“‘Our scientists,’ remarked Michel, ‘are seeking to establish a rational system of food.’
“‘That’s childishness,’ said the young female Chéron. ‘No good result will be reached, as long as the big intestine157, a useless and harmful organ, and the seat of microbian infection, has not been removed.... This will come in time.’
“‘In what way?’ I asked.
“‘Simply by ablation. And this suppression, the result, in the first place, of an operation upon a sufficient number of individuals, will tend to establish itself by heredity, and will later on be common to the whole race.’
“These people treated me humanely158 and conversed159 obligingly with me. But it was difficult for me to chime in with their manners and their ideas, while I noticed that I nowise interested them, and that they felt an absolute indifference160 towards my modes of thought. The more I showed them courtesies, the more I alienated161 their sympathies. Following upon my addressing a few compliments, albeit162 discreet163 and sincere, to Chéron, she no longer even deigned164 to look at me.
“The meal over, addressing myself to Morin, who seemed to me intelligent and gentle, I said to him with a sincerity165 which indeed stirred me deeply:
“‘Monsieur Morin, I am ignorant of all things, and I am suffering cruelly because of my lack of knowledge. I repeat to you that I come from far, from very far. Tell me, I entreat166 you, how the European Federation came into existence, and explain to me the present social system.’
“Old Morin protested:
“‘You are asking me for the history of three centuries. It would take me weeks, nay167 months. Moreover, there are many things I could not teach you, as I do not know them myself.’
“I thereupon entreated168 him to lay before me a very concise169 summary, as is done in the case of school children.
“Morin, flinging himself back in his arm-chair, began:
“‘To ascertain how the present society was constituted, it is necessary to go back far into the past.
“‘The crowning achievement of the twentieth century was the extinction170 of war.
“‘The arbitration171 Congress of The Hague, instituted in the middle of barbarism, did not to any degree contribute towards the maintenance of peace. But another more efficacious institution came into existence at that time. Groups of deputies were formed in the various Parliaments, who entered into communication with one another, and who in course of time came to deliberate in common on international questions. Giving expression as they did to the peaceful aspirations172 of a growing crowd of electors, their resolutions carried great weight, and supplied food for reflection to the governments, the most absolute of which, if one sets aside Russia, had at that time learnt to reckon with popular sentiment. What surprises us nowadays is that no one discerned in those meetings of deputies come together from all countries the first attempt at an international parliament.
“‘But then the party of violence was still powerful in the several empires, and even in the French Republic. And if the danger of the old-time dynastic and diplomatic wars determined upon at a green-baized table for the purpose of maintaining what was known as the European equilibrium173 was averted174 for all time, it was still to be dreaded175, considering the unsatisfactory industrial condition affecting Europe, that the conflicting industrial interests might bring about some terrible conflagration177.
“‘The imperfectly organised proletariat, as yet without the consciousness of its strength, did not put an end to armed struggles between nations, but it limited their frequency and duration.
“‘The last wars were the outcome of that mad fury of the old world known as the colonial policy. English, Russians, Germans, French, and Americans joined in rabid competition, in Asia and Africa, for the possession of zones of influence, as they said, wherein they could, on the basis of pillage179 and massacres180, establish economic relations with the aborigines. They destroyed everything they could destroy in those two countries. Then followed the inevitable181. The impoverished182 colonies which were expensive were retained and the prosperous ones lost. But mankind had to reckon, in Asia, with a small heroic nation, taught by Europe, which made itself respected by her. By so doing, Japan, in barbarous times, rendered a great service to humanity.
“‘When at last that detestable period of colonisation came to an end, no further was there any war. Still the States continued keeping up armies.
“‘Having so far explained matters, I shall proceed to lay before you, pursuant to your request, the origins of present-day society. It issued from the one preceding it. In moral just as in individual life forms generate one another. Capitalistic naturally enough produced collectivist society. At the commencement of the twentieth century of the closed era, a memorable183 industrial evolution took place. The slender production of small artisans whose all were their tools was followed by a great production financially supported by a new agent of marvellous power—capital. Here was a great social progress.’
“‘What was a great social step in advance?’ I asked.
“‘The capitalistic régime,’ replied Morin. ‘It brought humanity an untold184 source of wealth. By grouping the workers in considerable masses and multiplying their numbers it created the proletariat. By making the workers an immense State within the State it paved the way for their emancipation, and furnished them with the means of conquering power.
“‘This régime, however, which was to be productive of such happy results in the future, was execrated185 by the workers, in whose ranks it made countless victims.
“‘There exists no social benefit which has not been purchased at the cost of blood and tears. Moreover, this régime which had enriched the whole world came within an ace56 of ruining it. After having increased production to a considerable extent, it failed in its endeavours to regulate it, and struggled hopelessly in the toils186 of inextricable difficulties.
“‘You are not totally ignorant, comrade, of the economic disturbances187 which filled the twentieth century. During the last hundred years of the capitalistic domination, the disorder188 of production and the delirium189 of competition piled up disasters high. The capitalists and the masters vainly attempted, by means of gigantic combinations, to regulate production and to annihilate190 competition. Their ill-conceived undertakings191 were engulfed193 in an abyss of gigantic catastrophes194. During those anarchical days, the fight between classes was blind and terrible. The proletariat, overwhelmed in the same ratio by its victories and its defeats, overwhelmed by the ruins of the edifice195 which it was pulling down on its own head, torn by fearful internal struggles, casting aside in its blind violence its best leaders and most trustworthy friends, fought on without system and in the dark. It was, however, continually winning some advantage: an increase of wages, shorter hours of work, a growing freedom of organisation196 and of propaganda, the conquest of public power, and making progress in the dumfounded public mind. It was looked upon as wrecked197 through its divisions and mistakes. But all great parties are at odds198, and all commit blunders. The proletariat had on its side the force of events. Towards the end of the century it attained the degree of well-being199 which opens the way to better things. Comrade, a party must have within itself a certain strength in order to accomplish a revolution favourable200 to its interests. Towards the end of the twentieth century of the closed era the general situation had become most favourable to the developments of socialism. The standing armies, more and more reduced during the course of the century, were abolished, following upon a desperate opposition201 of the powers that were, and of the bourgeoisie owning all things, by Chambers202 born of universal suffrage203 under the fiery pressure of the people of the cities and of the country. For a long time past already, the chiefs of State had retained their armies, less in view of a war which they no longer dreaded or could hope for, than to hold in check the multitude of proletaries at home. In the end, they yielded. Militias205 imbued206 with socialistic ideas supplanted207 regular armies. It was not without good cause that the governments showed opposition. No longer defended by guns and rifles, the monarchical208 systems succumbed209 in succession, and Republican Government stepped into their places. Alone, England, who had previously210 established a régime considered endurable by the workers, and Russia, who had remained Imperialist and theocratic211, stood outside the pale of this great movement. It was feared that the Czar, who felt towards republican Europe the sentiments which the French Revolution had inspired the great Catherine with, might raise armies to combat it. But his government had reached a degree of weakness and imbecility which only an absolute monarchy212 can attain131. The Russian proletariat, joining hands with the intellectuals, rose in revolt, and after an awful succession of outrages213 and massacres, power passed into the hands of the revolutionaries, who established the representative system.
“‘Telegraphy and wireless telephony were then in use from one end of Europe to the other, and so easy of use that the poorest of individuals could speak, whenever he wished, and give utterance214 to whatever he saw fit to a fellow creature living in any corner of the globe. Collectivist ideas rained down on Moscow. The Russian peasants could listen in their beds to the speeches of their comrades of Marseilles and Berlin. Simultaneously215, the approximate steering of balloons and the exact course of flying-machines came into practical use. The result was the abolition216 of frontiers. This was the most critical moment of all. The patriotic217 instinct took a fresh life in the hearts of the nations so near uniting and fusing into one boundless218 humanity. In all countries, and at one and the same time, the nationalist faith, rekindled219, emitted flashes of light. As there were no longer any kings, armies, or aristocracy, this great movement assumed a tumultuous and popular character. The French Republic, the German Republic, the Hungarian Republic, the Roman Republic, the Italian Republic, and even the Swiss and Belgian Republics, each expressed by a unanimous vote of their respective Parliaments, and at largely attended meetings, the solemn resolve to defend against all foreign aggression220 national territory and industry. Stringent221 laws were promulgated222 repressing the smuggling223 by flying-machines, and regulating severely224 the use of wireless telegraphy. The militia204 was everywhere reorganised and brought back to the old type of standing armies. Once more did the former uniforms, boots, dolmans, and generals’ plumes225 make their appearance. Fur busbies were anew welcomed with the applause of Paris. All the shopkeepers and a portion of the workmen donned the tricolour cockade. In all foundry districts, cannon226 and armour-plates were once more forged. Terrible wars were anticipated. This mad spurt227 lasted three years, without matters coming to a clash, and then it slackened imperceptibly. The militias gradually recovered the bourgeois aspect and feeling. The union of nations, which had seemed postponed228 to a fabled229 remoteness, was near at hand. Pacific efforts were developing day by day; collectivists were gradually achieving the conquest of society. The day came at last when the defeated capitalists abandoned the field to them.’
“‘What a change!’ I exclaimed. ‘History cannot show another example of such a revolution.’
“‘You may well imagine, comrade,’ resumed Morin, ‘that collectivism did not make its appearance till the appointed hour. The Socialists could not have suppressed capital and individual property had not those two forms of wealth been already all but destroyed de facto by the efforts of the proletariat, and still more so by the fresh developments of science and industry.
“‘It had indeed been thought that Germany would be the first collectivist State; the Labour Party had there been organised for about one hundred years, and it was everywhere said: ‘Socialism is a thing German?’ Still, France, less well prepared, got the start of her. The social revolution broke out in the first place at Lyons, Lille, and Marseilles, to the strains of l’Internationale. Paris held aloof231 for a fortnight, and then hoisted232 the red flag. It was only on the following day that Berlin proclaimed the collectivist state. The triumph of socialism had as a result the union of nations.
“‘The delegates of all the European Republics, sitting in Brussels, proclaimed the Constitution of the United States of Europe.
“‘England refused to form part of it, but she declared herself its ally. While having become socialistic, she had retained her king, her lords, and even the wigs233 of her judges. Socialism was at that time supreme234 ruler in Oceania, China, Japan, and in a portion of the vast Russian Republic. Black Africa, which had entered upon the capitalistic phase, formed a confederation of little homogeneity. The American union had a while ago renounced235 mercantile militarism. The condition of the world was consequently favourable, upon the whole, to the free development of the United States of Europe. Nevertheless, this union, welcomed with delirious236 joy, was followed for the space of half a century by economic disturbances and social miseries237. There were no longer any armies, and hardly any militias; in consequence of not being constricted238, popular movements did not take the form of violent outbreaks. But the inexperience or the ill-will of the local governments was fostering a ruinous state of disorder.
“‘Fifty years after the constitution of the States, the disappointments were so cruel, and the difficulties seemed to such a degree insurmountable, that the most optimistic spirits were beginning to despair. Smothered239 crackings foretold240 in all directions the dismemberment of the union. It was then that the dictatorship of a committee composed of fourteen workmen put an end to anarchy, and organised the Federation of European nations as it exists to-day. There are those who say that the Fourteen displayed unparalleled genius and relentless241 energy; others claim that they were mediocrities terrified and influenced by the stress of necessity, and that they presided as if in spite of themselves over the spontaneous organisation of the new social forces. It is at all events certain that they did not go against the tide of events. The organisation which they established, or witnessed the establishment of, still subsists242 almost in its entirety. The production and consumption of goods are nowadays carried out, to all purposes, according to the rules laid down in those days. The new era justly dates from that time.’
“‘It rests,’ said he, ‘on the total suppression of individual property.’
“‘Is not this intolerable to you?’ I asked.
“‘Why should we find it unendurable, Hippolyte? In Europe, formerly245, the State collected the taxes. It disposed of resources proper to it. Nowadays it can be said with an equal degree of truth that it possesses everything, while possessing nothing. It is still more exact to say that it is we who own all things, since the State is not a thing apart from us, and is merely the expression of collectiveness.’
“‘But,’ I asked, ‘do you not possess anything proper to yourself? Not even the plates out of which you eat, nor your bed, your bed-sheets, your clothes?’
“Morin smiled at my question.
“‘You are a deal more simple than I dreamt, Hippolyte. What! You imagine that we are not the owners of our personal property. What can well be your idea of our tastes, our instincts, our needs, and our mode of living? Do you take us for monks247, as was said in the olden days, for men destitute248 of all individual character and incapable of affixing249 a personal impress on our surroundings? You are mistaken, my friend, altogether mistaken. We hold as our own the objects destined250 to our use and comfort, and we feel more attached to them than were the bourgeois of the closed era to their knick-knacks, for our taste is keener, and we possess a livelier sentiment of form. All our comrades of some refinement251 own works of art, and take great pride in them. Chéron has in her home paintings which are her delight, and she would take it amiss were the Federal Committee to contest with her the possession of them. Personally, I preserve in that closet some ancient drawings, the almost complete work of Steinlen, one of the most highly prized artists of the closed era. Neither silver nor gold would tempt39 me to part with them.
“‘Whence have you come, Hippolyte? You are told that our society is based on the total suppression of individual property, and you get into your head that such suppression covers goods and chattels252, and articles in daily use. But, you simple-minded fellow, the individual property totally suppressed by us is the ownership of the means of production, soil, canals, roads, mines, material, plant, &c. It does not affect lamps and arm-chairs. What we have done away with is the possibility of diverting to the benefit of an individual or of a group of individuals the fruits of labour; ’tis not the natural and harmless possession of the beloved chattels about us.’
“Morin next enlightened me as to the distribution of intellectual and manual labours among all the members of the community, in conformity253 with their aptitudes255.
“‘Collectivist society,’ he went on to say, ‘differs not only from capitalistic society in the fact that in the former everybody works. During the closed era, the people who toiled256 not were in great numbers; still, they constituted the minority. Our society differs more especially from the former in that labour was not properly classified, and that many useless tasks were performed. The workers produced without systematic257 order, method, and concerted action. The cities were full of officials, magistrates258, merchants, and clerks, who worked without producing. There were also the soldiers. The fruits of labour were not properly distributed. The customs and tariffs259 established for the purpose of remedying the evil merely aggravated260 matters. All were suffering. Production and consumption are now minutely regulated. Lastly, our society differs from the old one in that we enjoy all the benefits derived262 from machinery, the use of which, in the capitalistic age, was so frequently disastrous263 for the workers.’
“I asked him how it had been possible to constitute a society composed wholly of workmen.
“Morin pointed230 out to me that man’s aptitude254 for work is general, and that it constitutes one of the essential characteristics of the race.
“‘In barbarian264 times,’ he said, ‘and right until the end of the closed era, the aristocratic and wealthy classes always showed a preference for manual labour. They put their intellectual faculties to an infinitesimal use, and in exceptional instances at that. Their tastes always inclined towards such occupations as the chase and war, wherein the body plays a greater part than the mind. They rode, drove, fenced, and practised pistol-shooting. It may therefore be said of them that they worked with their hands. Their work was either sterile or harmful, for the reason that a certain prejudice forbade them to engage in any useful or beneficent work, and also, because in their day, useful work was most often carried out under ignoble265 and disgusting conditions. It did not prove so very difficult to impart a taste for work to every one by reinstating it in a position of honour. The men of the barbaric ages took pride in carrying a gun or wearing a sword. The men of to-day are proud of handling a spade or a hammer. Humanity rests on a foundation which undergoes but little change.’
“Morin having told me that the very memory of all monetary266 circulation had become lost, I asked him:
“‘How then do you carry on business without cash payments?’
“‘We exchange products by means of vouchers similar to those just given you, comrade, and they correspond to the hours of labour performed by us. The value of the products is computed267 by the length of time their production has taken. Bread, meat, beer, clothes, an aeroplane, represent x hours, x days of labour. From each of these vouchers, collectivism, or, as it was styled formerly, the State, deducts268 a certain number of minutes for the purpose of allocating269 them to unproductive works, metallurgic and alimentary270 reserves, refuges and private asylums271, and so forth272.’
“‘These minutes,’ interjected Michel, ‘are continually increasing apace. The Federal Committee orders far too many great works, the burden of which is thus on our shoulders. The reserve stocks are far too considerable. The public warehouses273 are crowded to overflowing274 with riches of all sorts. ’Tis our minutes of labour which are entombed there. Many abuses are still in existence.’
“‘No doubt,’ replied Morin, ‘there is room for improvement. The wealth of Europe, which has accrued275 through general methodical labour, is untold.’
“I was curious to learn whether these folk had no other measurement of labour than the time required for its accomplishment276, and whether in their case the day’s work of the navvy or of the journeyman tempering plaster ranked with that of the chemist or the surgeon. I put the question frankly277.
“‘What a silly question,’ exclaimed Perceval.
“Nevertheless old Morin vouchsafed278 to enlighten me.
“‘All works of study, of research, in fact all works contributing to render life better and more beautiful are encouraged in our workshops and laboratories. The collectivist State fosters the higher studies. To study is akin142 to producing, since nothing is produced without study. Study, just as much as work, entitles one to existence. Those who devote themselves to long and arduous279 research secure unto themselves a peaceful and respected existence. It takes a sculptor280 a fortnight to make the maquette of a figure, but he has worked five years to learn modelling. Now the State has paid him for his maquette during those five years. A chemist discovers in a few hours the particular properties of a body. But he has spent months in isolating281 this body, and years in fitting himself to become capable of such an undertaking192. During the whole of that time he has lived at the expense of the State. A surgeon removes a tumour282 in ten minutes. This is the result of fifteen years of study and practice. He has, as a consequence, received vouchers from the State for fifteen years past. Every man who gives in a month, in an hour, in a few minutes, the product of his whole life, is merely repaying in a lump sum what collectivism has given him day by day.’
“‘Without reckoning,’ said Perceval, ‘that our great intellectuals, our surgeons, our lady doctors, our chemists, know full well how to derive261 profit from their works and discoveries, and to add beyond measure to their enjoyments283. They cause to be allotted285 to themselves aerial machines of 60 h.p., palaces, gardens, and immense parks. They are, for the greater part, individuals keenly alive to laying hold of the world’s goods, and lead a more splendid and more copious286 existence than the bourgeois of the closed era. The worst of it is that the majority of them are stupid fools who should be recruited for work at the flour-mills, like Hippolyte.’
“I bowed my thanks. Michel approved Perceval, and bitterly lamented287 the accommodating mind of the State in its system of fattening288 chemists at the expense of the other workers.
“I asked whether the negotiation289 of the vouchers did not bring about a rise and fall.
“‘Speculation in vouchers,’ replied Morin, ‘is prohibited. As a matter of fact, it cannot be prevented altogether. There are among us, just as formerly, avaricious and prodigal290, laborious291 and idle, rich and poor, happy and miserable292, contented293 and discontented men. Yet all manage to exist, and that is already something.’
“I fell a-musing for a while; then I remarked:
“‘Monsieur Morin, if one is to believe you, it seems to me that you have realised equality and fraternity, as much as possible. But, I fear that it is at the expense of liberty, which I have learnt to cherish as the best of things.’
“‘We have not established equality. We know what it means. We have secured a livelihood for all. We have placed labour on a pedestal of honour. After that, if the bricklayer thinks himself superior to the poet, and the poet to the bricklayer, ’tis their business. Every one of our workers imagines that his form of labour is the grandest in the world. The advantages of this idea are greater than the disadvantages.
“‘Comrade Hippolyte, you seem to have delved295 deeply into the books of the nineteenth century of the closed era; their leaves are hardly turned nowadays: you speak their language, to us a foreign tongue. It is hard for us to realise nowadays that the bygone friends of the people should have adopted as their motto: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity. Liberty has no place in society, since it does not exist in nature. There is no free animal. It was said formerly that a man who obeyed the laws was free. This was childish. Moreover, so strange a use was made of the word liberty in the last days of the capitalistic anarchy that the word has ended in merely expressing the setting claim to privileges. The idea of equality is still less reasonable, and it is an unfortunate idea in that it presupposes a false ideal. We have not to seek whether men are equal among themselves. What we must see to is that each one shall supply his best and receive all necessaries of life. As to fraternity, we know only too well how brothers have acted towards brothers during the course of centuries. We do not pretend to say that men are bad. We do not say that they are good. They are what they are, but they live in peace, when there are no longer any reasons for them to fight one another. We have but a single word to express our social system. We say that we live in harmony. Now it is an assured fact that all human forces act in concert nowadays.’
“‘In the centuries,’ I said to him, ‘of what you style the closed era, one preferred the possession of things to their enjoyment284. I can conceive that, reversing the order of things, you prefer enjoyment to possession. But is it not distressing296 to you not to have any property to leave to your children?’
“‘In capitalistic times,’ replied Morin with animation297, ‘how many were there who left inheritances? One in a thousand; nay, one in ten thousand. Nor must it be forgotten that many generations did not enjoy the faculty298 of bequeathing. Be this as it may, the transmission of fortune through the medium of inheritances was perfectly178 conceivable when the family was in existence. But now....’
“‘What!’ I exclaimed, ‘you have no family ties?’
“‘We are quite aware,’ she said to me, ‘that marriage exists among the Kaffirs. We European women do not bind300 ourselves by promises; or, if we make them, the law does not take cognisance of them. We are of opinion that the whole destiny of a human being should not hang on a word. Nevertheless, there survives a relic301 of the customs of the closed era. When a woman gives herself, she swears fidelity302 on the horns of the moon. In reality, neither the man nor the woman takes any binding303 engagement. Yet it is not of rare occurrence that their union endures as long as life. Neither of them would wish to be the object of a fidelity secured by means of an oath, instead of by physical and moral expediency304. We owe nothing to anybody. Formerly, a man convinced a woman that she belonged to him. We are less simple-minded. We believe that a human being belongs to itself alone. We give ourselves when we please, and to whom we see fit.
“‘Moreover, we feel no shame in yielding to desire. We are no hypocrites. Only four hundred years ago, physiology305 was a sealed book to men, and their ignorance was the cause of dire118 illusions and cruel deceptions306. Hippolyte, whatever the Kaffirs may say, society must be subordinate to nature, and not, as too long has been the case, nature to society?’
“‘To show you how the sex question is regulated in our society, I must tell you, Hippolyte, that in many factories the recruiting delegate does not even inquire about one’s sex. The sex of an individual does not interest collectivism.’
“‘But the children?’
“‘Well? The children?’
“‘Not having any family ideal, are they not neglected?’
“‘Whence did you get such an idea? Maternal308 love is a most powerful instinct in woman. In the hideous society of the past, mothers were to be seen courting misery309 and shame, in order to bring up illegitimate offspring. Why should ours, exempt310 as they are from shame and misery, forsake311 their little ones? There are among us many good partners, and many good mothers. But there is a very large number, which increases apace, of women who dispense312 with men.’
“Chéron made in this connection a somewhat strange remark.
“‘We have in regard to sexual characteristics,’ she said, ‘notions undreamt of in the barbaric simplicity313 of the men of the closed era. False conclusions were for a long time drawn from the fact that there are two sexes, and two only. It was therefrom concluded that a woman is absolutely female, and a man absolutely male. In reality, it is not thus; there are women who are very much women, while others are very little so. These differences, formerly concealed314 by the costume and the mode of life, and disguised by prejudice, make themselves clearly manifest in our society. More than that, they become accentuated315 and more marked with each succeeding generation. Ever since women have worked like men, and acted and thought like them, many are to be found who resemble men. We may some day reach the point of creating neutrals, and produce female workers, as in the case of bees. It will prove a great benefit, for it will become possible to increase the quantity of work without increasing the population in a degree out of proportion to the necessaries of life. We entertain the same dread176 of a deficit316 in and a surplus of births.’
“I thanked Perceval and Chéron for having kindly317 supplied me with information on so interesting a subject, and I inquired whether education was not neglected in collectivist society, and whether speculative318 science and the liberal arts still flourished.
“The following is old Morin’s reply to my question:
“‘Education, in all its degrees, is highly developed. The comrades all know something; they do not know the same things, nor have they learnt anything useless. No longer is any time lost in the study of law and theology. Each one selects from the arts and sciences what suits him. We still possess many ancient works, although the greater part of the works printed before the new era have perished. Books are still printed in greater quantity than ever. And yet typography is on the point of disappearing. Phonography will take its place. Poets and novelists are already being published phonographically, while in connection with theatrical319 plays, a most ingenious combination of the phono and the cinemato rendering320 both the voice and the play of the actors has been devised.’
“‘You have then poets and playwrights321?’
“‘We not only have poets, but a poetry of our own. We are the first who have delimitated the domain322 of poetry. Previous to our time, many ideas which could have been better expressed in prose were expressed in verse. Narratives323 were unfolded in rhyme. This was a survival of the days when legislative324 enactments325 and recipes of rural economy were drawn up in measured terms. Nowadays poets merely sing delicate subjects which have no meaning, while their grammar and language are as proper to them as their rhythm and assonance. As to our stage, it is almost exclusively lyric326. A precise knowledge of reality and a life void of violence have rendered us almost indifferent to drama and tragedy. The uniformity of the classes and the equality of the sexes have deprived the old comedy of nearly all its subject-matter. But never has music been so beautiful and so beloved. We especially admire the sonata and the symphony.
“‘Our society is greatly predisposed in favour of the arts of design. Many prejudices harmful to painting have vanished. Our life is more limpid and more beautiful than the bourgeois life, and we have a vivid appreciation327 of form. Sculpture is in a still more flourishing condition than painting, ever since it has taken an intelligent part in the ornamentation of public buildings and private dwellings328. Never was so much done towards the teaching of art. If you will but steer141 your aeroplane above one of our streets, you will be surprised at the number of schools and museums.’
“‘To sum matters up, are you happy?’ I inquired.
“Morin shook his head and replied:
“‘It is not in human nature to enjoy perfect happiness. Happiness is not attainable329 without effort, and every effort brings with it fatigue330 and suffering. We have made life endurable to all. That is something. Our descendants will do better still. Our organisation is not immutable331. Not fifty years ago, it was different from what it is to-day. Men endowed with subtile powers of observation believe that we are on the road to great changes. That may be. However, the forward steps in human civilisation332 will henceforth be harmonious333 and pacific.’
“‘Do you not fear, on the contrary,’ I asked him, ‘that the civilisation with which you appear to be satisfied may be destroyed by an invasion of barbarians334? There still remain in Asia and Africa, so you have told me, large black or yellow populations which have not entered into your concert. They have armies, while you have none. Were they to attack you...’
“‘Our defence is assured. The Americans and the Australians alone could enter upon a struggle with us, for they are as learned as ourselves. But the ocean separates us and a community of interests makes us sure of their amity335. As to the capitalistic negroes, they have not got any further than the steel cannon, fire-arms and all the old scrap-iron of the twentieth century. What could these ancient engines of war do against a discharge of Y-rays? Our frontiers are protected by electricity. A zone of lightning encircles the Federation. A little spectacled fellow is sitting I know not where, in front of a keyboard. He is our one and only soldier. He has but to touch a key in order to reduce to dust an army of 500,000 men.’
“Morin ceased speaking for a moment; then he continued, speaking more deliberately336:
“‘Were our civilisation threatened, it would not be by any outside enemy. It would be by the enemies from within.’
“‘There are such enemies, then?’
“‘We have the anarchists337. They are many, fiery, and intelligent. Our chemists and our professors of sciences and letters are almost to a man anarchists. They attribute to the regulation of labour and production the majority of the evils which still afflict338 society. They argue that humanity will not be happy except in the spontaneous harmony to be born of the total destruction of civilisation. They are dangerous. They would be still more so were we to repress them. To do this, however, we have neither the means nor the desire. We do not possess any power of coercion339 or repression340, and we get along very well without it. In the barbaric ages, men nurtured341 great illusions in regard to the efficacy of penalties. Our fathers suppressed the judiciary system entirely. They no longer required it. With the suppression of private property, they simultaneously suppressed theft and swindling. Ever since we have carried electric protectors, assaults are no longer to be feared. Man has come to be respected by man. Crimes of passion are still and will ever be committed. However, such crimes as these, if left unpunished, become rarer. Our entire judiciary body is composed of elected arbitrators who try gratuitously342 all offences and disputes.’
“‘I rose, and thanking my comrades for their kindness, I begged Morin the favour of putting one more question to him.
“‘You no longer have any religion?’
“‘Quite the contrary; we have a large number of religions, some of them somewhat novel. To mention France only, we have the religion of humanity, positivism, Christianity, and spiritualism. In some countries there are still some Catholics, but they are few and split up into sects343, as the result of schisms344 which occurred in the twentieth century, when Church and State drifted apart. For a long time now there has not been any Pope.’
“‘You are mistaken,’ said Michel. ‘There is still a Pope. It is by a mere246 chance that I know of him. He is Pius XXV., dyer, Via dell’ Orso, in Rome.’
“‘What!’ I exclaimed, ‘the Pope is a dyer!’”
“‘What is there surprising about that! He must perforce have a trade, just as everybody else.’
“‘But his Church?’
“‘He is recognised by a few thousands, in Europe.’
“With these words, we parted. Michel informed me that I should find a lodging in the neighbourhood, and that Chéron would conduct me to it on her way home.
“The night was illuminated345 with an opalescent346 light both powerful and soft. It gave the foliage the sheen of enamel347. I walked by the side of Chéron.
“I looked her over. Her flat-soled shoes gave firmness to her gait and balance to her body; although her male habiliments made her seem smaller than she was, and in spite of her having one hand in her pocket, her perfectly simple carriage did not lack dignity. She gazed freely to the right and left of her. She was the first woman in whom I had noticed the air of a curious and amused lounger. Her features, seen from under her tam-o’-shanter, were refined and strongly defined. She both irritated and charmed me. I was in dread that she might consider me stupid and ridiculous. It was, to say the least, plain that my personality inspired her with supreme indifference. Nevertheless, of a sudden she asked me what my trade might be. I answered at haphazard that I was an electrician.
“‘So am I,’ she said.
“Unheard-of sounds were filling the night air with their calm rhythmic349 noise, and I listened in affright to the respiration350 of the monstrous351 genius of this new world.
“The more I looked at the female electrician, the more did I feel a desire for her, a desire fanned by a dash of antipathy352.
“‘So of course,’ I said to her of a sudden, ‘you have regulated love scientifically, and ’tis a matter which no longer causes any one uneasiness.’
“‘You are mistaken,’ she replied. ‘We have naturally got beyond the mad imbecility of the closed era, and the whole domain of human physiology is henceforth freed from legal barbarisms and theological terrors. We are no longer the prey353 to an erroneous and cruel conception of duty. But the laws governing the attraction between body and body are still a mystery to us. The spirit of the species is what it ever was and ever shall be, violent and capricious. Now, just as formerly, instinct remains stronger than reason. Our superiority over the ancients lies less in the knowledge of it than in proclaiming it. We have within us a force capable of creating worlds, to wit, desire, and you would have us regulate it. ’Tis asking too much of us. We are no longer barbarians. We have not yet become wise. Collectivism altogether ignores all that appertains to sexual relations. These relations are what they may be, most often tolerable, rarely delicious, and at times horrible. But, comrade, do not imagine that love no longer troubles any one.’
“I could not discuss such extraordinary ideas. I diverted the conversation to the temperament354 of women. Chéron informed me that there were three kinds, those who were amorously355 disposed, those prompted by curiosity, and the third, indifferent. I thereupon asked her to which class she belonged.
“‘There are also various kinds of men. First and foremost are the impertinent ones....’
“Her reply caused her to appear far more contemporaneous than I had until then believed her to be. For that reason I began to speak to her the language used by me on similar occasions. After a few trifling357 and frivolous358 words I said to her:
“‘Will you grant me a favour and tell me your first name?’
“‘I have none?’
“‘Do you think that a woman must, in order to be pleasing to you, possess a first name, like the ladies of former days, a baptismal name such as Marguerite, Thérèse, or Jeanne?’
“‘You are a living proof to the contrary.’
“I sought her gaze, but it did not respond to mine. She seemed not to have heard. I could no longer entertain doubts: she was a coquette. I was delighted. I told her that I found her charming, that I loved her, and I told her so over and over again. She suffered me to go on with my speeches, and finally asked:
“‘What do you mean by all this!’
“I became more pressing.
“‘She reproached me for taking liberties with her, exclaiming:
“‘Your ways are those of a savage.’
“‘I do not find acceptance with you?’
“‘I do not say so.’
“Chéron, Chéron, would it cost you any great effort to...’
“We sat down together on a bench over which an elm cast its shade. I took her hand, and carried it to my lips ... of a sudden, I no longer felt, no longer saw anything, and I found myself lying in bed at home. I rubbed my eyes, smarting with the morning light, and I saw my valet who, standing before me with a stupid look, was saying to me:
“It is nine o’clock, sir. You told me to wake you at nine o’clock, sir. I have come to tell you, sir, that it is nine o’clock?”
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1
scudding
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| n.刮面v.（尤指船、舰或云彩）笔直、高速而平稳地移动( scud的现在分词 ) | |
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2
reigning
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| adj.统治的，起支配作用的 | |
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3
sterile
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| adj.不毛的，不孕的，无菌的，枯燥的，贫瘠的 | |
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4
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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5
limpid
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| adj.清澈的，透明的 | |
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avert
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| v.防止，避免；转移(目光、注意力等) | |
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rue
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| n.懊悔，芸香，后悔；v.后悔，悲伤，懊悔 | |
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8
penetrate
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| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
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9
recesses
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| n.壁凹( recess的名词复数 )；（工作或业务活动的）中止或暂停期间；学校的课间休息；某物内部的凹形空间v.把某物放在墙壁的凹处( recess的第三人称单数 )；将（墙）做成凹形，在（墙）上做壁龛；休息，休会，休庭 | |
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10
fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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11
impute
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| v.归咎于 | |
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12
gluttonous
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| adj.贪吃的，贪婪的 | |
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13
ferocious
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| adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极度的，十分强烈的 | |
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14
avaricious
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| adj.贪婪的，贪心的 | |
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avarice
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| n.贪婪；贪心 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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17
indite
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| v.写（文章，信等）创作 | |
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18
economists
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| n.经济学家，经济专家( economist的名词复数 ) | |
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19
contemplate
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| vt.盘算，计议；周密考虑；注视，凝视 | |
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20
lucid
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| adj.明白易懂的，清晰的，头脑清楚的 | |
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21
suave
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| adj.温和的；柔和的；文雅的 | |
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22
sonata
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| n.奏鸣曲 | |
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23
hovered
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| 鸟( hover的过去式和过去分词 )； 靠近（某事物）； （人）徘徊； 犹豫 | |
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24
luncheon
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| n.午宴，午餐，便宴 | |
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25
precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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26
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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27
foretell
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| v.预言，预告，预示 | |
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28
automobile
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| n.汽车，机动车 | |
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29
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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30
socialists
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| 社会主义者( socialist的名词复数 ) | |
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31
bourgeois
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| adj./n.追求物质享受的(人)；中产阶级分子 | |
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32
lengthy
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| adj.漫长的，冗长的 | |
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33
encumbering
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| v.妨碍，阻碍，拖累( encumber的现在分词 ) | |
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34
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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35
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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36
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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37
refreshing
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| adj.使精神振作的，使人清爽的，使人喜欢的 | |
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38
contemptible
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| adj.可鄙的，可轻视的，卑劣的 | |
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39
tempt
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| vt.引诱，勾引，吸引，引起…的兴趣 | |
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40
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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41
esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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42
demonstrations
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| 证明( demonstration的名词复数 )； 表明； 表达； 游行示威 | |
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43
rations
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| 定量( ration的名词复数 )； 配给量； 正常量； 合理的量 | |
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44
hypocrisy
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| n.伪善，虚伪 | |
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45
venerated
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| 敬重（某人或某事物），崇敬( venerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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46
saturated
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| a.饱和的，充满的 | |
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47
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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48
foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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49
wont
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| adj.习惯于；v.习惯；n.习惯 | |
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50
faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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51
stationary
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| adj.固定的，静止不动的 | |
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52
stupor
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| v.昏迷；不省人事 | |
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53
ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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54
embellished
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| v.美化( embellish的过去式和过去分词 )；装饰；修饰；润色 | |
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55
potteries
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| n.陶器( pottery的名词复数 )；陶器厂；陶土；陶器制造（术） | |
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56
ace
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| n.A牌；发球得分；佼佼者；adj.杰出的 | |
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57
surmounted
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| 战胜( surmount的过去式和过去分词 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
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58
enchanting
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| a.讨人喜欢的 | |
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59
obliquely
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| adv.斜； 倾斜； 间接； 不光明正大 | |
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60
sinuous
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| adj.蜿蜒的，迂回的 | |
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61
automobiles
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| n.汽车( automobile的名词复数 ) | |
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62
upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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63
glide
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| n./v.溜，滑行；(时间)消逝 | |
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64
lighter
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| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
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65
hips
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| abbr.high impact polystyrene 高冲击强度聚苯乙烯，耐冲性聚苯乙烯n.臀部( hip的名词复数 )；[建筑学]屋脊；臀围（尺寸）；臀部…的 | |
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66
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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67
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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68
crimson
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| n./adj.深(绯)红色(的)；vi.脸变绯红色 | |
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69
federation
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| n.同盟，联邦，联合，联盟，联合会 | |
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70
ornamented
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| adj.花式字体的v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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71
emblems
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| n.象征，标记( emblem的名词复数 ) | |
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72
embodied
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| v.表现( embody的过去式和过去分词 )；象征；包括；包含 | |
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73
atmospheric
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| adj.大气的，空气的；大气层的；大气所引起的 | |
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74
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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75
countless
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| adj.无数的，多得不计其数的 | |
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76
cleaving
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| v.劈开，剁开，割开( cleave的现在分词 ) | |
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77
densely
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| ad.密集地；浓厚地 | |
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78
suburban
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| adj.城郊的，在郊区的 | |
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79
exodus
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| v.大批离去，成群外出 | |
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80
collapsed
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| adj.倒塌的 | |
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81
cataclysm
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| n.洪水，剧变，大灾难 | |
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82
anarchy
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| n.无政府状态；社会秩序混乱，无秩序 | |
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83
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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84
mused
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| v.沉思，冥想( muse的过去式和过去分词 )；沉思自语说（某事） | |
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85
haphazard
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| adj.无计划的，随意的，杂乱无章的 | |
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86
unaware
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| a.不知道的，未意识到的 | |
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87
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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88
recording
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| n.录音，记录 | |
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89
resounded
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| v.（指声音等）回荡于某处( resound的过去式和过去分词 )；产生回响；（指某处）回荡着声音 | |
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90
clumps
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| n.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的名词复数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声v.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的第三人称单数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声 | |
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91
rivulets
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| n.小河，小溪( rivulet的名词复数 ) | |
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92
engendered
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| v.产生（某形势或状况），造成，引起( engender的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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93
frieze
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| n.(墙上的)横饰带，雕带 | |
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94
panes
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| 窗玻璃( pane的名词复数 ) | |
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95
laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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96
prettily
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| adv.优美地；可爱地 | |
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97
artistically
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| adv.艺术性地 | |
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98
voucher
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| n.收据；传票；凭单，凭证 | |
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99
embarrassment
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| n.尴尬；使人为难的人(事物)；障碍；窘迫 | |
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100
vouchers
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| n.凭证( voucher的名词复数 )；证人；证件；收据 | |
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102
baker
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| n.面包师 | |
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103
gateway
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| n.大门口，出入口，途径，方法 | |
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104
reaper
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| n.收割者，收割机 | |
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105
machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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106
sonorous
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| adj.响亮的，回响的；adv.圆润低沉地；感人地；n.感人，堂皇 | |
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107
metallic
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| adj.金属的；金属制的；含金属的；产金属的；像金属的 | |
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108
dome
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| n.圆屋顶，拱顶 | |
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109
dough
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| n.生面团；钱，现款 | |
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110
explicit
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| adj.详述的，明确的；坦率的；显然的 | |
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111
revolved
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| v.（使）旋转( revolve的过去式和过去分词 )；细想 | |
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112
wasp
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| n.黄蜂，蚂蜂 | |
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113
astounding
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| adj.使人震惊的vt.使震惊，使大吃一惊astound的现在分词) | |
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114
shudder
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| v.战粟，震动，剧烈地摇晃；n.战粟，抖动 | |
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115
tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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116
lodging
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| n.寄宿，住所；(大学生的)校外宿舍 | |
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117
livelihood
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| n.生计，谋生之道 | |
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118
dire
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| adj.可怕的，悲惨的，阴惨的，极端的 | |
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119
inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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120
grotesque
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| adj.怪诞的，丑陋的；n.怪诞的图案，怪人（物） | |
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121
stiffen
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| v.(使)硬，(使)变挺，(使)变僵硬 | |
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122
linen
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| n.亚麻布，亚麻线，亚麻制品；adj.亚麻布制的，亚麻的 | |
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123
starch
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| n.淀粉；vt.给...上浆 | |
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124
ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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125
tattooing
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| n.刺字，文身v.刺青，文身( tattoo的现在分词 )；连续有节奏地敲击；作连续有节奏的敲击 | |
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126
Vogue
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| n.时髦，时尚；adj.流行的 | |
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scuds
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| v.（尤指船、舰或云彩）笔直、高速而平稳地移动( scud的第三人称单数 ) | |
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128
belly
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| n.肚子，腹部；(像肚子一样)鼓起的部分，膛 | |
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129
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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130
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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131
attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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132
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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133
hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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134
density
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| n.密集，密度，浓度 | |
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135
wireless
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| adj.无线的；n.无线电 | |
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136
scruples
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| n.良心上的不安( scruple的名词复数 )；顾虑，顾忌v.感到于心不安，有顾忌( scruple的第三人称单数 ) | |
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137
perversity
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| n.任性；刚愎自用 | |
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138
rotation
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| n.旋转；循环，轮流 | |
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139
discourse
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| n.论文，演说；谈话；话语；vi.讲述，著述 | |
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140
steering
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| n.操舵装置 | |
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141
steer
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| vt.驾驶，为…操舵；引导；vi.驾驶 | |
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142
akin
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| adj.同族的，类似的 | |
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143
expressiveness
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| n.富有表现力 | |
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144
pithy
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| adj.(讲话或文章)简练的 | |
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145
dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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146
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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147
statistical
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| adj.统计的，统计学的 | |
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148
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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149
pottery
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| n.陶器，陶器场 | |
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150
glaze
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| v.因疲倦、疲劳等指眼睛变得呆滞，毫无表情 | |
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151
velvet
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| n.丝绒，天鹅绒；adj.丝绒制的，柔软的 | |
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152
alcoholic
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| adj.（含）酒精的，由酒精引起的；n.酗酒者 | |
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153
incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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154
emancipation
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| n.（从束缚、支配下）解放 | |
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155
tabloids
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| n.小报，通俗小报（版面通常比大报小一半，文章短，图片多，经常报道名人佚事）( tabloid的名词复数 )；药片 | |
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156
nutritious
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| adj.有营养的，营养价值高的 | |
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157
intestine
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| adj.内部的；国内的；n.肠 | |
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158
humanely
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| adv.仁慈地；人道地；富人情地；慈悲地 | |
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159
conversed
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| v.交谈，谈话( converse的过去式 ) | |
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160
indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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161
alienated
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| adj.感到孤独的，不合群的v.使疏远( alienate的过去式和过去分词 )；使不友好；转让；让渡（财产等） | |
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162
albeit
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| conj.即使；纵使；虽然 | |
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163
discreet
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| adj.(言行)谨慎的；慎重的；有判断力的 | |
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164
deigned
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| v.屈尊，俯就( deign的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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165
sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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166
entreat
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| v.恳求，恳请 | |
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167
nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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168
entreated
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| 恳求，乞求( entreat的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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169
concise
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| adj.简洁的，简明的 | |
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170
extinction
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| n.熄灭，消亡，消灭，灭绝，绝种 | |
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171
arbitration
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| n.调停，仲裁 | |
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172
aspirations
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| 强烈的愿望( aspiration的名词复数 )； 志向； 发送气音； 发 h 音 | |
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173
equilibrium
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| n.平衡，均衡，相称，均势，平静 | |
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174
averted
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| 防止，避免( avert的过去式和过去分词 )； 转移 | |
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175
dreaded
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| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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176
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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177
conflagration
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| n.建筑物或森林大火 | |
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178
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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179
pillage
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| v.抢劫；掠夺；n.抢劫，掠夺；掠夺物 | |
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180
massacres
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| 大屠杀( massacre的名词复数 )； 惨败 | |
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181
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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182
impoverished
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| adj.穷困的，无力的，用尽了的v.使（某人）贫穷( impoverish的过去式和过去分词 )；使（某物）贫瘠或恶化 | |
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183
memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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184
untold
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| adj.数不清的，无数的 | |
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185
execrated
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| v.憎恶( execrate的过去式和过去分词 )；厌恶；诅咒；咒骂 | |
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186
toils
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| 网 | |
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187
disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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188
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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189
delirium
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| n. 神智昏迷,说胡话;极度兴奋 | |
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190
annihilate
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| v.使无效；毁灭；取消 | |
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191
undertakings
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| 企业( undertaking的名词复数 )； 保证； 殡仪业； 任务 | |
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192
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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193
engulfed
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| v.吞没，包住( engulf的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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194
catastrophes
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| n.灾祸( catastrophe的名词复数 )；灾难；不幸事件；困难 | |
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195
edifice
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| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室) | |
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196
organisation
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| n.组织，安排，团体，有机休 | |
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197
wrecked
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| adj.失事的，遇难的 | |
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198
odds
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| n.让步，机率，可能性，比率；胜败优劣之别 | |
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199
well-being
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| n.安康，安乐，幸福 | |
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200
favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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201
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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202
chambers
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| n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅 | |
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203
suffrage
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| n.投票，选举权，参政权 | |
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204
militia
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| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
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205
militias
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| n.民兵组织，民兵( militia的名词复数 ) | |
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206
imbued
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| v.使（某人/某事）充满或激起（感情等）( imbue的过去式和过去分词 )；使充满；灌输；激发（强烈感情或品质等） | |
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207
supplanted
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| 把…排挤掉，取代( supplant的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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208
monarchical
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| adj. 国王的，帝王的，君主的，拥护君主制的 =monarchic | |
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209
succumbed
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| 不再抵抗（诱惑、疾病、攻击等）( succumb的过去式和过去分词 )； 屈从； 被压垮； 死 | |
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210
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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211
theocratic
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| adj.神权的，神权政治的 | |
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212
monarchy
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| n.君主，最高统治者；君主政体，君主国 | |
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213
outrages
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| 引起…的义愤，激怒( outrage的第三人称单数 ) | |
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214
utterance
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| n.用言语表达，话语，言语 | |
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215
simultaneously
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| adv.同时发生地，同时进行地 | |
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216
abolition
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| n.废除，取消 | |
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217
patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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218
boundless
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| adj.无限的；无边无际的；巨大的 | |
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219
rekindled
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| v.使再燃( rekindle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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220
aggression
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| n.进攻，侵略，侵犯，侵害 | |
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221
stringent
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| adj.严厉的；令人信服的；银根紧的 | |
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222
promulgated
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| v.宣扬（某事物）( promulgate的过去式和过去分词 )；传播；公布；颁布（法令、新法律等） | |
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223
smuggling
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| n.走私 | |
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224
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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225
plumes
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| 羽毛( plume的名词复数 )； 羽毛饰； 羽毛状物； 升上空中的羽状物 | |
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226
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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227
spurt
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| v.喷出；突然进发；突然兴隆 | |
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228
postponed
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| vt.& vi.延期，缓办，（使）延迟vt.把…放在次要地位；[语]把…放在后面（或句尾）vi.（疟疾等）延缓发作（或复发） | |
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229
fabled
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| adj.寓言中的，虚构的 | |
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230
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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231
aloof
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| adj.远离的；冷淡的，漠不关心的 | |
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232
hoisted
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| 把…吊起，升起( hoist的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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233
wigs
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| n.假发，法官帽( wig的名词复数 ) | |
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234
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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235
renounced
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| v.声明放弃( renounce的过去式和过去分词 )；宣布放弃；宣布与…决裂；宣布摒弃 | |
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236
delirious
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| adj.不省人事的，神智昏迷的 | |
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237
miseries
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| n.痛苦( misery的名词复数 )；痛苦的事；穷困；常发牢骚的人 | |
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238
constricted
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| adj.抑制的，约束的 | |
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239
smothered
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| （使）窒息， （使）透不过气( smother的过去式和过去分词 )； 覆盖； 忍住； 抑制 | |
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240
foretold
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| v.预言，预示( foretell的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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241
relentless
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| adj.残酷的，不留情的，无怜悯心的 | |
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242
subsists
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| v.（靠很少的钱或食物）维持生活，生存下去( subsist的第三人称单数 ) | |
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243
expounded
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| 论述，详细讲解( expound的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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244
succinctly
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| adv.简洁地；简洁地，简便地 | |
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245
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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246
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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247
monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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248
destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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249
affixing
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| v.附加( affix的现在分词 )；粘贴；加以；盖（印章） | |
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250
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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251
refinement
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| n.文雅；高尚；精美；精制；精炼 | |
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252
chattels
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| n.动产，奴隶( chattel的名词复数 ) | |
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253
conformity
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| n.一致，遵从，顺从 | |
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254
aptitude
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| n.(学习方面的)才能，资质，天资 | |
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255
aptitudes
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| （学习方面的）才能，资质，天资( aptitude的名词复数 ) | |
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256
toiled
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| 长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的过去式和过去分词 )； 艰难缓慢地移动，跋涉 | |
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257
systematic
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| adj.有系统的，有计划的，有方法的 | |
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258
magistrates
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| 地方法官，治安官( magistrate的名词复数 ) | |
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259
tariffs
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| 关税制度； 关税( tariff的名词复数 )； 关税表； （旅馆或饭店等的）收费表； 量刑标准 | |
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260
aggravated
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| 使恶化( aggravate的过去式和过去分词 )； 使更严重； 激怒； 使恼火 | |
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261
derive
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| v.取得；导出；引申；来自；源自；出自 | |
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262
derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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263
disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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264
barbarian
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| n.野蛮人；adj.野蛮(人)的；未开化的 | |
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265
ignoble
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| adj.不光彩的，卑鄙的；可耻的 | |
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266
monetary
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| adj.货币的，钱的；通货的；金融的；财政的 | |
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267
computed
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| adj.[医]计算的，使用计算机的v.计算，估算( compute的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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268
deducts
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| v.扣除，减去( deduct的第三人称单数 ) | |
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269
allocating
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| 分配，分派( allocate的现在分词 )； 把…拨给 | |
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270
alimentary
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| adj.饮食的，营养的 | |
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271
asylums
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| n.避难所( asylum的名词复数 )；庇护；政治避难；精神病院 | |
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272
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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273
warehouses
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| 仓库，货栈( warehouse的名词复数 ) | |
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274
overflowing
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| n. 溢出物,溢流 adj. 充沛的，充满的 动词overflow的现在分词形式 | |
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275
accrued
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| adj.权责已发生的v.增加( accrue的过去式和过去分词 )；（通过自然增长）产生；获得；（使钱款、债务）积累 | |
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276
accomplishment
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| n.完成，成就，（pl.）造诣，技能 | |
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277
frankly
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| adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 | |
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278
vouchsafed
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| v.给予，赐予( vouchsafe的过去式和过去分词 )；允诺 | |
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279
arduous
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| adj.艰苦的，费力的，陡峭的 | |
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280
sculptor
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| n.雕刻家，雕刻家 | |
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281
isolating
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| adj.孤立的，绝缘的v.使隔离( isolate的现在分词 )；将…剔出（以便看清和单独处理）；使（某物质、细胞等）分离；使离析 | |
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282
tumour
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| n.(tumor)(肿)瘤，肿块 | |
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283
enjoyments
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| 愉快( enjoyment的名词复数 )； 令人愉快的事物； 享有； 享受 | |
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284
enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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285
allotted
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| 分配，拨给，摊派( allot的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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286
copious
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| adj.丰富的，大量的 | |
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287
lamented
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|
| adj.被哀悼的，令人遗憾的v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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288
fattening
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| adj.（食物）要使人发胖的v.喂肥( fatten的现在分词 )；养肥（牲畜）；使（钱）增多；使（公司）升值 | |
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289
negotiation
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| n.谈判，协商 | |
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290
prodigal
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| adj.浪费的，挥霍的，放荡的 | |
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291
laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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292
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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293
contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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294
shrugged
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| vt.耸肩（shrug的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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295
delved
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| v.深入探究，钻研( delve的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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296
distressing
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| a.使人痛苦的 | |
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297
animation
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| n.活泼，兴奋，卡通片／动画片的制作 | |
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298
faculty
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| n.才能；学院，系；(学院或系的)全体教学人员 | |
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299
conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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300
bind
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| vt.捆，包扎；装订；约束；使凝固；vi.变硬 | |
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301
relic
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| n.神圣的遗物，遗迹，纪念物 | |
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302
fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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303
binding
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| 有约束力的，有效的，应遵守的 | |
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304
expediency
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| n.适宜；方便；合算；利己 | |
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305
physiology
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| n.生理学，生理机能 | |
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306
deceptions
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| 欺骗( deception的名词复数 )； 骗术，诡计 | |
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307
endorsing
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| v.赞同( endorse的现在分词 )；在（尤指支票的）背面签字；在（文件的）背面写评论；在广告上说本人使用并赞同某产品 | |
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308
maternal
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| adj.母亲的，母亲般的，母系的，母方的 | |
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309
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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310
exempt
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| adj.免除的；v.使免除；n.免税者，被免除义务者 | |
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311
forsake
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| vt.遗弃，抛弃；舍弃，放弃 | |
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312
dispense
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| vt.分配，分发；配(药)，发(药)；实施 | |
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313
simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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314
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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315
accentuated
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| v.重读( accentuate的过去式和过去分词 )；使突出；使恶化；加重音符号于 | |
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316
deficit
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| n.亏空，亏损；赤字，逆差 | |
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317
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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318
speculative
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| adj.思索性的，暝想性的，推理的 | |
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319
theatrical
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| adj.剧场的，演戏的；做戏似的，做作的 | |
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320
rendering
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| n.表现，描写 | |
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321
playwrights
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| n.剧作家( playwright的名词复数 ) | |
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322
domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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323
narratives
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| 记叙文( narrative的名词复数 )； 故事； 叙述； 叙述部分 | |
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324
legislative
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| n.立法机构，立法权；adj.立法的，有立法权的 | |
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325
enactments
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| n.演出( enactment的名词复数 )；展现；规定；通过 | |
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326
lyric
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| n.抒情诗，歌词；adj.抒情的 | |
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327
appreciation
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| n.评价；欣赏；感谢；领会，理解；价格上涨 | |
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328
dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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329
attainable
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| a.可达到的，可获得的 | |
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330
fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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331
immutable
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| adj.不可改变的，永恒的 | |
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332
civilisation
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| n.文明，文化，开化，教化 | |
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333
harmonious
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| adj.和睦的，调和的，和谐的，协调的 | |
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334
barbarians
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| n.野蛮人( barbarian的名词复数 )；外国人；粗野的人；无教养的人 | |
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335
amity
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| n.友好关系 | |
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336
deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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337
anarchists
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| 无政府主义者( anarchist的名词复数 ) | |
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338
afflict
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| vt.使身体或精神受痛苦，折磨 | |
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339
coercion
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| n.强制，高压统治 | |
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340
repression
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| n.镇压，抑制，抑压 | |
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341
nurtured
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| 养育( nurture的过去式和过去分词 )； 培育； 滋长； 助长 | |
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342
gratuitously
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| 平白 | |
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343
sects
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| n.宗派，教派( sect的名词复数 ) | |
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344
schisms
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| n.教会分立，分裂( schism的名词复数 ) | |
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345
illuminated
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| adj.被照明的；受启迪的 | |
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346
opalescent
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| adj.乳色的，乳白的 | |
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347
enamel
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| n.珐琅，搪瓷，瓷釉；(牙齿的)珐琅质 | |
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348
prudently
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| adv. 谨慎地，慎重地 | |
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349
rhythmic
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| adj.有节奏的，有韵律的 | |
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350
respiration
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| n.呼吸作用；一次呼吸；植物光合作用 | |
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351
monstrous
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| adj.巨大的；恐怖的；可耻的，丢脸的 | |
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352
antipathy
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| n.憎恶；反感，引起反感的人或事物 | |
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353
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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354
temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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355
amorously
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| adv.好色地，妖艳地；脉；脉脉；眽眽 | |
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356
haughtily
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| adv. 傲慢地, 高傲地 | |
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357
trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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358
frivolous
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| adj.轻薄的；轻率的 | |
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359
vex
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| vt.使烦恼，使苦恼 | |
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360
pique
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| v.伤害…的自尊心，使生气 n.不满，生气 | |
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